References
- Berg, K. M., Kunins, H. V., Jackson, J. L., Nahvi, S., Chaudhry, A., Harris, K. A. Jr., et al. (2008). Association between alcohol consumption and both osteoporotic fracture and bone density. American Journal of Medicine, 121(5), 406-418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2007.12.012
- Bonevski, B., Regan, T., Paul, C., Baker, A. L., & Bisquera, A. (2014). Associations between alcohol, smoking, socioeconomic status and comorbidities: Evidence from the 45 and up study. Drug and Alcohol Review, 33(2), 169-176. https://doi.org/10.1111/dar.12104
- Callaci, J. J., Juknelis, D., Patwardhan, A., Sartori, M., Frost, N., & Wezeman, F. H. (2004). The effects of binge alcohol exposure on bone resorption and biomechanical and structural properties are offset by concurrent bisphosphonate treatment. Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research, 28(1), 182-191. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ALC.0000108661.41560.BF
- Cawthon, P. M., Harrison, S. L., Barrett-Connor, E., Fink, H. A., Cauley, J. A., Lewis, C. E., et al. (2006). Alcohol intake and its relationship with bone mineral density, falls, and fracture risk in older men. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 54(11), 1649-1657. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2006.00912.x
- Cho, Y., Choi, S., Kim, K., Lee, G., & Park, S. M. (2018). Association between alcohol consumption and bone mineral density in elderly Korean men and women. Archives of Osteoporosis, 13(1), 46. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11657-018-0462-4
- Fini, M., Salamanna, F., Veronesi, F., Torricelli, P., Nicolini, A., Benedicenti, S., et al. (2012). Role of obesity, alcohol and smoking on bone health. Frontiers in Bioscience (Elite edition), 4, 2586-2606.
- Gomez Navarro, R. (2011). Prevalence of risk factors for fragility fracture in men aged 40 to 90 years of a Spanish basic rural health area. Revista Espanola de Salud Publica, 85(5), 491-498. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1135-57272011000500008
- Gonzalez-Reimers, E., Martin-Gonzalez, C., De la Vega-Prieto, M., Pelazas-Gonzalez, R., Fernandez-Rodriguez, C., Lopez-Prieto, J., et al. (2013). Serum sclerostin in alcoholics: A pilot study. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 48(3), 278-282. https://doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/ags136
- Hannan, M. T., Felson, D. T., Dawson-Hughes, B., Tucker, K. L., Cupples, L. A., Wilson, P. W., et al. (2000). Risk factors for longitudinal bone loss in elderly men and women: The Framingham osteoporosis study. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 15(4), 710-720. https://doi.org/10.1359/jbmr.2000.15.4.710
- Holt, G., Smith, R., Duncan, K., Hutchison, J., & Gregori, A. (2008). Gender differences in epidemiology and outcome after hip fracture: Evidence from the Scottish hip fracture audit. Bone & Joint Journal, 90(4), 480-483. https://doi.org/10.1302/0301-620X.90B4.20264
- Hong, J., Kim, J., & Kim, O. (2014). Factors influencing problem drinking of male drinkers according to life cycle. Korean Journal of Adult Nursing, 26(2), 139. https://doi.org/10.7475/kjan.2014.26.2.139
- Kanis, J. A., Johansson, H., Johnell, O., Oden, A., De Laet, C., Eisman, J. A., et al. (2005). Alcohol intake as a risk factor for fracture. Osteoporosis international, 16(7), 737-742. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-004-1734-y
- Kanis, J. A., Johnell, O., Oden, A., Johansson, H., De Laet, C., Eisman, J., et al. (2005). Smoking and fracture risk: A metaanalysis. Osteoporosis international, 16(2), 155-162. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-004-1640-3
- Kim, E. H., Joh, H. K., Kim, E. Y., Cho, D. Y., Kweon, H. J., Choi, J. K., et al. (2009). Biochemical markers and health behavior related with bone mineral density in adult men. Korean Journal of Family Medicine, 30(5), 359. https://doi.org/10.4082/kjfm.2009.30.5.359
- Kim, Y. R., Nam, H. S., & Lee, T. Y. (2013). The bone density level of Korean men aged 60 years and over, and its relevant factors. Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society, 14(3), 1180-1190. https://doi.org/10.5762/kais.2013.14.3.1180
- Lee, D. H., & Lee, E. N. (2011). Influencing factors of bone mineral density in men. Journal of Muscle and Joint Health, 18(1), 5-15. https://doi.org/10.5953/JMJH.2011.18.1.005
- Lee, H. S. (2017). The factors influencing the bone mineral density in Korean adult men: Based on Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2010-2011 data. Korean Journal of Community Nutrition, 22(2), 136. https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2017.22.2.136
- Lee, Y. W., Cho, H., Ryu, J. Y., & Kim, J. H. (2018). Effect of quantity and frequency of alcohol consumption on bone mineral density in Korean adult men: The Fifth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2010-2011. Korean Journal of Family Practice, 8(2), 207-213. https://doi.org/10.21215/kjfp.2018.8.2.207
- Looker, A. C., Sarafrazi Isfahani, N., Fan, B., & Shepherd, J. A. (2017). Trends in osteoporosis and low bone mass in older US adults, 2005-2006 through 2013-2014. Osteoporosis International, 28(6), 1979-1988. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-017-3996-1
- Mikosch, P. (2014). Alcohol and bone. Wiener Medizinische Wochenschriff, 164(1-2), 15-24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10354-013-0258-5
-
Moghaddam, A., Weiss, S., Wolfl, C. G., Schmeckenbecher, K., Wentzensen, A., Grutzner, P. A., et al. (2010). Cigarette smoking decreases TGF-
${\beta}1$ serum concentrations after long bone fracture. Injury, 41(10), 1020-1025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2010.03.014 - Need, A., Kemp, A., Giles, N., Morris, H., Horowitz, M., & Nordin, B. (2002). Relationships between intestinal calcium absorption, serum vitamin D metabolites and smoking in postmenopausal women. Osteoporosis International, 13(1), 83-88. https://doi.org/10.1007/s198-002-8342-9
- Oh, K. W., Yun, E. J., Oh, E. S., Im, J. A., Lee, W. Y., Baek, K. H., et al. (2003). Factors associated with bone mineral density in Korean middle-aged men. Korean Journal of Internal Medicine, 65(3), 315-322.
- Park, H. (2018). Prevalence and related risk factors of problem drinking in Korean adult population. Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society, 19(1), 389-397. https://doi.org/10.5762/KAIS.2018.19.1.389
- Sioka, C., Bougias, C., Al-Bokharhli, J., & Fotopoulos, A. (2006). Smoking and alcohol use as risk factors for low bone mineral density. Rheumatology International, 27(2), 207-208. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00296-006-0189-1
- Suh, K. T., Kim, S. W., Roh, H. L., Youn, M. S., & Jung, J. S. (2005). Decreased osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells in alcohol-induced osteonecrosis. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, 431, 220-225. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.blo.0000150568.16133.3c
- Tenenhouse, A., Joseph, L., Kreiger, N., Poliquin, S., Murray, T., Blondeau, L., et al. (2000). Estimation of the prevalence of low bone density in Canadian women and men using a population-specific DXA reference standard: The Canadian Multicentre Osteoporosis Study (CaMos). Osteoporosis International, 11(10), 897-904. https://doi.org/10.1007/s001980070050
- Wade, S. W., Strader, C., Fitzpatrick, L. A., Anthony, M. S., & O'Malley, C. D. (2014). Estimating prevalence of osteoporosis: Examples from industrialized countries. Arch Osteoporos, 9, 182. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11657-014-0182-3
- Watts, N. B., Adler, R. A., Bilezikian, J. P., Drake, M. T., Eastell, R., Orwoll, E. S., et al. (2012). Osteoporosis in men: An endocrine society clinical practice guideline. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 97(6), 1802-1822. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2011-3045