Korean journal of applied entomology (한국응용곤충학회지)

Korean Society of Applied Entomology (한국응용곤충학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Development by Temperatures and Copulation Flight of Comstock mealybug, Pseudococcus comstocki

가루깍지벌레(Pseudococcus comstocki )의 온도별 발육 및 교미비행

  • Cho, Min-Kyu (Department of Agricultural Biology, Chungnam National University) ;
  • Kwon, Hey Ri (Department of Agricultural Biology, Chungnam National University) ;
  • Yu, Yong Man (Department of Agricultural Biology, Chungnam National University) ;
  • Youn, Young Nam (Department of Agricultural Biology, Chungnam National University)
  • 조민규 (충남대학교 농업생명과학대학 응용생물학과) ;
  • 권혜리 (충남대학교 농업생명과학대학 응용생물학과) ;
  • 유용만 (충남대학교 농업생명과학대학 응용생물학과) ;
  • 윤영남 (충남대학교 농업생명과학대학 응용생물학과)
  • Received : 2018.03.16
  • Accepted : 2018.05.22
  • Published : 2018.06.01
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

The comstock mealybug is one of the serious insect pest in pear. It is necessary effective control methods such as attractive sex pheromone. Using sex pheromones is necessary for studying the physiology and ecology of insect pests. In the present study, the sex pheromone of comstock mealybug was used for investigating the flying acts of the adult male. As temperature increased, the development period of eggs shortened, but it was longer at $30^{\circ}C$. The mean number of eggs laid was 482 at $25^{\circ}C$ and males constituted 37% of the experimental population at $30^{\circ}C$. The flight of the male comstock mealybug was mostly restricted to a 2-4 hour period after sunrise, even if condition of light period is changed. Male mealybugs were incapable of upwind flight towards an attractant when air velocity was 1.5 mph. Preference of height was tested in a pear orchard. The ineffective heights of the traps were 2 and 2.5 m, whereas the effective heights were 1 and 1.5 m. Many captured males at 0.5, 1, and 5 m, and the number of captured males were similar in 10, 15, and 20 m. Male mealybugs were captured up to a distance of 50 m, suggesting that it is possible to control the male mealybugs that are more than 50 m away when sex pheromone traps are used.

가루깍지벌레(Pseudococcus comstocki)는 전 세계적으로 배를 포함한 과수와 작물에 피해를 주는 해충으로 성페로몬을 이용하여 가루깍지벌레를 방제하기 위하여 가루깍지벌레 수컷의 온도별 발육과 교미비행 및 비행에 미치는 영향을 조사하여 방제에 적용하고자 본 연구를 수행하였다. 가루깍지벌레의 온도별 발육기간은 $15^{\circ}C$에서 알이 산란 및 부화되지 않았고, $25^{\circ}C$까지 발육기간이 짧아지다가 $30^{\circ}C$에서 다시 늘어났다. 산란수는 $25^{\circ}C$에서 평균 482개로 나타났으며, 성비는 $15^{\circ}C$, $20^{\circ}C$, $25^{\circ}C$에서 50%에 육박하였지만 $30^{\circ}C$에서 수컷의 성비가 37%였다. 비행패턴은 오전에 비행이 많았고 그 중에서도 해가 뜨고 난 직후 2시간 이내에 가장 많았다. 광주기가 달라지더라도 해가 뜨고 난 후 4시간 사이에 비행하는 개체가 많았다. 암조건만에서 암수를 사육하는 경우에도 비행이 일어났다. 상승 바람의 풍속에 따른 가루깍지벌레 수컷의 비행을 조사한 결과, 0.5 m거리 일 경우 1.5 mph 이상에서는 비행을 하지 못하였다. 배원에서 수컷의 비행은 2 m 이상에서는 채집되는 개체가 거의 없었고 1.5 m에서 가장 많은 수가 포획되어 트랩을 설치하는 높이로 가장 적합하다고 판단된다. 수컷 방사지점과 트랩 사이의 비행가능 거리를 보면, 0.5 m, 1 m, 5 m까지는 트랩에 잡히는 수가 많았고 10 m, 15 m, 20 m에서 적었다. 다만, 50 m까지도 채집되는 것으로 보아 성페로몬 트랩을 이용하여 50 m이상 떨어져 있는 수컷도 유인할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

Keywords

References

  1. Arai, T., 1996. Temperature-dependent development rate of three mealybug species, Pseudococcus citriculus (Green), Planococcus citri (Risso), and Planococcus kraunhiae (Kuwana) (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) on citrus. Jap. J. Appl. Entomol. Zool. 40(1), 25-34. https://doi.org/10.1303/jjaez.40.25
  2. Beardsley, J.W., 1962. Descriptions and notes on male mealybugs (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae). Hawaiian Entomol. Soc. 18(1), 92-94.
  3. Ben-Dov, Y., 1994. A systematic catalogue of the mealybugs of the world (Insecta: Homoptera: Coccoidae: Pseudococcidae and Putoidae): With data on geographical distribution, host plants, biology and economic importance. Intercept Ltd.
  4. Bierl-Leonhardt, B.A., Moreno, D.S., Schwarz, M., Forster, H.S., Plimmer, J.R., Devilbiss, E.D., 1982. Isolation, identification, synthesis, and bioassay of the pheromone of the comstocki mealybug and some analogs. J. Chem. Ecol. 8(4), 689-699. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00988310
  5. Campbell, A., Frazer, B.D., Gilbert, N.G.A.P., Gutierrez, A.P., Mackauer, M,. 1974. Temperature requirements of some aphids and their parasites. J. Appl. Ecol. 11(2), 431-438. https://doi.org/10.2307/2402197
  6. Cho, Y.S., Song, J.H., Lim, K.H., Choi. J.H., Lee, H.C., 2014. Monitoring and mating disruption of Pseudococcus comstocki by using a sex pheromone in pear orchards. Korean J. Appl. Entomol. 53(3), 209-215. https://doi.org/10.5656/KSAE.2014.04.0.018
  7. Choi, J.H., Choi, J.J., Yim, S.H., Cho, Y.S., Lee, H.C., Jung. S.K., Choi. H.S., 2013. Effect of paper bag types on the fruit quality, occurrence of skin blackening and comstock mealybug of Chuhwangbae pear fruit. J. Korean Soc. Int. Agric. 25(1), 50-55. https://doi.org/10.12719/KSIA.2013.25.1.050
  8. Choi, K.R., 1991. Biology and control of comstock mealybug, Pseudococcus comstocki Kuwana (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae), on the pear tree. Res. Rep. Rural Develop. Admin. 34, 85-92.
  9. Cox, J.A., 1940. Comstock's mealybug on apple and catalpa. J. Econ. Entomol. 33(3), 445-447. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/33.3.445
  10. Cutright, C.R., 1951. Comstock mealybug in Ohio. J. Econ. Entomol. 44(1), 123-124. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/44.1.123
  11. Da-Silva, E.B., Branco, M., Mendel, Z., Franco, J.C., 2013. Mating behavior and performance in the two cosmopolitan Mealybug species Planococcus citri and Pseudococcus calceolariae (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). J. Insect Behav. 26(3), 304-320. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10905-012-9344-6
  12. Elkinton, J.S., Cadre, R.T., 1988. Effects of intertrap distance and wind direction on the interaction of gypsy moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) pheromone-baited traps. Environ. Entomol. 17(5), 764-769. https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/17.5.764
  13. Gillani, W., Coplandb, M., Rajac, S., 2011. Effect of different temperatures and host plants on the biology of the long-tailed mealybug Pseudococcus longispinus (Targioni and Tozzetti) (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae). Series B: Biological Science. 54(3), 142-151.
  14. Grimes, E.W., Cone, W.W., 1985. Life history, sex attraction, mating, and natural enemies of the grape mealybug, Pseudococcus maritimus (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 78(4), 554-558. https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/78.4.554
  15. Guerrieri, E., Pellizzari, G., 2009. Parasitoids of Pseudococcus comstocki in Italy Clausenia purpurea and Chrysoplatycerus splendens: First records from Europe. Bull. Insectol. 62(2), 179-182.
  16. Heidari, M., 1999. The intrinsic rate of increase and temperature coefficients of the comstock mealybug, Pseudococcus comstocki (Kuwana) (Hemiptera: Coccoidae: Pseudococcidae). Entomol. 33, 297-303.
  17. Huiping, L., Wu, P., Chen, N., Zhang, L., Zhou, P., 2011. Effect of ice temperature on survival and development of eggs of the mealybug (Pseudococcus comstocki Kuwana). Plant Quar. 25(6), 9-12.
  18. Jeon, H.Y., Kim, D.S., Cho, M.R., Chang, Y.D., Yiem, M.S., 2003. Temperature-dependent development of Pseudococcus comstocki (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) and its stage transition models. Korean J. Appl. Entomol. 42(1), 43-51.
  19. Kawai, T., Kobara, R., Yamane, I., Muraoka, K., 1973. On the diapause of eggs in the comstock mealybug, Pseudococcus comstocki Kuwana, (3) Effects of the transference of rearing temperature and the photoperiod in the larval stage on the induction of egg-diapause. J. Facul. Agric., Kyushu Univ. 17(1), 32-42.
  20. Kim, S.C., Song, J.H., Kim, D.S., 2008. Effect of temperature on the development and fecundity of the cryptic mealybug, Pseudococcus cryptus, in the laboratory. J. Asia-Pac. Entomol. 11(3), 149-153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aspen.2008.07.002
  21. Koshihara, T. 1988. Chemical control of the diamondback moth in Japan. Jpn. Pestic. Inf. 53, 14-17.
  22. Kovanci, O.B., Schal, C., Walgenbach, J.F., Kennedy, G.G., 2006. Effects of pheromone loading, dispenser age, and trap height on pheromone trap catches of the oriental fruit moth in apple orchards. Phytoparasitica 34(3), 252-260. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02980952
  23. Kumar, S., Sidhu, J.K., Hamm, J.C., Kular J.S., Mahal. M.S., 2013. Effects of temperature and relative humidity on the life table of Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) on Cotton. Flo. Entomol. 96(1), 19-28. https://doi.org/10.1653/024.096.0103
  24. Laflin, H.M., Parrella, M.P., 2004. Developmental biology of citrus mealybug under conditions typical of California rose production. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 97(5), 982-988. https://doi.org/10.1603/0013-8746(2004)097[0982:DBOCMU]2.0.CO;2
  25. Levi-Zada, A., Fefer, D., David, M., Eliyahu, M., Franco, J.C., Protasov, A., Dunkelblum, E., Mendel, Z., 2014. Diel periodicity of pheromone release by females of Planococcus citri and Planococcus ficus and the temporal flight activity of their conspecific males. Naturwissenschaften 101(8), 671-678. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00114-014-1206-y
  26. Lin, T.H., 1971. Morphology of Pseudococcus comstocki (Kuwana) (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae). Plant Prot. Bull. Taiwan 13(4), 162-165.
  27. Mendel, Z., Jasrotia, P., Protasov, A., Kol-Maimon, H., Levi-Zada, A., Franco, J.C., 2012b. Responses of second-instar male nymphs of four mealybug species (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) to conspecific and heterospecific female sex pheromones. J. Insect Behav. 25, 504-513. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10905-012-9317-9
  28. Mendel, Z., Protasov, A., Jasrotia, P., Silva, E.B., Zada, A., Franco, J.C., 2012a. Sexual maturation and aging of adult male mealybug (Hemipteera: Pseudococcidae). Bull. Entomol. Res. 102, 385-394. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007485311000605
  29. Meyerdirk, D.E., Newell, I.M., 1979b. Seasonal development and flight activity of Pseudococcus comstocki in California. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 72(4), 492-494. https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/72.4.492
  30. Meyerdirk, D.E., Newell, I.M., 1979a. Importation, colonization and establishment of natural enemies on the comstock mealybug in California. J. Econ. Entomol. 72(1), 70-73. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/72.1.70
  31. Millar, J.G., Daane, K.M., Mcelfresh, J.S., Moreira, J.A., Kuenen, R.M., Guillen, M., Bentley, W.J., 2002 Development and optimization of methods for using sex pheromone for monitoring the mealybug Planococcus ficus (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) in California vineyards. J. Econ. Entomol. 95(4), 706-714. https://doi.org/10.1603/0022-0493-95.4.706
  32. Negishi, T., Ishiwa-Tari, T., Asano, S., 1980. Sex pheromone of comstock mealybug, Pseudococcus comstocki Kuwana: Bioassay method, male response-habits to the sex pheromone. Jpn. J. Appl. Entomol. Zool. 24, 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1303/jjaez.24.1
  33. Paik, C.H., Lee, G.H., Oh, Y.H., Park, C.G., Hwang, C.Y., Kim, S.S., 2009. Pheromone trap type and height for attracting of Riptortus calvatus (Thunberg) (Hemiptera: Alydidae) in soybean field. Korean J. Appl. Entomol. 48(1), 59-65. https://doi.org/10.5656/KSAE.2009.48.1.059
  34. Pan, X.U., Zhi-Hong, X.U., Shao-Jin, L., Wei-Gen, X.U., Han-Qiong, L.I., 2012. Life table of the experimental population of comstock mealybug, Pseudococcus comstocki (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), at different temperatures. Acta Entomol. Sin. 55(12), 1362-1367.
  35. Park, D.S, Leem, Y.J., Hahn, K.W., Suh, S.J., Hong. K.J., OH, H.W., 2010. Molecular identification of mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) found on Korean pears. J. Econ. Entomol. 103(1), 25-33. https://doi.org/10.1603/EC09144
  36. Park, J.D., Hong, K.H., 1992. Species, damage and population density of Pseudococcidae injuring pear fruits. Korean J. Appl. Entomol. 31(2), 133-138.
  37. Park, S.C., Wi, A.J., Kim, H.S., 2000. Flight of Matsucoccus thunbergianae males in response to synthetic pheromone placed at various heights above ground and wind speed. J. Korean For. Soc. 89(1), 135-140.
  38. Patil, S.V., Patil, C.D., Salunkhe, R.B., Maheshwari, V.L., Salunke, B.K., 2011. Studies on life cycle of mealybug, Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), on different hosts at different constant temperatures. Crop Prot. 30(12), 1553-1556. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2011.08.010
  39. Phillips, J.H.H., 1960. An infestation of comstock mealybug, Pseudococcus comstocki (Homoptera: Coccoideae) on peach in Ontario. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Ontario. 91, 268-270.
  40. Prasad, Y.G., Prabhakar, M., Sreedevi, G., Rao, G.R., Venkateswarlu, B., 2012. Effect of temperature on development, survival and reproduction of the mealybug, Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) on cotton. Crop Prot. 39, 81-88.
  41. Regnault-Roger, C., 1997. The potential of botanical essential oils for insect pest control. Integr. Pest Manage. Rev. 2(1), 25-34. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1018472227889
  42. Rice, R.E., Moreno, D.S., 1970. Flight of male California red scale. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 63(1), 91-96. https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/63.1.91
  43. Romanchenko, A.A., Belskaya, N.M., 1981. The comstock mealybug in the Odessa region. Zashch. Rast. 4, 1-41. ISSN 1026-8634.
  44. Rotundo, G., Tremblay, E., 1980. Evaluation of the daily rate of sex pheromone release by the females of two mealybug species (Homoptera Coccoidea Pseudococcidae). Boll. Lab. Entomol. Agrar. Filippo Silvestri, Portici 37, 167-170.
  45. Saxena, R.C., 1989. Insecticides from neem, in: Arnason, J.T., Philogene, B.J.R., Morand, P. (Eds.), Insecticides of plant origin. ACS Symposium Series No. 387. American Chemical Society Washington, D.C., pp. 100-135.
  46. Seo, M.J., Shin, H.S., Jo, S.H., Gawk, C.S., Kwon, H.R., Park, M.W., Kim, S.H., Cho, D.H., Yu, Y.M., Youn, Y.N., 2011. Selection of environmental-friendly control agents for controlling the comstock mealybug {Pseudococcus comstocki (Kuwana), Pseudococcidae, Hemiptera}. Korean J. Pestic. Sci. 15(4), 479-484.
  47. Shoene, W.J., 1939. The comstock mealybug of apples. Virg. Fruit. 28, 155-160.
  48. Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., Averyt, K.B., Tignor, M., Miller, H.L., 2007. Climate change 2007: The physical science basis: Contribution of working group I to the fourth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 254-265
  49. Woodside, A.M., 1936. Comstock's mealybug as an apple pest. J. Econ. Entomol. 29, 544-546. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/29.3.544