Knowledge Management Research (지식경영연구)

The Knowledge Management Society of Korea (한국지식경영학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Cross-cultural Study on Knowledge Sharing in Open Collaboration: Collectivism vs. Individualism

문화에 따른 개방형 협업 지식공유 활동 비교 연구: 집단주의 문화와 개인주의 문화를 중심으로

  • 백현미 (한양대학교 ERICA 언론정보대학 정보사회학과) ;
  • 이새롬 (경북대학교 경영학부)
  • Received : 2018.03.26
  • Accepted : 2018.05.28
  • Published : 2018.06.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

To cope with the rapid changes in the corporate environment, the creation of innovative output through various forms of collaboration have been discussed. For open collaborations, contributors who distribute to various countries and cultures are able to share knowledge via the internet without physical rewards or responsibilities. In this study, we focused on the open source software project, which is a representative open collaboration. We investigated the factors that affect the knowledge contribution of developers of various countries within the open collaboration platform. Specifically, we investigated the open collaborative nature of multi-culture developers by dividing cultures according to collectivism and individualism. We collected data on 26,604 developers using a python based web crawler for GitHub which is an open source software development platform, and conducted cross-cultural study. This paper contributes to the field of knowledge management by suggesting various impacts of antecedents such as hireability, and information exposure on knowledge sharing according to culture.

Keywords

References

  1. 강신형, 박상문, 황정태 2016. "혁신이 서비스 기업의 생존에 미치는 영향: 혁신유형을 중심으로", 산업혁신연구, (32:4), pp. 211-242.
  2. 구경모, 백현미, 이새롬 2017. "개방형협업 참여자의 지식창출.지식공유 구조와 혁신 성과: 오픈소스 소프트웨어 개발 커뮤니티를 중심으로," 지식경영연구 (18:4), pp. 287-306. https://doi.org/10.15813/kmr.2017.18.4.012
  3. 박경환 2003. "호프스테드모형을 이용한 러시아인의 문화인식에 관한 연구," 러시아어 문학 연구논집
  4. 박문수, 문형구 2004. "집단간 지식공유의 영향요인에 관한 연구," 지식경영연구 (5:2), pp. 1-23.
  5. 박용석, 이경미, 이지원 2012. "SNS (social network sites)를 통해 형성된 사회자본의 형태가 소비자 제품선호에 미치는 영향," 경영학연구 (41:6), pp. 1619-1641.
  6. 이새롬, 백현미, 장정주 2016. "오픈소스 소프트웨어 운영자 역할이 성과에 미치는 영향: 인상형성과 사회적 자본 이론을 중심으로," 한국전자거래학회지 (21:2), pp. 23-46. https://doi.org/10.7838/jsebs.2016.21.2.023
  7. 이원태, 차미영, 양해륜, 2011. "소셜미디어 유력자의 네트워크 특성: 한국의 트위터 공동체를 중심으로," 언론정보연구 (48:2), pp. 44-79.
  8. 이종선, 박지훈, 배종태 2016. "기업의 개방형 혁신이 혁신 생산성에 미치는 영향: 외부 지식 탐색활동을 중심으로," 지식경영연구 (17:1), pp. 49-72.
  9. 조긍호 2003. "문화성향과 통제양식," 한국심리학회지: 사회 및 성격 (17:2), pp. 85-106.
  10. 조용현, 이경근 2007. "한국인의 문화심리특성이 지식경영활동에 미치는 영향," 산업경제연구 (20:4), pp. 1689-1715.
  11. 조은경, 이정주 2006. "부패친화적 연고주의 문화의 국가별 비교분석," 한국행정학보 (40:4), pp. 491-509.
  12. 최상진, 김기범 1998. "체면의 내적 구조," 한국심리학회 연차대회 발표논문, pp. 551-577.
  13. 최재석 1994. 한국인의 사회적 성격, 서울, 현암사.
  14. Aaker, J. L., & Sengupta, J. 2000. "Addivity versus attenuation: The role of culture in the resolution of information incongruity," Journal of Consumer Psychology, (9:2), pp. 67-82. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327663JCP0902_2
  15. Adams, P. J., Capiluppi, A., & Boldyreff, C. 2009. "Coordination and productivity issues in free software: The role of brooks' law," In proceedings of IEEE International Conference on the Software Maintenance, pp. 319-328.
  16. Alves, J. C., Lovelace, K. J., Manz, C. C., Matsypura, D., Toyasaki, F., & Ke, K. 2006. "A cross-cultural perspective of self-leadership," Journal of Managerial Psychology, (21:4), pp. 338-359. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940610663123
  17. Andersen-Gott, M., Ghinea, G., & Bygstad, B. 2012. "Why do commercial companies contribute to open source software?," International Journal of Information Management, (32:2), pp. 106-117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2011.10.003
  18. Bovet, D. P., & Cesati, M., (2015). Understanding the Linux Kernel: from I/O ports to process management. O'Reilly Media, Inc.
  19. Campbell, K. L. 2002. Soliciting and Expressing Social Support over the Internet: A n Investigation of Online Eating Disorder Support Groups, Paper presented at the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication
  20. Chesbrough, H. 2003, Open innovation: The new imperative for creating and profiting from technology, Harvard Business School Press, Boston.
  21. Chin, W. W. Frequently asked questions-Partial least squares & PLS Graph. Retrieved from http://disc-nt.cba.uh.edu/chin/plsfaq.htm. Accessed 9 January 2018.
  22. Crowston, K., Annabi, H., & Howison, J. 2003. "Defining open source software project success," Former Departments, Centers, Institutes and Projects, 4.
  23. Crowston, K., Wei, K., Howison, J., & Wiggins, A. 2012. "Free/Libre open-source software development: What we know and what we do not know," ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR) (44::2), pp. 7.
  24. Davenport, T. H., & Prusak, L. 1998. Working knowledge: How organizations manage what they know, Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.
  25. Dahlander, L., & Magnusson, M. 2008. "How do firms make use of open source communities?," Long Range Planning, (41:6), pp. 629-649 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lrp.2008.09.003
  26. Ellison, N., Steinfield, C. & Lampe, C. 2007, "The benefits of Facebook 'friends': Exploring the relationship between college students' use of online social networks and social capital," Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, (12:3), pp. 1143-1168. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2007.00367.x
  27. Feliciano, J. 2015. Towards a collaborative learning platform: The use of GitHub in computer science and software engineering courses, University of Victoria.
  28. Frost, D., Goode, S. & Hart, D. 2010. "Individualist and collectivist factors affecting online repurchase intentions," Internet Research, (20:1), pp. 6-28. https://doi.org/10.1108/10662241011020815
  29. Goettsch, K. L. (2014). Understanding intercultural communication on global virtual teams: exploring challenges of language, culture, technology, and collaboration (Doctoral dissertation, University of Minnesota).
  30. Ghosh, R. 1998. "FM Interview with Linus Torvalds: What motivates free software developers?," First Monday, (3:3).
  31. Gonzalez-Barahona, G. Robles, R. Andradas-Izquierdo, & R. A. Ghosh, 2008. "Geographic origin of libre software developers," Information Economics and Policy, (20:4), pp. 356-363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infoecopol.2008.07.001
  32. Grandstrand, O., Bohlin, E., Oskarsson, C. & Sjoberg, N. 1992. "External technology acquisition in large multi-technology corporations," R&D Management, (22:2), pp. 111-134. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.1992.tb00801.x
  33. Granovetter, M. S. 1983. "The strength of weak ties: A network theory revisited," Sociological Theory, (1), pp. 201-233. https://doi.org/10.2307/202051
  34. Grewal, R., Lilien, G. L., & Mallapragada, G. 2006. "Location, location, location: How network embeddedness af fects project success in open source systems," Management Science (52:7), pp. 1043-1056. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.1060.0550
  35. Gupta, A. K., & Govindarajan, V. 2000. "Knowledge flows within multinational corporations," Strategic Management Journal, (21:4), pp. 473-496. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0266(200004)21:4<473::AID-SMJ84>3.0.CO;2-I
  36. Han, S. & Shavitt, S. 1994. "Persuasion and culture: Advertising appeals in individualistic and collectivistic societies," Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, (30:4), 326-350. https://doi.org/10.1006/jesp.1994.1016
  37. Hann, I., Roberts, J., Slaughter, S. & Fielding, R. 2002. "Economic incentives for participating in open source software projects," in Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Information Systems, pp. 365-372.
  38. Hann, I., Roberts, J. & Slaughter, S. 2004. "Why developers participate in open source software projects: An empirical investigation," in Proceedings of 25th International Conference on Information Systems.
  39. Hahn, J., Moon, J. Y., & Zhang, C. 2008. "Emergence of new project teams from open source software developer networks: Impact of prior collaboration ties," Information Systems Research, (19:3), pp. 369-391. https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.1080.0192
  40. Hars, A. & Ou, S. S. 2002. "Working for free? Motivations for participating in open-source projects," International Journal of Electronic Commerce, (6:3) pp. 25-39. https://doi.org/10.1080/10864415.2002.11044241
  41. Hertel, G., Niedner, S., & Herrmann, S. 2003. "Motivation of software developers in Open Source projects: an Internetbased survey of contributors to the Linux kernel," Research Policy, (32:7), pp. 1159-1177. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-7333(03)00047-7
  42. Hofstede, G. 1980. Culture's Consequences, International Difference in Work-Related Values, Beverly Hills, C.A. : Sage.
  43. Hofstede, G. 1991. Organizations and cultures: Software of the mind. McGrawHill, New York.
  44. Hofstede, G., Hofstede, G., & Minkov, M. 2010. Cultures and organizations, software of the mind (3rd Ed.). New York: McGraw Hill.
  45. Hofstede, G. 2011. Dimensionalizing cultures: The Hofstede model in context, Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, (2:1), pp. 8.
  46. Huang, P., & Zhang, Z. 2016. "Participation in open knowledge communities and job-hopping: evidence from enterprise software," MIS Quarterly (40:3), pp. 785-806. https://doi.org/10.25300/MISQ/2016/40.3.13
  47. Hui, C. H., & Triandis, H. C. 1986. "Individualism-collectivism: A study of cross-cultural researchers," Journal of Cross-cultural Psychology, (17:2), pp. 225-248. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002186017002006
  48. Kim, H. & Markus, H. R. 1999. "Deviance or uniqueness, harmony or conformity? A cultural analysis," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, (77:4), pp. 785-800. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.77.4.785
  49. Laursen, K., & Sa lter, A. 2006. "My precious technology: the role of legal appropriability strategy in shaping innovative performance. Tanaka Business School, Imperial College London," Working Paper.
  50. Lee, S., Baek, H., & Jahng, J. 2017. "Governance strategies for open collaboration: Focusing on resource allocation in open source software development organizations," International Journal of Information Management, (37:5), pp. 431-437. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2017.05.006
  51. Lerner, J., & Tirole, J. 2000. "Some simple economics of open source," The Journal of Industrial Economics, (50:2), pp. 197-234. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6451.00174
  52. Lima, A., Rossi, L., & Musolesi, M. 2014. "Coding together at scale: GitHub as a collaborative social network. In proceedings of AAAI International Conference on Weblogs and Social Media.
  53. Maican, C., & Lixandroiu, R. 2016. "A system architecture based on open source enterprise content management systems for supporting educational institutions," International Journal of Information Management, (36:2), pp. 207-214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2015.11.003
  54. Melchor-Ferrer, E., & Buendia-Carrillo, D. 2014. "Financial information management for university departments, using opensource software," International Journal of Information Management, (34:2), pp. 191-199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2013.12.009
  55. Nelson, K. M., & Cooprider, J. G. 1996. "The contribution of shared knowledge to IS group performance," MIS Quarterly, (20:4), pp. 409-432. https://doi.org/10.2307/249562
  56. Nisbett, R. E. 2003. The geography of thought, UK, Brockman, Inc.
  57. Orji, R. 2016. "Persuasion and culture: Individualism-collectivism and susceptibility to influence strategies," In PPT@ PERSUASIVE, pp. 30-39.
  58. Paul, S., Samarah, I. M., Seetharaman, P., & Mykytyn Jr, P. P. 2004. "An empirical investigation of collaborative conflict management style in group support system-based global virtual teams," Journal of Management Information Systems, (21:3), pp. 185-222. https://doi.org/10.1080/07421222.2004.11045809
  59. Pfeil, U., Zaphiris, P., & Ang, C. S. 2006. "Cultural differences in collaborative authoring of Wikipedia," Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, (12:1), pp. 88-113. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2006.00316.x
  60. Putnam, R. D. 2000. Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community, New York: Simon and Schuster.
  61. Quinn, J., Anderson, P., & Finkelstein, S. 1996. "Managing professional intellect: Making the most of the best," Harvard Business Review, Mar.-Apr., pp. 71-80.
  62. Rastogi, A., Nagappan, N. & Gousios, G. 2016. "'Geographical bias in GitHub: Perceptions and reality," DSpace, Tech. Rep. IIITD-TR-2016-001.
  63. Raymond, E. S. 2001. "The cathedral and the bazaar-musings on Linux and open source by an accidental revolutionary," (rev. ed.).
  64. Roberts, J. A., Hann, I. H., & Slaughter, S. A. 2006. "Understanding the motivations, participation, and performance of open source software developers: A longitudinal study of the Apache projects," Management Science, (52:7), pp. 984-999. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.1060.0554
  65. Robles, G. & Gonzalez-Barahona, J. M. 2006. "Geographic location of developers at sourceforge," in Proceedings of the 2006 international workshop on Mining software repositories, pp. 144-150.
  66. Schulte, W. D., & Kim, Y. K. 2007. "Collectivism and expected benef its of knowledge management: A comparison of Taiwanese and US perceptions," Competitiveness Review: An International Business Journal, (17:1/2), pp. 109-117. https://doi.org/10.1108/10595420710816650
  67. Shah, S. K. 2006. "Motivation, governance, and the viability of hybrid forms in open source software development," Management Science (52:7), pp. 1000-1014. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.1060.0553
  68. Shane, S. 1995. "Uncertainty avoidance and preference for innovation championing roles," Journal of International Business Studies, (26:1), pp. 47-68. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490165
  69. Stewart, T. 1997. Human Capital, intellectual Capital, NY, Double day.
  70. Storey, M. A., Zagalsky, A., Figueira Filho, F., Singer, L., & German, D. 2017. "How social and communication channels shape and challenge a participatory culture in software development," IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, (43:2), pp. 185-204. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSE.2016.2584053
  71. Takhteyev, Y. & Hilts, A. "Investigating the geography of open source software through github," 2010.
  72. Triandis, H. C. 1989. " The self a nd behavior in differing cultural contexts," Psychological Review, (96:3), pp. 506-552. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.96.3.506
  73. Wagner, J. A. 1995. "Studies of individualism-collectivism: Effects on cooperat ion in groups," Academy of Management Journal, (38:1), pp. 152-173. https://doi.org/10.2307/256731
  74. Wagner, J. A. & Moch, M. K. 1986. "Individualism-collectivism, concepts and measure," Group and Organization Studies, 11, pp. 280-303. https://doi.org/10.1177/105960118601100309
  75. Wang, S. & Noe, R. A. 2010. "Knowledge sharing: A review and directions for future research," Human Resource Management Review (20:2), pp. 115-131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2009.10.001
  76. Wu, C.-G., Gerlach, J. H., & Young, C. E. 2007. "An empirical analysis of open source software developers' motivations and continuance intentions," Information & Management, (44:3), pp. 253-262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2006.12.006