Structural Monitoring and Maintenance

Techno-Press (테크노프레스)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Two-dimensional water seepage monitoring in concrete structures using smart aggregates

  • Zou, Dujian (Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Urban and Civil Engineering for Disaster Prevention and Mitigation, Shenzhen Graduate School, Harbin Institute of Technology) ;
  • Li, Weijie (Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Urban and Civil Engineering for Disaster Prevention and Mitigation, Shenzhen Graduate School, Harbin Institute of Technology) ;
  • Liu, Tiejun (Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Urban and Civil Engineering for Disaster Prevention and Mitigation, Shenzhen Graduate School, Harbin Institute of Technology) ;
  • Teng, Jun (Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Urban and Civil Engineering for Disaster Prevention and Mitigation, Shenzhen Graduate School, Harbin Institute of Technology)
  • Received : 2018.01.25
  • Accepted : 2018.03.23
  • Published : 2018.06.25
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

The presence of water inside concrete structures is an essential condition for the deterioration of the structures. The free water in the concrete pores and micro-cracks is the culprit for the durability related problems, such as alkali-aggregate reaction, carbonation, freeze-thaw damage, and corrosion of steel reinforcement. To ensure the integrity and safe operation of the concrete structures, it is very important to monitor water seepage inside the concrete. This paper presents the experimental investigation of water seepage monitoring in a concrete slab using piezoelectric-based smart aggregates. In the experimental setup, an $800mm{\times}800mm{\times}100mm$ concrete slab was fabricated with 15 SAs distributed inside the slab. The water seepage process was monitored through interrogating the SA pairs. In each SA pair, one SA was used as actuator to emit harmonic sine wave, and the other was used as sensor to receive the transmitted stress wave. The amplitudes of the received signals were able to indicate the water seepage process inside the concrete slab.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

Supported by : Natural Science Foundation, Guangdong Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China, Shenzhen University

References

  1. Du, C., Zou, D., Liu, T. and Lv, H. (2018), "An exploratory experimental and 3D numerical investigation on the effect of porosity on wave propagation in cement paste", Measurement, 122, 611-619. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2017.10.025
  2. Dumoulin, C., Karaiskos, G., Sener, J.Y. and Deraemaeker, A. (2014), "Online monitoring of cracking in concrete structures using embedded piezoelectric transducers", Smart Mater. Struct., 23(11), 115016. https://doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/23/11/115016
  3. Feng, Q., Kong, Q., Huo, L. and Song, G. (2015), "Crack detection and leakage monitoring on reinforced concrete pipe", Smart Mater. Struct., 24(11), 115020. https://doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/24/11/115020
  4. Feng, Q., Kong, Q. and Song, G. (2016), "Damage detection of concrete piles subject to typical damage types based on stress wave measurement using embedded smart aggregates transducers", Measurement, 88, 345-352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2016.01.042
  5. Goual, M., Barquin, F.D., Benmalek, M., Bali, A. and Queneudec, M. (2000), "Estimation of the capillary transport coefficient of Clayey Aerated Concrete using a gravimetric technique", Cement Concrete Res., 30(10), 1559-1563. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(00)00379-3
  6. Gu, H., Song, G., Dhonde, H., Mo, Y. and Yan, S. (2006), "Concrete early-age strength monitoring using embedded piezoelectric transducers", Smart Mater. Struct., 15(6), 1837. https://doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/15/6/038
  7. Ho, S.C.M., Ren, L., Li, H.N. and Song, G. (2013), "A fiber Bragg grating sensor for detection of liquid water in concrete structures", Smart Mater. Struct., 22(5), 055012. https://doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/22/5/055012
  8. Jiang, T., Kong, Q., Patil, D., Luo, Z., Huo, L. and Song, G. (2017), "Detection of debonding between fiber reinforced polymer bar and concrete structure using piezoceramic transducers and wavelet packet analysis", IEEE Sen. J., 17(7), 1992-1998. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2017.2660301
  9. Kong, Q., Feng, Q. and Song, G. (2015), "Water presence detection in a concrete crack using smart aggregates", J. Smart Nano Mater., 6(3), 149-161. https://doi.org/10.1080/19475411.2015.1089525
  10. Kong, Q., Hou, S., Ji, Q., Mo, Y. and Song, G. (2013), "Very early age concrete hydration characterization monitoring using piezoceramic based smart aggregates", Smart Mater. Struct., 22(8), 085025. https://doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/22/8/085025
  11. Leech, C., Lockington, D. and Dux, P. (2003), "Unsaturated diffusivity functions for concrete derived from NMR images", Mater. Struct., 36(6), 413. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02481067
  12. Li, W., Kong Q., Ho, S.C.M., Mo, Y. and Song, G. (2016), "Feasibility study of using smart aggregates as embedded acoustic emission sensors for health monitoring of concrete structures", Smart Mater. Struct., 25(11), 115031. https://doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/25/11/115031
  13. Liao, W.I., Wang, J., Song, G., Gu, H., Olmi, C., Mo, Y., Chang, K. and Loh, C. (2011), "Structural health monitoring of concrete columns subjected to seismic excitations using piezoceramic-based sensors", Smart Mater. Struct., 20(12), 125015. https://doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/20/12/125015
  14. Lin, X. and Yuan, F. (2001), "Diagnostic Lamb waves in an integrated piezoelectric sensor/actuator plate: analytical and experimental studies", Smart Mater. Struct., 10(5), 907. https://doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/10/5/307
  15. Liu, T., Huang, Y., Zou, D., Teng, J. and Li, B. (2013), "Exploratory study on water seepage monitoring of concrete structures using piezoceramic based smart aggregates", Smart Mater. Struct., 22(6), 065002. https://doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/22/6/065002
  16. Liu, T., Zou, D., Du, C. and Wang, Y. (2017), "Influence of axial loads on the health monitoring of concrete structures using embedded piezoelectric transducers", Struct. Health Monit., 16(2), 202-214. https://doi.org/10.1177/1475921716670573
  17. Norris, A., Saafi, M. and Romine, P. (2008), "Temperature and moisture monitoring in concrete structures using embedded nanotechnology/microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) sensors", Constr. Build. Mater., 22(2), 111-120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2006.05.047
  18. Qin, F., Kong, Q., Li, M., Mo, Y., Song, G. and Fan, F. (2015), "Bond slip detection of steel plate and concrete beams using smart aggregates", Smart Mater. Struct., 24(11), 115039. https://doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/24/11/115039
  19. Quenard, D. and Sallee, H. (1988), "A gamma-ray spectrometer for measurement of the water diffusivity of cementitious materials", MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive 137.
  20. Richardson, M.G. (2003), Fundamentals of durable reinforced concrete, CRC Press.
  21. Saare, E. and Jansson, I. (1961), Measurement of thermal conductivity of moist porous building materials. Proc. Internat. Assoc. of Test & Res. Lab. for Materials & Structures.
  22. Shukla, S., Parashar, G., Mishra, A., Misra, P., Yadav, B., Shukla, R., Bali, L. and Dubey, G. (2004), "Nano-like magnesium oxide films and its significance in optical fiber humidity sensor", Sensor. Actuat B: Chem. 98(1), 5-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2003.05.001
  23. Song, G., Gu, H. and Mo, Y.L. (2008), "Smart aggregates: multi-functional sensors for concrete structures-a tutorial and a review", Smart Mater. Struct., 17(3), 033001. https://doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/17/3/033001
  24. Tressler, J.F., Alkoy, S. and Newnham, R.E. (1998), "Piezoelectric sensors and sensor materials", J. Electroceram., 2(4), 257-272. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009926623551
  25. Xu, B., Chen, H. and Xia, S. (2017), "Numerical study on the mechanism of active interfacial debonding detection for rectangular CFSTs based on wavelet packet analysis with piezoceramics", Mech. Syst. Signal Pr., 86, 108-121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymssp.2016.10.002
  26. Yan, S., Sun, W., Song, G., Gu, H., Huo, L.S., Liu, B. and Zhang Y.G.(2009), "Health monitoring of reinforced concrete shear walls using smart aggregates", Smart Mater. Struct., 18(4), 047001. https://doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/18/4/047001
  27. Yi, T., Li, H. and Gu, M. (2011), "Optimal sensor placement for structural health monitoring based on multiple optimization strategies", Struct. Des. Tall Spec., 20(7), 881-900. https://doi.org/10.1002/tal.712
  28. Yi, T., and Li, H. (2012), "Methodology developments in sensor placement for health monitoring of civil infrastructures", Int. J. Distrib. Sens. N., 8(8), 612726. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/612726
  29. Yi, T., Li, H. and Gu, M. (2013a), "Recent research and applications of GPS-based monitoring technology for high-rise structures", Struct. Control. Health., 20(5), 649-670. https://doi.org/10.1002/stc.1501
  30. Yi, T., Li, H. and Gu, M. (2013b), "Experimental assessment of high-rate GPS receivers for deformation monitoring of bridge", Measurement, 46(1), 420-432. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2012.07.018
  31. Yeo, T. L., Sun, T., Grattan, K.T., Parry, D., Lade, R. and Powell, B.D. (2005), "Polymer-coated fiber Bragg grating for relative humidity sensing", IEEE Sen. J., 5(5), 1082-1089. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2005.847935
  32. Zou, D., Liu, T., Huang, Y., Zhang, F., Du, C. and Li, B. (2014), "Feasibility of water seepage monitoring in concrete with embedded smart aggregates by P-wave travel time measurement", Smart Mater. Struct., 23(6), 067003. https://doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/23/6/067003
  33. Zou, D., Liu, T., Liang, C., Huang, Y., Zhang, F. and Du, C. (2015), "An experimental investigation on the health monitoring of concrete structures using piezoelectric transducers at various environmental temperatures", J. Intel. Mat. Syst. Str., 26(8), 1028-1034. https://doi.org/10.1177/1045389X14566525
  34. Zou, D., Liu, T., Qiao, G., Huang, Y. and Li, B. (2014), "An experimental study on the performance of piezoceramic-based smart aggregate in water environment", IEEE Sen. J. 14(4), 943-944. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2014.2302893
  35. Zou, D., Liu, T., Yang, A., Zhao, Y. and Du, C. (2017), "A primary study on the performance of piezoceramic based smart aggregate under various compressive stresses", Smart Mater. Struct., 26(10), 107003. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-665X/aa891a