DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Non-isothermal pyrolysis of cashew shell cake-bituminous coal blends

  • Received : 2017.01.23
  • Accepted : 2017.09.05
  • Published : 2018.06.30

Abstract

This paper describes the non-isothermal pyrolysis of cashew shell cake (CSC) - bituminous coal blends. The blends exhibit two distinct stages in the thermogravimetric curves, which the first stage stems from CSC and the second one from the superposition of CSC and coal pyrolysis. The pyrolysis behavior of the blend was linearly proportional to the blending ratios. The overall behavior of the blends was evaluated in terms of the maximum rate of weight loss, characteristic temperatures, char yields, and the calculated and experimental thermogravimetric curves. The activation energies ranged up to 49 kJ/mol for the blends were obtained and used to evaluate the interaction in the blends. The present thermogravimetric study shows that there is no significant interaction between CSC and coal in the blends, and it was supported by the characteristic values which are linearly proportional to the weight percentages of cashew cake-shell in the blends. The no-interaction might be due to the fact that the main reaction zones are distinctively different for two constituents, so the additive rule is acceptable for describing pyrolysis behavior of the present blends.

Keywords

References

  1. Loow YL, Wu TY, Tan KA, et al. Recent advances in the application of inorganic salt pretreatment for transforming lignocellulosic biomass into reducing sugars. J. Agr. Food Chem. 2015;63;8349-8363. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.5b01813
  2. Loow YL, Wu TY, Jahim JM, Mohammad AW, Teoh WH. Typical conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into reducing sugars using dilute acid hydrolysis and alkaline pretreatment. Cellulose 2016;23;1491-1520. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-016-0936-8
  3. Loow YL, Wu TY, Lim YS, et al. Improvement of xylose recovery from the stalks of oil palm fronds using inorganic salt and oxidative agent. Energ. Convers. Manage. 2017;138;248-260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2016.12.015
  4. Fernando R. Fuels for biomass cofiring. IEA Clean Coal Centre, CCC/102; 2005.
  5. Fernando R. Cofiring high ratios of biomass with coal. IEA Clean Coal Centre, CCC/194; 2012.
  6. Gangil S. Dominant thermogravimetric signatures of lignin in cashew shell as compared to cashew shell cake. Bioresour. Technol. 2014;155:15-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2013.12.087
  7. Das P, Ganesh A. Bio-oil from pyrolysis of cashew nut shell-a near fuel. Biomass Bioenerg. 2003;25:113-117. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0961-9534(02)00182-4
  8. Tsamba AJ, Yang W, Blasiak W. Pyrolysis characteristics and global kinetics of coconut and cashew nut shells. Fuel Process. Technol. 2006;87:523-530. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2005.12.002
  9. Tsamba AJ, Yang W, Blasiak W, Wojtowica MA. Cashew nut shells pyrolysis: Individual gas evolution rates and yields. Energy Fuels 2007;21:2357-2262. https://doi.org/10.1021/ef0604792
  10. Yuliana M, Huynha L, Hob QP, Truongb C, Ju Y. Defatted cashew nut shell starch as renewable polymeric material: Isolation and characterization. Carbohyd. Polym. 2012;87:2576-2581. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.11.044
  11. Daniel N, Henrik T, Arlindo M, Luis T, Alberto GB. Characterization and prediction of biomass pyrolysis products. Prog. Energ. Combust. Sci. 2011;37;611-630. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2011.01.001
  12. Meng H, Wang S, Chen L, Wu Z, Zhao J. Thermal behavior and the evolution of char structure during co-pyrolysis of platanus wood blends with different rank coals from northern China. Fuel 2015;158:602-611. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2015.06.023
  13. Wu Z, Wang S, Zhao J, Chen L, Meng H. Synergistic effect on the thermal behavior during co-pyrolysis of lignocellulosic model components blend with bituminous coal. Bioresour. Technol. 2014:169:220-228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2014.06.105
  14. Lu KM, Lee WJ, Chen WH, Lin TC. Thermogravimetric analysis and kinetics of co-pyrolysis of raw/torrefied wood and coal blends. Appl. Energ. 2013;105:57-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2012.12.050
  15. Anca-Couce A, Berger A, Zobel N. How to determine consistent biomass pyrolysis kinetics in a parallel reaction scheme. Fuel 2014;123:230-240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2014.01.014

Cited by

  1. Cashew nut shell: a potential bio-resource for the production of bio-sourced chemicals, materials and fuels pp.1463-9270, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1039/C8GC02972E