Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society (한국산학기술학회논문지)

The Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society (한국산학기술학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

The Moderating Effect of Coping Stress between Middle-aged Women's Stress and Defense Mechanism

중년기 여성의 스트레스와 스트레스 대처방식의 관계에서 자아방어기제의 조절효과

  • Kim, Seon-Hee (Jeju Special Self-Goveming Province Support Center for Childcare Teacher Counselor) ;
  • Kim, Jin-Seon (Department of Social Welfare, Cheju Halla University) ;
  • Ko, Sun-Young (Department of Social Welfare, Cheju Halla University)
  • 김선희 (제주특별자치도 육아종합지원센터) ;
  • 김진선 (제주한라대학교 사회복지과) ;
  • 고선영 (제주한라대학교 사회복지과)
  • Received : 2018.07.11
  • Accepted : 2018.08.03
  • Published : 2018.08.31
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to find out the correlations between the stress that middle-aged women experience and their coping methods and to present intervening variables to promote active coping methods. The subjects of this study are 400 middle-aged women from 35 to 59 years old living in S area and the results are as follows. The relationship between middle-aged women's stress, self-defense mechanism, and stress-coping method shows as follows: the role stress is positively correlated with immature defense mechanism, self-restraint defense mechanism and conflict-avoiding defense mechanism. Among stress-coping methods, the problem-centered coping method was found to be negatively correlated with role stress and daily stress. the immature defense mechanism shows negative correlations with the problem-centered coping, but shows positive correlations with the emotion-centered coping and the wishful thinking. Among the self-defense mechanism types not effective in the social-support coping method.

본 연구의 목적은 중년기여성들이 겪는 스트레스와 그에 대한 대처방식 간의 상관관계를 파악하고 적극적인 대처방식의 촉진을 위한 개입 변인들을 제시하는 데에 있다. 본 연구의 대상은 S 지역에 거주하고 있는 중년기여성 만 35세~59세 400명 이였으며 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 중년기여성의 스트레스, 자아방어기제, 스트레스 대처방식의 관계는 첫 번째, 역할스트레스는 적응적 방어기제를 제외한 미성숙 방어기제, 자기억제적 방어기제, 갈등회피적 방어기제와 정적 상관관계가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 두 번째, 스트레스 대처방식 중 문제중심 대처는 역할스트레스 및 일상스트레스와 유의한 부적상관이 있는 것으로 확인되었다. 세 번째, 미성숙 방어기제의 경우에는 문제중심대처와는 유의한 부적 상관을 나타낸 반면, 정서중심대처 및 소망추구적 사고와는 유의한 정적 상관을 보이는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 자아방어기제 유형 중 중년기여성의 스트레스와 스트레스 대처방식의 관계에서 조절효과는 적응적 방어기제가 문제중심적 대처방식, 정서중심적 대처방식, 소망추구적 사고 대처에서는 조절효과가 있음이 확인 되었으나, 사회지지적 대처방식에는 조절효과가 없음으로 나타났다. 따라서 본연구의 결과는 중년기여성의 스트레스 완화에 자아방어기제의 조절효과를 밝혔다는데 의의가 있다.

Keywords

References

  1. S. D. Nam, The prediction model of mid-life women's family stress and mental health. Unpublished Doctoral thesis, Chung-ang University, Seoul, Korea, 2008.
  2. Y. K. Lee, An examination of the structural relationships among stress of middle-aged women, mindfulness, self-compassion, and emotional well-being, and effectiveness of a mindfulnes enhancement program. Unpublished Doctoral thesis, Ewha women's University, Seoul Korea, 2008.
  3. K. M. Hong, "Understanding of middle-Aged women's crisis and christian counseling", The Gospel and Praxis, 25(spring), pp.217-244, 2012.
  4. N.J.Lee, A Study of Participation Needs in Social Activities to Cope with Mid-Aged-Women's Crisis. Unpublished Doctoral thesis, Wonkwang University, Lksan Korea, 2005.
  5. S. Y. Lee, The effect of preparation and crisis on the satisfaction of married life of middle-aged married women. Korea Family Resource Management Association, 1981, pp.29-46, 2014.
  6. C. R. Jeon, Research on Life-structure Change and Neurosis of Mid-life Transition Women in the View of Christian Counseling. Unpublished Doctoral thesis, Keimyung University, Dae-gu Korea, 2012.
  7. Y. S. Song, Path model analysis of stress, coping method, quality of life and spiritual maturity of middle age christian women. Unpublished Dodtoral thesis, Baekseok University, Cheonan orea. 2009.
  8. W.L. Jeong, A Study on the Application of Bibliotherapy for Middle-Aged Women to Overcome the Empty Nest Syndrome. Unpublished Doctoral thesis, Kyonggi University, Seoul Korea. 2013.
  9. J.H.Jeong, Perceived equity, role stress and life satisfaction of married working-mother salesclerks. Unpublished Master's thesis, Sookmyung women's University, Seoul Korea. 2003.
  10. J.W. Son, Social Support and Life Stress in Middle-aged Women Have Impact on the Psychological Well-being. Unpublished Master's thesis, Dae-gu University, Dae-gu Korea. 2015.
  11. Y. J. Cho, The Effect of middle-aged women's stress of life events and social support on their perceived crisis. Unpublished Master's thesis, Korea national University of education, Cheongju, Korea. 2006.
  12. N. H. Kim, The relationship between spiritual well-being, stress coping, and depression among youth. Unpublished Master's thesis, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Korea. 2009.
  13. R. S. Lazarus, S. Folkman, Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York: Springer. 1984.
  14. A.G.Billings, R.H.Moos, The role of coping responses and social resources in attenuating the stress of life events. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 4(2), 1, pp.39-157, 1981. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00844267
  15. K. H. Kim, G, G. Chun, Development of a life stress and coping scale for junior high school students.1. Korean journal of clinical sychology, 12(2.), pp197-217, 1993.
  16. J. H. Lee, E, H. Lee, The Moderating effect of coping strategies upon multiple role conflicts and depression within dual employed couples. Korean Journal of Psychology: Health, 5(2), pp. 287-303, 2000.
  17. B, A. Fleming, J. E. Singer, Toward an Integrative approach to the study of stress. Jouranl of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, pp.404-421, 1984. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.46.4.939
  18. B. E. Compas, V. L. Malcarne, K. M. Fondacaro, Coping with stressful events in older children and young adolescents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 57(3), pp. 405-411, 1988. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.56.3.405
  19. K. S. Hwang, A study on the influence of the ego defense mechanisms and parent's ostering attitude perceived by youth on personal relationship. Unpublished Master's thesis, Catholic University, Seoul, Korea, 2006.
  20. B, K. Byun, Perceived mothers' parenting styles and the children's defense styles. Unpublished Master's thesis, Dankook University, Seoul, Korea, 2004.
  21. S. Erickson, S. Feldman, H. Steiner, Defense reactions and coping strategies in normal adolescents. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 28, pp. 45-56, 1997. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1025145119301
  22. W. S. Kim, Relationship between emotional expressiveness self-defense mechanism and coping style. Unpublished Master's thesis, Catholic University, Seoul, Korea. 2004.
  23. C. Brenner, Defense and defense mechanisms. Pschoanalytic Quarterly, 50, pp. 557-569. 1981. https://doi.org/10.1080/21674086.1981.11926971
  24. M. P.Leiter, Coping pattern as predictors of burnout : The function of control and escapist coping patterns. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 12, p. 123-144, 1991. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/job.4030120205
  25. D. L Segal, F. LnCoolidge, H. Mizuno, Defense mechanism differences between younger and older adults: A cross-sectional investigation. Aging and Mental Health, 11(4), pp. 415-422, 2007. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13607860600963588
  26. J. W. Kim, Defense mechanism maturity study. Unpublished Doctoralthesis, Seoul University, Seoul, Korea, 2003.
  27. Y. H. Oh, A study on adaption of college students. Korean Psychologial Assocoaition Annual Conference, pp. 513-530. 1993.
  28. L. M. Martire, M. A. P. Stephens, A. Townsend, Centrality of women's multiple roles: beneficial and detrimental consepuences for psychological well-being. Psychology and Aging, 15, pp. 148-156, 2000. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.15.1.148
  29. A DeLongis,, J. C. Coybe, G Dakof, S. Folkman, R. S Lazarus, The relationship of daily hassles, uplifts, and major life events to health status. Health Psychology, 1(2), pp. 119-136, 1982. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.1.2.119
  30. C. H. Kim, Relationship of the daily hassles, stress appraisal and coping strategies with emotional experiences. The Korean Journal of Counseling and Psychotherapy, 7, 1, pp. 44-69, 1995.
  31. J.Y. Park, Study on the relationship among character type A & B ego-identity and stres coping.Unpublished Master's thesis, ookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Korea, 1995.
  32. M Bond, S. T.Gardner, J. Christian, & J. J. Sigal, Empirical study of self-rated defense styles. Archieves of Generak Psychiatry, 40, pp. 333-338, 1983. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1983.01790030103013
  33. S. H. Cho. A validational study of korean version of defense style questionnaire. The Krean Journal of counselling and psychotherapy, 20(8), pp. 203-224, 1999.
  34. I. A. Kim, The Moderated Mediation Effect of Cognitive Style to Adolescents' Psychological Mechanism: Focusing on the Relation Trait-Anxiety, Mother-Child Communication Style and Defense Mechanism. The Korea Journal of Youth Counseling, 16(1), 51-67, 2008
  35. D. Ihilevich, G. C. Gleser, Defense mechanism: Their dassification corelate and measurement with the defense mechanism inventory. Owosso, M.I.: DMI Assoc, 1986.
  36. P. Cramer, Defense mechanisms in psychology today: Further processes for adaptation. American Psychologist, 55(6), 637-646, 2000. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.6.637
  37. G. E. Vaillant, Ego mechanisms of defenxe: A guide for clinicians and reserchers. (Ed.), Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, 1992.
  38. J, W. Kim, Defense mechanism maturity study. Unpublished Doctoralthesis, Seoul University, Seoul, Korea, 2003.
  39. J. C. Perry, Logitudinal studies of Presonality disorders. Journal of Personality Disorders, (suppl. Spring)63-85, 1993.
  40. S. Willick, The defense. In B. Moore & B. Fine(Eds.), Psychoanalysis the major concepts. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1995.
  41. J. H. Kim, Perceived Stress Factors and Coping Style Depression. Unpublished Dctoralthesis, Seoul University, Seoul, Korea, 1987.
  42. B. A. Lim, Study on the Difference of Stress Perception and Coping Methods among Junior High School Students and Flight Students. Unpublished Master's thesis, Hankuk University of foreign studies, Seoul Korea, 1997.
  43. S, J. Song, The relationship between the coping patterns of middle of one's life and an emotional crisis. Unpublished Master's thesis, Sogang University, Seoul Korea, 2002.
  44. R. S.Lazarus, & S. Folkman. Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York: Springer, 1984.
  45. J. H. Lee, E, H. Lee, The Moderating effectof coping strategies upon multiple role conflicts and depression within dual employed couples. Korean Journal of Psychology: Health, 5(2), 287-303, 2000.
  46. A. G. Billings, R. H. Moos, Coping, stress, and social resources among adults with unipolar depression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46(4), pp.877-891, 1984. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.46.4.877
  47. G. Caplan, Mastery of stress: psychosocial aspects. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 138(4), pp. 413-420, 1981. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.138.4.413
  48. C. S. Carver, C. Pozo, S. D. Harris, V. Noriega, M, F. Scheier, D. S. Robinson, & K. C. Clark, How coping mediates the effect of optimism on distress: a study of women with early stage breast cancer. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65(2), pp. 375-390, 1993. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.65.2.375
  49. A. T. Ebata, & R. H. Moos, Coping and adjustment in distressed and healthy adolescents. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 12(1), pp. 33-54, 1991. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0193-3973(91)90029-4
  50. D. Osowiecki, B. ECompas, Psychological adjustment to cancer: Control beliefs and coping in adult cancer patients. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 22(5,. pp. 483-499, 1998. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1018725716620
  51. J. Suls, B. Fletcher, The relative efficacy of avoidant and non-avoidant coping strategies: A meta-analysis. Health Psychology, 4, pp. 249-388, 1985. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.4.3.249
  52. C. Brenner, Defense and defense mechanisms. Pschoanalytic Quarterly, 50, 557-569, 1981 https://doi.org/10.1080/21674086.1981.11926971
  53. M. P. Leiter, Coping pattern as predictors of burnout : The function of control and escapist coping patterns. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 12, 123-144, 1991. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/job.4030120205
  54. S. Erickson, S. S. Feldman, H. Steiner, Defense reactions and coping strategies in normal adolescents. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 28, 45-56, 1997. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1025145119301
  55. S. Soldz, & G. E. Vaillant, A 50-year longitudinal study of defense use among inner city men: A validation of the DSM-IV defense axis. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 186, 104-111, 1998. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005053-199802000-00006
  56. G. E. Vaillant, heoretical hierarchy of adaptive ego mechanisms. Archives of General Psychiatry, 24, 107-118, 1971. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1971.01750080011003
  57. G. E. Vaillant, M.,Bond, C. O. Vaillnt, An empirically validated Hierarchy of defense mechanisms. Archives of General Psychiatry, 43, 786-794, 1986. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1986.01800080072010
  58. S, J. Lee, The Effects of Positive Illusions and Defense Mechanisms on College Students' Stress Coping Style. Unpublished Master's thesis, Seoul women's University, Seoul Korea, 2012.
  59. J, W. Kim, Defense mechanism maturity study. Unpublished Doctoralthesis, Seoul University, Seoul Korea, 2003.
  60. G. E., Ego mechanisms of defenxe: A guide for clinicians and reserchers. (Ed.), Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, 1992.