DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

The Effects of SOX and Internal Control Weaknesses on the Relation between the Real Earnings Management and Audit Fees

  • 투고 : 2017.08.11
  • 심사 : 2017.12.05
  • 발행 : 2018.02.28

초록

This study investigates whether the positive relation between the real earnings management (REM) and audit fees reported by Choi et al. (2016) differs before and after the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX), and varies cross-sectionally depending on the existence of internal control problems. Using a large sample of U.S. firms, we find that the positive relation between REM and audit fees is stronger than the same relation between AEM and audit fees in the post-SOX period, whereas the opposite is true in the pre-SOX period. We also find that the positive relation between REM and audit fees is intensified for firms with material internal control weaknesses.

키워드

참고문헌

  1. Abbott, L., Parker, S. and Peters, G. (2006) 'Earnings management, litigation risk, and asymmetric audit fee responses', Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory, Vol. 25 No. 1, pp.85-98. https://doi.org/10.2308/aud.2006.25.1.85
  2. Abbott, L., Parker, S., Peters, G. and Raghunandan, K. (2003) 'The association between audit committee characteristics and audit fees', Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory, Vol. 22 No. 2, pp.17-32. https://doi.org/10.2308/aud.2003.22.2.17
  3. Allen, A. and Woodland, A. (2010) 'Education requirements, audit fees, and audit quality', Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp.1-25. https://doi.org/10.2308/aud.2010.29.2.1
  4. Antle, R. and Gordon, E. (2006) 'The joint determination of audit fees, non-audit fees, and abnormal accruals', Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, Vol. 27, pp.235-266. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11156-006-9430-y
  5. Ashbaugh, H., LaFond, R. and Mayhew, B. (2003) 'Do non-audit services compromise auditor independence? Further evidence', The Accounting Review, Vol. 78, pp.611-640. https://doi.org/10.2308/accr.2003.78.3.611
  6. Ashbaugh-Skaife, H., Collins, D. and Kinney, W. (2007) 'The discovery and reporting of internal control deficiencies prior to SOX-mandated audits', Journal of Accounting and Economics, Vol. 44 No. 1-2, pp.166-192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacceco.2006.10.001
  7. Ashbaugh-Skaife, H., Collins, D., Kinney, W. and LaFond, R. (2008) 'The effect of SOX internal control deficiencies and their remediation on accrual quality', The Accounting Review, Vol. 83 No. 1, pp.217-250. https://doi.org/10.2308/accr.2008.83.1.217
  8. Ashbaugh-Skaife, H., Collins, D., Kinney, W. and Lafond, R. (2009) 'The effect of SOX internal control deficiencies on firm risk and cost of equity', Journal of Accounting Research, Vol. 47 No. 1, pp.1-43. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-679X.2008.00315.x
  9. Behn, B., Carcello, J., Hermanson, D. and Hermanson, R. (1999) 'Client satisfaction and Big 6 audit fees', Contemporary Accounting Research, Vol. 16, pp.587-608. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1911-3846.1999.tb00597.x
  10. Beneish, M., Billings, M. and Hodder, L. (2008) 'Internal control weaknesses and information uncertainty', The Accounting Review, Vol. 83 No. 3, pp.665-703. https://doi.org/10.2308/accr.2008.83.3.665
  11. Chan, L., Chen, K., Che, T. and Yu, Y. (2015) 'Substitution between real and accruals-based earnings management after voluntary adoption of compensation clawback provisions', The Accounting Review, Vol. 90 No. 1, pp.147-174. https://doi.org/10.2308/accr-50862
  12. Chaney, P., Jeter, D. and Shivakumar, L. (2004) 'Self-selection of auditors and audit pricing in private firms', The Accounting Review, Vol. 79, pp.51-72. https://doi.org/10.2308/accr.2004.79.1.51
  13. Cheng, M., Dhaliwal, D. and Zhang, Y. (2013) 'Does investment efficiency improve after the disclosure of material weakness in internal control over financial reporting?', Journal of Accounting and Economics, Vol. 56 No. 1, pp.1-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacceco.2013.03.001
  14. Choi, J., Choi, S., Hogan, C. and Lee, J. (2013) 'The effect of human resource investment in internal control on the disclosure of internal control weaknesses', Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory, Vol. 32 No. 4, pp.169-199. https://doi.org/10.2308/ajpt-50514
  15. Choi, J., Kim, J., Liu, X. and Simunic, D. (2009) 'Cross-listing audit fee premiums: Theory and evidence', The Accounting Review, Vol. 84, pp.1429-1463. https://doi.org/10.2308/accr.2009.84.5.1429
  16. Choi, A., Sohn, B. and Yuen, D. (2016) 'Do auditors care about real Earnings management in their audit fee decisions?', Asia-Pacific Journal of Accounting & Economics, forthcoming.
  17. Cohen, D., Dey, A. and Lys, T. (2008) 'Real and accrual-based earnings management in the preand post-Sarbanes-Oxley periods', The Accounting Review, Vol. 83, pp.757-787. https://doi.org/10.2308/accr.2008.83.3.757
  18. Cohen, D. and Zarowin, P. (2010) 'Accrual-based and real earnings management activities around seasoned equity offerings', Journal of Accounting and Economics, Vol. 50, pp.2-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacceco.2010.01.002
  19. Costello, A. and Wittenberg-Moerman, R. (2011) 'The impact of financial reporting quality on debt contracting: Evidence from internal control weakness reports', Journal of Accounting Research, Vol. 49 No. 1, pp.97-136. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-679X.2010.00388.x
  20. Craswell, A. and Francis, J. (1999) 'Pricing of initial audit engagements', The Accounting Review, Vol. 74, pp.201-216. https://doi.org/10.2308/accr.1999.74.2.201
  21. Craswell, A., Francis, J. and Taylor, S. (1995) 'Auditor brand name reputations and industry specializations', Journal of Accounting and Economics, Vol. 20, pp.297-322. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-4101(95)00403-3
  22. DeAngelo, L. (1981) 'Auditor independence, "low balling," and disclosure regulation', Journal of Accounting and Economics, Vol. 3, pp.113-127. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-4101(81)90009-4
  23. Dechow, P., Sloan, R. and Sweeney, A. (1995) 'Detecting earnings management', The Accounting Review, Vol. 70, pp.193-225.
  24. Dhaliwal, D., Hogan, C., Trezevant, R. and Wilkins, M. (2011) 'Internal control disclosures, monitoring, and the cost of debt', The Accounting Review, Vol. 86 No. 4, pp.1131-1156. https://doi.org/10.2308/accr-10043
  25. Doyle, J., Ge, W. and McVay, S. (2007a) 'Determinants of weaknesses in internal control over financial reporting', Journal of Accounting and Economics, Vol. 44 No. 1-2, pp.193-223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacceco.2006.10.003
  26. Doyle, J., Ge, W. and McVay, S. (2007b) 'Accruals quality and internal control over financial reporting', The Accounting Review, Vol. 82 No. 5, pp.1141-1170. https://doi.org/10.2308/accr.2007.82.5.1141
  27. Ewert, R. and Wagenhofer, A. (2005) 'Economic effects of tightening accounting standards to restrict earnings management', The Accounting Review, Vol. 80, pp.1101-1124. https://doi.org/10.2308/accr.2005.80.4.1101
  28. Fama, E. and French, K. (1997) 'Industry costs of equity', Journal of Financial Economics, Vol. 43, pp.153-193. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-405X(96)00896-3
  29. Fama, E. and MacBeth, J. (1973) 'Risk, return, and equilibrium: Empirical tests', Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 81, pp.607-636. https://doi.org/10.1086/260061
  30. Feng, M., Li, C. and McVay, S. (2009) 'Internal control and management guidance', Journal of Accounting and Economics, Vol. 48 No. 2-3, pp.190-209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacceco.2009.09.004
  31. Feng, M., Li, C., McVay, S. and Ashbaugh-Skaife, H. (2012) 'Ineffective internal control over financial reporting and firm operation', Working Paper.
  32. Francis, J. and Simon, D. (1987) 'A test of audit pricing in the small-client segment of the US audit market', The Accounting Review, Vol. 62, pp.145-157.
  33. Frankel, R., Johnson, M. and Nelson, K. (2002) 'The relation between auditors' fees for non-audit services and earnings quality', The Accounting Review, Vol. 77, pp.77-104.
  34. Fudenburg, D. and Tirole, J. (1995) 'A theory of income and dividend smoothing based on incumbency rents', Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 103, pp.75-93. https://doi.org/10.1086/261976
  35. Ge, W. and McVay, S. (2005) 'The disclosure of material weaknesses in internal control after the Sarbanes-Oxley Act', Accounting Horizons, Vol. 19 No. 3, pp.137-158. https://doi.org/10.2308/acch.2005.19.3.137
  36. Goh, B. and Li, D. (2011) 'Internal controls and conditional conservatism', The Accounting Review, Vol. 86 No. 3, pp.975-1005. https://doi.org/10.2308/accr.00000041
  37. Gordon, L. and Wilford, A. (2012) 'An analysis of multiple consecutive years of material weaknesses in internal control', The Accounting Review, Vol. 87 No. 6, pp.2027-2060. https://doi.org/10.2308/accr-50211
  38. Graham, J., Harvey, C. and Rajgopal, S. (2005) 'The economic implications of corporate financial reporting', Journal of Accounting and Economics, Vol. 40, pp.3-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacceco.2005.01.002
  39. Gul, F., Chen, C. and Tsui, J. (2003) 'Discretionary accounting accruals, managers' incentives, and audit fees', Contemporary Accounting Research, Vol. 20, pp.441-464. https://doi.org/10.1506/686E-NF2J-73X6-G540
  40. Gunny, K. (2010) 'The relation between earnings management using real activities manipulation and future performance: Evidence from meeting earnings benchmarks', Contemporary Accounting Research, Vol. 27 No. 3, pp.855-888. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1911-3846.2010.01029.x
  41. Hammersley. J., Myers, L. and Shakespeare, C. (2008) 'Market reactions to the disclosure of internal control weaknesses and to the characteristics of those weaknesses under Section 302 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002', Review of Accounting Studies, Vol. 13 No. 1, pp.141-165. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11142-007-9046-z
  42. Hay, D. and Knechel, W. (2010) 'The effects of advertising and solicitation on audit fees', Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, Vol. 29, pp.60-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaccpubpol.2009.10.001
  43. Hay, D., Knechel, W. and Wong, N. (2006) 'Audit fees: A meta-analysis of the effect of supply and demand attributes', Contemporary Accounting Research, Vol. 23, pp.141-191. https://doi.org/10.1506/4XR4-KT5V-E8CN-91GX
  44. Healy, P. (1985) 'The effect of bonus schemes on accounting decisions', Journal of Accounting and Economics, Vol. 7, pp.85-107. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-4101(85)90029-1
  45. Healy, P. and Wahlen, J. (1998) 'A review of the earnings management literature and its implications for standard setting', Working paper, Harvard Business School.
  46. Hogan, C. and Wilkins, M. (2008) 'Evidence on the audit risk model: Do auditors increase audit fees in the presence of internal control deficiencies?', Contemporary Accounting Research, Vol. 25 No. 1, pp.219-242. https://doi.org/10.1506/car.25.1.9
  47. Hoitash, R., Hoitash, U. and Bedard, J. (2008) 'Internal control quality and audit pricing under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act', Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory, Vol. 27 No. 1, pp.105-126. https://doi.org/10.2308/aud.2008.27.1.105
  48. Huang, H., Liu, L., Raghunandan, K. and Rama, D. (2007) 'Auditor industry specialization, client bargaining power, and audit fees: Further evidence', Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory, Vol. 26 No. 1, pp.147-158. https://doi.org/10.2308/aud.2007.26.1.147
  49. Huang, H., Raghunandan, K. and Rama, D. (2009) 'Audit fees for initial audit engagements before and after SOX', Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory, Vol. 28 No. 1, pp.171-190. https://doi.org/10.2308/aud.2009.28.1.171
  50. Johnstone, K. and Bedard, J. (2001) 'Engagement planning, bid pricing, and client response in the market for initial attest engagements', The Accounting Review, Vol. 76, pp.199-220. https://doi.org/10.2308/accr.2001.76.2.199
  51. Jones, J. (1991) 'Earnings management during import relief investigations', Journal of Accounting Research, Vol. 29, pp.193-228. https://doi.org/10.2307/2491047
  52. Kim, J. and Sohn, B. (2013) 'Real earnings management and cost of capital', Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, Vol. 32 No. 6, pp.518-543. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaccpubpol.2013.08.002
  53. Kim, J., Song, B. and Zhang, L. (2011) 'Internal control weakness and bank loan contracting: Evidence from SOX Section 404 disclosures', The Accounting Review, Vol. 86 No. 4, pp.1157-1188. https://doi.org/10.2308/accr-10036
  54. Kothari, S., Leone, A. and Wasley, C. (2005) 'Performance matched discretionary accrual measures', Journal of Accounting and Economics, Vol. 39, pp.163-197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacceco.2004.11.002
  55. Kreutzfeldt, R. and Wallace, W. (1986) 'Error characteristics in audit populations: Their profile and relationship to environmental factors', Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory, Vol. 6 (Fall), pp.20-43.
  56. Mizik, N. and Jacobson, R. (2007) 'Myopic marketing management: Evidence of the phenomenon and its long-term performance consequences in the SEO context', Marketing Science, Vol. 26, pp.361-379. https://doi.org/10.1287/mksc.1060.0261
  57. Ogneva, M., Subramanyam, K. and Raghunandan, K. (2007) 'Internal control weakness and cost of equity: Evidence from SOX Section 404 disclosures', The Accounting Review, Vol. 82 No. 5, pp.1255-1297. https://doi.org/10.2308/accr.2007.82.5.1255
  58. Palmrose, Z. (1986a) 'Audit fees and auditor size: Further evidence', Journal of Accounting Research, Vol. 24, pp.97-110. https://doi.org/10.2307/2490806
  59. Palmrose, Z. (1986b) 'The effect of non-audit services on the pricing of audit services: Further evidence', Journal of Accounting Research, Vol. 24, pp.405-411. https://doi.org/10.2307/2491144
  60. Pauwels, K., Silva-Risso, J., Srinivasan, S. and Hanssens, D. (2004) 'New products, sales promotions, and firm value: The case of automobile industry', Journal of Marketing, Vol. 68, pp.142-156. https://doi.org/10.1509/jmkg.68.4.142.42724
  61. Raghunandan, K. and Rama, D. (2006) 'SOX Section 404 material weakness disclosures and audit services', Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory, Vol. 25 No. 1, pp.99-114. https://doi.org/10.2308/aud.2006.25.1.99
  62. Roychowdhury, S. (2006) 'Earnings management through real activities manipulation', Journal of Accounting and Economics, Vol. 42, pp.335-370. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacceco.2006.01.002
  63. Simon, D. and Francis, J. (1988) 'The effects of auditor change on audit fees: Test of price cutting and price recovery', The Accounting Review, Vol. 63, pp.255-269.
  64. Simunic, D. (1980) 'The pricing of audit services: Theory and evidence', Journal of Accounting Research, Vol. 22, pp.161-190.
  65. Skaife, H., Veenman, D. and Wangerin, D. (2013) 'Internal control over financial reporting and managerial rent extraction: Evidence from the profitability of insider trading', Journal of Accounting and Economics, Vol. 55, pp.91-110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacceco.2012.07.005
  66. Srinidhi, B. and Gul, F. (2007) 'The differential effects of auditors' nonaudit and audit fees on accrual quality', Contemporary Accounting Research, Vol. 24, pp.595-629. https://doi.org/10.1506/ARJ4-20P3-201K-3752
  67. Stein, J. (1989) 'Efficient capital markets, inefficient firms: A model of myopic corporate behavior', Quarterly Journal of Economics (November), pp.655-669.
  68. Turpen, R. (1990) 'Differential pricing on auditors' initial engagements: Further evidence', Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory, Vol. 9 No. 2, pp.60-76.
  69. Wang, X. (2010) 'Increased disclosure requirements and corporate governance decisions: Evidence from Chief Financial Officers in the pre-and post-Sarbanes-Oxley periods', Journal of Accounting Research, Vol. 48, pp.885-920.
  70. Whisenant, S., Sankaraguruswamy, S. and Raghunandan, K. (2003) 'Evidence on the joint determination of audit and non-audit fees', Journal of Accounting Research, Vol. 41, pp.721-744. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-679X.00121
  71. Willingham, J. and Wright, W. (1985) 'Financial statement errors and internal control judgments', Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory, Vol. 5 No. 1, pp.57-70.
  72. Zang, A. (2012) 'Evidence on the tradeoff between real manipulation and accrual manipulation', The Accounting Review, Vol. 87 No. 2, pp.675-703. https://doi.org/10.2308/accr-10196