DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

How Background Music Affects Consumer Perception of Waiting Time? -A Mediating Role of Emotions-

  • Park, Jee-Sun (Dept. of Fashion Industry, Incheon National University) ;
  • Stoel, Leslie D. (Dept. of Marketing, Miami University)
  • 투고 : 2018.01.18
  • 심사 : 2018.06.15
  • 발행 : 2018.07.30

초록

The present study examines whether consumers' perception of waiting time and their behavioral intentions are influenced by the presence of background music in an online shopping environment. In particular, this study aims to explain the underlying mechanism for the effects of background music on consumers' perceived wait and behavioral intentions toward the online retailer by proposing the mediating role of emotions drawing on the Stimulus-Organism-Response (S-O-R) framework. A lab experiment was employed to test the hypotheses. A total of 102 college students were used for data analyses. Results show that the presence of music has a significant impact on participants' emotions, perceived waiting time, and approach behavior. Moreover, the findings show that pleasure and the perceived waiting time serve as mediators in the relationship between the presence of music and approach behavior. Implications of the model for theory, practice, and further research are discussed.

키워드

참고문헌

  1. Antonides, G., Verhoef, P. C., & Van Aalst, M. (2002). Consumer perception and evaluation of waiting time: A field experiment. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 12(3), 193-202. doi:10.1207/S15327663JCP1203_02
  2. Areni, C. S. (2003). Exploring managers' implicit theories of atmospheric music: Comparing academic analysis to industry insight. Journal of Services Marketing, 17(2), 161-184. doi:10.1108/08876040310467925
  3. Baker, J., & Cameron,M. (1996). The effects of the service environment on affect and consumer perception of waiting time: an integrative review and research propositions. Journal of Academy of Marketing Sciences, 24, 338-349. doi:10.1177/0092070396244005
  4. Baker, J., Levy, M., & Grewal, D. (1992). An experimental approach to making retail store environmental decisions. Journal of Retailing, 68(4), 445-460.
  5. Baker, J., Parasuraman, A., Grewal, D., & Voss, G. B. (2002). The influence of multiple store environment cues on perceived merchandise value and patronage intentions. Journal of Marketing, 66(2), 120-141. doi:10.1509/jmkg.66.2.120.18470
  6. Bitner, M. J. (1992). Servicescapes: The impact of surroundings on customers and employees. Journal of Marketing, 56(2), 37-71. doi:10.2307/1252042
  7. Borges, A., Herter, M. M., & Chebat, J.-C. (2015). "It was not that long!": The effects of the in-store TV screen content and consumers emotions on consumer waiting perception. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 22, 96-106. doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2014.10.005
  8. Bruner, G. C. (1990). Music, mood, and marketing. Journal of Marketing, 54(4), 94-104. doi:10.2307/1251762
  9. Cameron, M. A., Baker, J., Peterson, M., & Braunsberger, K. (2003). The effects of music, wait-length evaluation, and mood on a low-cost wait experience. Journal of Business Research, 56(6), 421-430. doi:10.1016/S0148-2963(01)00244-2
  10. Cox, D., & Cox, A. D. (2002). Beyond first impressions: the effects of repeated exposure on consumer liking of visually complex and simple product designs. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 30(2), 119-130. doi:10.1177/03079459994371
  11. Dabholkar, P. A., Bobbitt, L. M., & Lee, E.-J. (2003). Understanding consumer motivation and behavior related to self-scanning in retailing: Implications for strategy and research on technology-based self-service. International Journal of Service Industry Management, 14(1), 59-95. doi:10.1108/09564230310465994
  12. DiClemente, D. F., & Hantula, D. A. (2003). Optimal foraging on-line: increasing sensitivity to delay. Psychology & Marketing, 20(9), 785-809. doi:10.1002/mar.10097
  13. Donovan, R. J., & Rossiter, J. R. (1982). Store atmosphere: An environmental psychology approach. Journal of Retailing, 58(1), 34-57.
  14. Dube, L., Chebat, J. C., Morin, S. (1995). The effects of background music on consumers' desire to affiliate in buyer-seller interactions. Psychology & Marketing, 12(4), 305-319. doi:10.1002/mar.4220120407
  15. Eroglu, S. A., Machleit, K. A., & Davis, L. M. (2001). Atmospheric qualities of online retailing: A conceptual model and implication. Journal of Business Research, 54(2), 177-184. doi:10.1016/S0148-2963(99)00087-9
  16. Eroglu, S. A., Machleit, K. A., & Davis, L. M. (2003). Empirical testing of a model of online store atmospherics and shopper responses. Psychology & Marketing, 20(2), 139-150. doi:10.1002/mar.10064
  17. Fraisse, P. (1984). Perception and estimation of time. Annual Review of Psychology, 35, 1-36. doi:10.1146/annurev.ps.35.020184.000245
  18. Gorn, G. J., Chattopadhyay, N., Sengupta, J., & Tripathi, S. (2004). Waiting for the Web: How screen color affects time perception. Journal of Marketing Research, 54(2), 177-184. doi:10.1509/jmkr.41.2.215.28668
  19. Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
  20. Hornik (1993). The role of affect in consumers' temporal judgments. Psychology & Marketing, 10(3), 239-255. doi:10.1002/mar.4220100306
  21. Hui, M. K., Dube, L., & Chebat, J. (1997). The impact of music on consumers' reaction to waiting for services. Journal of Retailing, 73(1), 87-104. doi:10.1016/S0022-4359(97)90016-6
  22. Izard, C. E. (1972). Patterns of emotions. New York: Academic Press.
  23. Jeon, M., & Yoh, E. (2014). Effect of sensibility responses on backgrounds of product photos on consumer attitude of online shopping malls. Journal of Fashion Business, 18(2), 29-41. doi:10.12940/jfb.2014.18.2.29
  24. Kellaris, J. J., & Mantel, S. P. (1994). The influence of mood and gender on consumers' time perceptions. Advances in Consumer Research, 21(1), 514-518.
  25. Kellaris, J. J., & Rice, R. C. (1993). The influence of tempo, loudness, and gender of listener on responses to music. Psychology & Marketing, 10(1), 15-29. doi:10.1002/mar.4220100103
  26. Kim, R., & Lee, S. (2013). The effect to consumer's attitude influenced by emotional marketing and visual merchandising at fashion store. Journal of Fashion Business, 17(1), 1-12. doi:10.12940/jfb.2013.17.1.001
  27. Kotler, P. (1973-1974). Atmospherics as a marketing tool. Journal of Retailing, 49(4), 48-64.
  28. Lee, O. (2013). Effect of the customer emotion to salespersons in service encounter on customer evaluation and behavioral intention. Journal of Fashion Business, 17(2), 136-150. doi:10.12940/jfb.2013.17.2.136
  29. Lesonsky, R. (2012, June 11). Long wait times harming retail experience: Survey says. Huffington Post. Retrieved November 1, 2017, from https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/06/11/survey-says-long-wait-times-harm-retail_n_1577898.html
  30. Mattila, A. A., & Wirtz, J. (2001). Congruency of scent and music as a driver of in-store evaluations and behavior. Journal of Retailing, 77(2), 273-289. doi:10.1016/S0022-4359(01)00042-2
  31. Mehrabian, A., & Russell, J. A. (1974). An approach to environmental psychology. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  32. Milliman, R. E. (1982). Using background music to affect the behavior of supermarket shoppers. Journal of Marketing, 46(3), 86-91. doi:10.2307/1251706
  33. Milliman, R. E. (1986). The influence of background music on the behavior of restaurant patrons. Journal of Consumer Research, 13(2), 286-289. doi:10.1086/209068
  34. North, A. C., & Hargreaves, D. J. (1998). The effect of music on atmosphere and purchase intentions in a cafeteria. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 28, 2254-2273. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1998.tb01370.x
  35. Oakes, S. (2000). The influence of the musicscape within service environments. Journal of Service Marketing, 14(7), 539-556. doi:10.1108/08876040010352673
  36. Oakes, S. (2003). Musical tempo and waiting perceptions. Psychology & Marketing, 20(8), 685-705. doi:10.1002/mar.10092
  37. Ornstein, R. E. (1969). On the experience of time. New York: Penguin.
  38. Otto, J., Najdawi, M., & Wagner, W. (2003). An experimental study of Web switching behavior. Human Systems Management, 22(2), 87-93.
  39. Parks, L. (2014, November 26). Can't wait any longer. NRF. Retrieved November 1, 2017, from https://nrf.com/blog/cant-wait-any-longer
  40. Pruyn, A., & Smidts, A. (1998). Effects of waiting on the satisfaction with the service: Beyond objective time measure. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 15(4), 321-334. doi:10.1016/S0167-8116(98)00008-1
  41. Pyone, J. S., & Isen, A. M. (2011). Positive affect, intertemporal choice, and levels of thinking: Increasing consumers' willingness to wait. Journal of Marketing Research, 48(3), 532-543. doi:10.2307/23033856
  42. Russell, J. A., & Pratt, G. (1980). A description of the affective quality attributed to environments. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 38(2), 311-322. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.38.2.311
  43. Sherman, E., Mathur, A., & Smith, R. B. (1997). Store environment and consumer purchase behavior: Mediating role of consumer emotions. Psychology & Marketing, 14(4), 361-378. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1520-6793(199707)14:4<361::AID-MAR4>3.0.CO;2-7
  44. Sheu, C., & Babbar, S. (1996). A managerial assessment of the waiting-time performance for alternative service process designs. Omega, 24(6), 689-703. doi:10.1016/S0305-0483(96)00035-7
  45. Taylor, S. (1994). Waiting for service: The relationship between delays and evaluations of service. Journal of Marketing, 58(2), 56-69. doi:10.2307/1252269
  46. Tom, G., & Lucey, S. (1995). Waiting time delays and customer satisfaction in supermarkets. Journal of Services Marketing, 9(5), 20-29. doi:10.1108/08876049510100281
  47. Turley, L. W., & Milliman, R. E. (2000). Atmospheric effects on shopping behavior: A review of the experimental evidence. Journal of Business Research, 49, 193-211. doi:10.1016/S0148-2963(99)00010-7
  48. Vieira, V. A. (2013). Stimuli-organism-response framework: A meta-analytic review in the store environment. Journal of Business Research, 66, 1420-1426. doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2012.05.009
  49. Wall, M. (2016, August 19). How long will you wait for a shopping website to load? BBC.com. Retrieved November 1, 2017, from http://www.bbc.com/news/business-37100091
  50. Wang, L., Baker, J., Wakefield, K., & Wakefield, R. (2017). Is background music effective on retail websites? Journal of Promotion Management, 23(1), 1-23. doi: 10.1080/10496491.2016.1251525
  51. Weijters, B., Rangarajan, D., Falk, T., & Schillewaert, N. (2007). Determinants and outcomes of customers' use of self-service technology in a retail setting. Journal of Service Research, 10(1), 3-21. doi:10.1177/1094670507302990
  52. Yalch, R. F., & Spangenberg, E. R. (1990). Effects of store music on shopping behavior. Journal of Services Marketing, 4(1), 31-39. doi:10.1108/EUM0000000002577
  53. Zakay, D. (1989). Subjective time and attentional resource allocation: An integrated model of time estimation. In I. Levin, & D. Zakay (Eds.), Advances in psychology (pp.365-397). Amsterdam: North-Holland Press.

피인용 문헌

  1. Music and Time Perception in Audiovisuals: Arousing Soundtracks Lead to Time Overestimation No Matter Their Emotional Valence vol.5, pp.11, 2018, https://doi.org/10.3390/mti5110068