Journal of Korean Medical Science

Korean Acad Medical Sciences (대한의학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Exploring the Differences between Adolescents' and Parents' Ratings on Adolescents' Smartphone Addiction

  • Youn, HyunChul (Department of Psychiatry, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine) ;
  • Lee, Soyoung Irene (Department of Psychiatry, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital) ;
  • Lee, So Hee (Department of Psychiatry, National Medical Center) ;
  • Kim, Ji-Youn (Joenmaem Psychiatry Clinic) ;
  • Kim, Ji-Hoon (Department of Psychiatry, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital) ;
  • Park, Eun Jin (Department of Psychiatry, Ilsan Paik Hospital, Inje University) ;
  • Park, June Sung (Dodream Psychiatry Clinic) ;
  • Bhang, Soo-Young (Department of Psychiatry, Eulji University Eulji General Hospital) ;
  • Lee, Moon-Soo (Department of Psychiatry, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine) ;
  • Lee, Yeon Jung (Department of Psychiatry, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital) ;
  • Choi, Sang-Cheol (Didim Psychiatry Clinic) ;
  • Choi, Tae Young (Department of Psychiatry, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine) ;
  • Lee, A-Reum (Department of Psychiatry, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital) ;
  • Kim, Dae-Jin (Department of Psychiatry, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea)
  • Received : 2018.06.20
  • Accepted : 2018.09.06
  • Published : 2018.12.24
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Background: Smartphone addiction has recently been highlighted as a major health issue among adolescents. In this study, we assessed the degree of agreement between adolescents' and parents' ratings of adolescents' smartphone addiction. Additionally, we evaluated the psychosocial factors associated with adolescents' and parents' ratings of adolescents' smartphone addiction. Methods: In total, 158 adolescents aged 12-19 years and their parents participated in this study. The adolescents completed the Smartphone Addiction Scale (SAS) and the Isolated Peer Relationship Inventory (IPRI). Their parents also completed the SAS (about their adolescents), SAS-Short Version (SAS-SV; about themselves), Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7), and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). We used the paired t-test, McNemar test, and Pearson's correlation analyses. Results: Percentage of risk users was higher in parents' ratings of adolescents' smartphone addiction than ratings of adolescents themselves. There was disagreement between the SAS and SAS-parent report total scores and subscale scores on positive anticipation, withdrawal, and cyberspace-oriented relationship. SAS scores were positively associated with average minutes of weekday/holiday smartphone use and scores on the IPRI and father's GAD-7 and PHQ-9 scores. Additionally, SAS-parent report scores showed positive associations with average minutes of weekday/holiday smartphone use and each parent's SAS-SV, GAD-7, and PHQ-9 scores. Conclusion: The results suggest that clinicians need to consider both adolescents' and parents' reports when assessing adolescents' smartphone addiction, and be aware of the possibility of under- or overestimation. Our results cannot only be a reference in assessing adolescents' smartphone addiction, but also provide inspiration for future studies.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

Supported by : Soonchunhyang University

References

  1. Choi SW, Kim DJ, Choi JS, Ahn H, Choi EJ, Song WY, et al. Comparison of risk and protective factors associated with smartphone addiction and internet addiction. J Behav Addict 2015;4(4):308-14. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.4.2015.043
  2. Kwon M, Lee JY, Won WY, Park JW, Min JA, Hahn C, et al. Development and validation of a smartphone addiction scale (SAS). PLoS One 2013;8(2):e56936. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0056936
  3. Demirci K, Akgonul M, Akpinar A. Relationship of smartphone use severity with sleep quality, depression, and anxiety in university students. J Behav Addict 2015;4(2):85-92. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.4.2015.010
  4. Lee JE, Jang SI, Ju YJ, Kim W, Lee HJ, Park EC. Relationship between mobile phone addiction and the incidence of poor and short sleep among Korean adolescents: a longitudinal study of the Korean children & youth panel survey. J Korean Med Sci 2017;32(7):1166-72. https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2017.32.7.1166
  5. Elhai JD, Dvorak RD, Levine JC, Hall BJ. Problematic smartphone use: a conceptual overview and systematic review of relations with anxiety and depression psychopathology. J Affect Disord 2017;207:251-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.08.030
  6. Kuss DJ, Griffiths MD. Online social networking and addiction--a review of the psychological literature. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2011;8(9):3528-52. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph8093528
  7. Park KW, Kim KS. A study on smartphone addiction level of middle school students and effects of related variables. J Fam Relat 2015;20(1):51-74.
  8. Cho GY, Kim YH. Factors affecting smartphone addiction among university students. J Korea Acad Ind Coop Soc 2014;15(3):1632-40. https://doi.org/10.5762/KAIS.2014.15.3.1632
  9. Cazzulino F, Burke RV, Muller V, Arbogast H, Upperman JS. Cell phones and young drivers: a systematic review regarding the association between psychological factors and prevention. Traffic Inj Prev 2014;15(3):234-42. https://doi.org/10.1080/15389588.2013.822075
  10. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-5. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association; 2013.
  11. Matar Boumosleh J, Jaalouk D. Depression, anxiety, and smartphone addiction in university students- a cross sectional study. PLoS One 2017;12(8):e0182239. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0182239
  12. Kim SM, Huh HJ, Cho H, Kwon M, Choi JH, Ahn HJ, et al. The effect of depression, impulsivity, and resilience on smartphone addiction in university students. J Korean Neuropsychiatr Assoc 2014;53(4):214-20. https://doi.org/10.4306/jknpa.2014.53.4.214
  13. Ministry of Gender Equality & Family. 2013 A Comprehensive Survey on Use of Media in Adolescents. Seoul: Ministry of Gender Equality & Family; 2013.
  14. Cheil Data and Analytics Center. Timetables of Mobile Apps in Korean. Seoul: Cheil Worldwide; 2015.
  15. Korea Internet & Security Agency. 2013 Research on the Mobile Internet Use. Seoul: Korea Internet & Security Agency; 2013.
  16. Comer JS, Kendall PC. A symptom-level examination of parent-child agreement in the diagnosis of anxious youths. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2004;43(7):878-86. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.chi.0000125092.35109.c5
  17. Hunsley J, Mash EJ. Evidence-based assessment. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 2007;3(1):29-51. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091419
  18. Salbach-Andrae H, Klinkowski N, Lenz K, Lehmkuhl U. Agreement between youth-reported and parent-reported psychopathology in a referred sample. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2009;18(3):136-43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-008-0710-z
  19. Vuori M, Autti-Ramo I, Junttila N, Vauras M, Tuulio-Henriksson A. Discrepancies between self- and adult-perceptions of social competence in children with neuropsychiatric disorders. Child Care Health Dev 2017;43(5):670-8. https://doi.org/10.1111/cch.12406
  20. Kim S, Jeong IS. Agreement between smartphone addiction and perceived smartphone addiction among adolescents. J Korean Soc Sch Community Health Educ 2014;15(2):91-101.
  21. Lee SH, Kim EJ, Kim MY, Kim JY, Lee KM, Koo JG. The Psychosocial Characteristics of Oiettolie Adolescents. Seoul: Samsung Social Mental Health Institute Samsung Medical Center; 2000.
  22. Park SY, Kim KW. The relationship between children's oiettolie traits and their risks of gaming addiction. Korean J Couns Psychother 2008;20(3):839-61.
  23. Goodman SH, Gotlib IH. Risk for psychopathology in the children of depressed mothers: a developmental model for understanding mechanisms of transmission. Psychol Rev 1999;106(3):458-90. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.106.3.458
  24. Connell AM, Goodman SH. The association between psychopathology in fathers versus mothers and children's internalizing and externalizing behavior problems: a meta-analysis. Psychol Bull 2002;128(5):746-73. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.128.5.746
  25. Kim DJ, editor. Cognitive Function and Aggressiveness Related to Internet Addiction in Korea. 11th World Congress of Biological Psychiatry; 2013 June 20-23; Kyoto. Barsbuttel: World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry; 2013.
  26. Spitzer RL, Kroenke K, Williams JB. Validation and utility of a self-report version of PRIME-MD: the PHQ primary care study. Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders. Patient Health Questionnaire. JAMA 1999;282(18):1737-44. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.282.18.1737
  27. Choi HS, Choi JH, Park KH, Joo KJ, Ga H, Ko HJ, et al. Standardization of the Korean version of patient health questionnaire-9 as a screening instrument for major depressive disorder. J Korean Acad Fam Med 2007;28(2):114-9.
  28. Seo JG, Cho YW, Lee SJ, Lee JJ, Kim JE, Moon HJ, et al. Validation of the generalized anxiety disorder-7 in people with epilepsy: a MEPSY study. Epilepsy Behav 2014;35:59-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2014.04.005
  29. Phares V, Danforth JS. Adolescents', parents', and teachers' distress over adolescents' behavior. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1994;22(6):721-32. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02171998
  30. Youn CK, Song MK, Moon KS, Min SH. The Consequences of Overseas Study in Early Ages and Policy Direction. Seoul: National Youth Policy Institute; 2009.
  31. Salbach-Andrae H, Lenz K, Lehmkuhl U. Patterns of agreement among parent, teacher and youth ratings in a referred sample. Eur Psychiatry 2009;24(5):345-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2008.07.008
  32. Seiffge-Krenke I, Kollmar F. Discrepancies between mothers' and fathers' perceptions of sons' and daughters' problem behaviour: a longitudinal analysis of parent-adolescent agreement on internalising and externalising problem behaviour. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1998;39(5):687-97. https://doi.org/10.1111/1469-7610.00368
  33. Enez Darcin A, Kose S, Noyan CO, Nurmedov S, Yilmaz O, Dilbaz N. Smartphone addiction and its relationship with social anxiety and loneliness. Behav Inf Technol 2016;35(7):520-5. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2016.1158319
  34. Lee KM, Koo JG, Kim EJ, Lee SH. The psychosocial characteristics of oiettolie adolescents. Korean J Couns Psychother 2001;13(1):147-62.
  35. Lee KE, Kim SH, Ha TY, Yoo YM, Han JJ, Jung JH, et al. Dependency on smartphone use and its association with anxiety in Korea. Public Health Rep 2016;131(3):411-9. https://doi.org/10.1177/003335491613100307
  36. Hong FY, Chiu SI, Huang DH. A model of the relationship between psychological characteristics, mobile phone addiction and use of mobile phones by Taiwanese university female students. Comput Human Behav 2012;28(6):2152-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2012.06.020
  37. Pantic I, Milanovic A, Loboda B, Blachnio A, Przepiorka A, Nesic D, et al. Association between physiological oscillations in self-esteem, narcissism and internet addiction: a cross-sectional study. Psychiatry Res 2017;258:239-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2017.08.044
  38. Dean K, Stevens H, Mortensen PB, Murray RM, Walsh E, Pedersen CB. Full spectrum of psychiatric outcomes among offspring with parental history of mental disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2010;67(8):822-9. https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.86
  39. Leijdesdorff S, van Doesum K, Popma A, Klaassen R, van Amelsvoort T. Prevalence of psychopathology in children of parents with mental illness and/or addiction: an up to date narrative review. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2017;30(4):312-7. https://doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0000000000000341
  40. Beardslee WR, Keller MB, Lavori PW, Staley J, Sacks N. The impact of parental affective disorder on depression in offspring: a longitudinal follow-up in a nonreferred sample. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1993;32(4):723-30. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199307000-00004
  41. Lieb R, Isensee B, Hofler M, Pfister H, Wittchen HU. Parental major depression and the risk of depression and other mental disorders in offspring: a prospective-longitudinal community study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2002;59(4):365-74. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.59.4.365
  42. Hirshfeld-Becker DR, Micco JA, Henin A, Petty C, Faraone SV, Mazursky H, et al. Psychopathology in adolescent offspring of parents with panic disorder, major depression, or both: a 10-year follow-up. Am J Psychiatry 2012;169(11):1175-84. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.11101514
  43. Reupert AE, J Maybery D, Kowalenko NM. Children whose parents have a mental illness: prevalence, need and treatment. Med J Aust 2013;199(3 Suppl):S7-9.
  44. Verona E, Kilmer A. Stress exposure and affective modulation of aggressive behavior in men and women. J Abnorm Psychol 2007;116(2):410-21. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.116.2.410

Cited by

  1. Does Smartphone Addiction Fall on a Continuum of Addictive Behaviors? vol.17, pp.2, 2018, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17020422