Structural Engineering and Mechanics

  • 제66권4호
  • /
  • Pages.445-452
  • /
  • 2018
  • /
  • 1225-4568(pISSN)
  • /
  • 1598-6217(eISSN)
테크노프레스 (Techno-Press)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Investigation of the model scale and particle size effects on the point load index and tensile strength of concrete using particle flow code

  • Haeri, Hadi (College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University) ;
  • Sarfarazi, Vahab (Department of Mining Engineering, Hamedan University of Technology) ;
  • Zhu, Zheming (College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University) ;
  • Hedayat, Ahmadreza (Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines) ;
  • Marji, Mohammad Fatehi (Department of Mining Engineering, Yazd University)
  • 투고 : 2017.10.04
  • 심사 : 2018.02.28
  • 발행 : 2018.05.25
⟨ 이전 논문 다음 논문 ⟩

초록

In this paper the effects of particle size and model scale of concrete have been investigated on point load index, tensile strength, and the failure processes using a PFC2D numerical modeling study. Circular and semi-circular specimens of concrete were numerically modeled using the same particle size, 0.27 mm, but with different model diameters of 75 mm, 54 mm, 25 mm, and 12.5 mm. In addition, circular and semi-circular models with the diameter of 27 mm and particle sizes of 0.27 mm, 0.47 mm, 0.67 mm, 0.87 mm, 1.07 mm, and 1.27 mm were simulated to determine whether they can match the experimental observations from point load and Brazilian tests. The numerical modeling results show that the failure patterns are influenced by the model scale and particle size, as expected. Both Is(50) and Brazilian tensile strength values increased as the model diameter and particle sizes increased. The ratio of Brazilian tensile strength to Is(50) showed a reduction as the particle size increased but did not change with the increase in the model scale.

키워드

참고문헌

  1. Al-Busaidi, A., Hazzard, J.F. and Young, R.P. (2005), "Distinct element modeling of hydraulically fractured lac du bonnet granite", J. Geophys. Res., 110, B06302.
  2. Aoki, K., Mito, Y. and Mori, T. Evaluation of Behavior of EDZ around Rock Cavern by AE Measurements and DEM Simulation Using Bonded Particle Model.
  3. ASTM (2002), Standard Test Method for Determination of the Point Load Strength Index of Rock, Am Soc Test Mater, ASTM D 5731-02.
  4. Bahaaddini, M., Hagan, P.C., Mitra, R. and Hebblewhite, B.K. (2014), "Parametric study of smooth joint parameters on the shear behaviour of rock joints", Rock Mech. Rock. Eng., 48(3), 923-940. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-014-0641-6
  5. Bahaaddini, M., Sharrock, G. and Hebblewhite, B.K. (2013a), "Numerical direct shear tests to model the shear behaviour of rock joints", Comput. Geotech., 51, 101-115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2013.02.003
  6. Bahaaddini, M., Sharrock, G. and Hebblewhite, B.K. (2013b), "Numerical investigation of the effect of joint geometrical parameters on the mechanical properties of a non-persistent jointed rock mass under uniaxial compression", Comput. Geotech., 49, 206-225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2012.10.012
  7. Bi, J., Zhou, X.P. and Qian, Q.H. (2016), "The 3D numerical simulation for the propagation process of multiple pre-existing flaws in rock-like materials subjected to biaxial compressive loads", Rock Mech. Rock Eng., 49(5), 1611-1627. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-015-0867-y
  8. Bi, J., Zhou, X.P. and Xu, X.M. (2017), "Numerical simulation of failure process of rock-like materials subjected to impact loads", Int. J. Geomech., 17(3), 04016073. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0000769
  9. Burbidge, D.R. and Braun, J. (2002), "Numerical models of the evolution of accretionary wedges and fold-and-thrust belts using the distinct-element method", Geophys. J. Int., 148(3), 542-561. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-246x.2002.01579.x
  10. Chiu, C.C., Wang, T.T., Weng, M.C. and Huang, T.H. (2013), "Modeling the anisotropic behavior of jointed rock mass using a modify ed smooth-joint model", Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 62, 14-22.
  11. Cundall, P.A. (1971), "A computer model for simulating progressive large scale movements in blocky rock systems", Proceedings of the Symposium of the International Society for Rock Mechanics, Nancy, France.
  12. Cundall, P.A. (2001), Numerical Experiments on Rough Joints in Shear Using a Bonded Particle Model, In: Lehner FK, Urai JL, editors. Aspects of tectonic faulting (Festschrift in Honour of George Mandl), Springer, Berlin, Germany.
  13. Cundall, P.A. (2011), "The synthetic rock mass approach for jointed rock mass modelling", Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 48(2), 219-244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2010.11.014
  14. Cundall, P.A. and Strack, O.D.L. (1979), "A discrete numerical model for granular assemblies", Geotech., 29(1), 47-65. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1979.29.1.47
  15. Dalguer, L.A., Ikikura, K. and Riera, J.D. (2003), "Generation of new cracks accompanied by the dynamic shear rupture propagation of the 2000 Tottori (Japan) earthquake", Bull Seismol. Soc. Am., 93(5), 2236-2252. https://doi.org/10.1785/0120020171
  16. Donze, F.V., Richefeu, V. and Magnier, S.A. (2009), "Advances in discrete element method applied to soil rock and concrete mechanics", Electr. J. Geolo. Eng., 8(1), 1-44.
  17. Erickson, S.G., Strayer, L.M. and Suppe, J. (2001), "Initiation and reactivation of faults during movement over a thrust-fault ramp: Numerical mechanical models", J. Struct. Geol., 23(1), 11-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8141(00)00074-2
  18. Esmaieli, K., Hadjigeorgiou, J. and Grenon, M. (2010), "Estimating geometrical and mechanical REV based on synthetic rock mass models at Brunswick mine", Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 47(6), 915-926. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2010.05.010
  19. Fakhimi, A., Carvalho, F., Ishida, T. and Labuz, J.F. (2002), "Simulation of failure around a circular opening in rock", Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 39(4), 507-515. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1365-1609(02)00041-2
  20. Fan, X., Kulatilake, P.H.S.W. and Chen, X. (2015), "Mechanical behavior of rock-like jointed blocks with multi-non-persistent joints under uniaxial loading: A particle mechanics approach", Eng. Geol., 190, 17-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2015.02.008
  21. Ghazvinian, A., Sarfarazi, V., Schubert, W. and Blumel, M. (2012), "A study of the failure mech- anism of planar non-persistent open joints using PFC2D", Rock Mech. Rock Eng., 45(5), 677-693. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-012-0233-2
  22. Hadjigeorgiou, J., Esmaieli, K. and Grenon, M. (2009), "Stability analysis of vertical excavations in hard rock by integrating a fracture system into a PFC model", Tunn. Undergr. Sp. Tech., 24(3), 296-230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2008.10.002
  23. Haeri, H. (2015a), "Propagation mechanism of neighboring cracks in rock-like cylindrical specimens under uniaxial compression", J. Min. Sci., 51(3), 487-496. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1062739115030096
  24. Haeri, H. (2015b), "Influence of the inclined edge notches on the shear-fracture behavior in edge-notched beam specimens", Comput. Concrete, 16(4), 605-623. https://doi.org/10.12989/cac.2015.16.4.605
  25. Haeri, H. (2016), "Propagation mechanism of neighboring cracks in rock-like cylindrical specimens under uniaxial compression", J. Min. Sci., 51(5), 1062-1106.
  26. Haeri, H. and Sarfarazi, V. (2016a), "The effect of non-persistent joints on sliding direction of rock slopes", Comput. Concrete, 17(6),723-737. https://doi.org/10.12989/cac.2016.17.6.723
  27. Haeri, H., Khaloo, A. and Marji, M.F. (2015), "Experimental and numerical simulation of the microcrack coalescence mechanism in rock-like materials", Strength Mater., 47(5), 740-754. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11223-015-9711-6
  28. Haeri, H., Sarfarazi, V. and Hedayat, A. (2016), "Suggesting a new testing device for determination of tensile strength of concrete", Struct. Eng. Mech., 60(6), 939-952. https://doi.org/10.12989/sem.2016.60.6.939
  29. Haeri, H., Sarfarazi, V. and Lazemi, H.A. (2016b), "Experimental study of shear behavior of planar non-persistent joint", Comput. Concrete, 17(5), 639-653. https://doi.org/10.12989/cac.2016.17.5.639
  30. Haeri, H., Sarfarazi, V., Bagher Shemirani, A.R. and Hosseini, S.S. (2017), "Experimental and numerical investigation of the effect of sample shapes on point load index", Geomech. Eng., 13(6), 1045-1055. https://doi.org/10.12989/GAE.2017.13.6.1045
  31. Haeri, H., Shahriar, K. and Marji, M.F. (2013), "Modeling the propagation mechanism of two random micro cracks in rock samples under uniform tensile loading", Proceedings of the ICF13.
  32. Hazzard, J.F. and Young, R.P. (2000), "Simulating acoustic emissions in bonded-particle models of rock", Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 37(5), 867-872. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1365-1609(00)00017-4
  33. Hazzard, J.F. and Young, R.P. (2004), "Dynamic modelling of induced seismicity", Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 41(8), 1365-1376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2004.09.005
  34. ISRM, International Society for Rock Mechanics (1978), "Commission on standardization of laboratory and field tests. Suggested methods for determining tensile strength of rock materials", Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. Geomech. Abstr., 15, 99-103. https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(78)90003-7
  35. Itasca (1999), PFC2D-Particle Flow Code in 2 Dimensions. Theory and Background, Itasca Consulting Group, Minneapolis, U.S.A.
  36. Konietzky, H. Numerical Modeling in Micromechanics via Particle Methods, Swets & Zeitlinger, Lisse, 269-276.
  37. Lambert, C. and Coll, C. (2014), "Discrete modeling of rock joints with a smooth-joint contact model", J. Rock Mech. Geotech. Eng., 6(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2013.12.003
  38. Li, J.Y., Zhou, H., Zhu, W. and Li, S. (2016), "Experimental and numerical investigations on the shear behavior of a jointed rock mass", Geosci. J., 20(3), 371-379. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12303-015-0052-z
  39. Li, S., Wang, H., Li, Y., Li, Q., Zhang, B. and Zhu, H. (2016), "A new mini-grating absolute displacement measuring system for static and dynamic geomechanical model tests", Measure., 82, 421-431.
  40. Li, Y., Zhou, H., Zhu, W., Li, S. and Liu, J. (2015), "Numerical study on crack propagation in brittle jointed rock mass influenced by fracture water pressure", Mater., 8(6), 3364-3376. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma8063364
  41. Mas Ivars, D., Pierce, M.E., Darcel, C., Reyes-Montes, J., Potyondy, D.O., Paul Young, R., Mora, P. and Place, D. (1993), "A lattice solid model for the nonlinear dynamics of earthquakes", Int. J. Mod. Phys., C4, 1059-1074.
  42. Mora, P. and Place, D. (1998), "Numerical simulation of earthquake faults with gouge: Toward a comprehensive explanation for the heat flow paradox", J. Geophys. Res., 103(B9), 21067-21089. https://doi.org/10.1029/98JB01490
  43. Morgan, J.K. and Boettcher, M.S. (1999), "Numerical simulations of granular shear zones using the distinct element method-1. Shear zone kinematics and the micromechanics of localization", J. Geophys. Res., 104(B2), 2703-2719. https://doi.org/10.1029/1998JB900056
  44. Ohnishi, Y. and Aoki, K. (2004), "Contribution of rock mechanics to the new century", Proceedings of the 3rd Asian Rock Mechanics Symposium, Mill Press, Rotterdam. the Netherlands.
  45. Okabe, T., Haba, T., Mitarashi, Y., Tezuka, H. and Jiang, Y. (2004), "Study on the effect of tunnel face stabilization using the distinct element method", Proceedings of the 3rd Asian Rock Mechanics Symposium, Mill Press, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
  46. Park, E.S., Martin, C.D. and Christiansson, R. (2004), "Simulation of the mechanical behavior of discontinuous rock masses using a bonded-particle model", Proceedings of the 6th North America Rock Mechanics Symposium (NARMS), Houston, Texas, U.S.A.
  47. Potyondy, D.O. and Cundall, P.A. (2004), "A bonded-particle model for rock", Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 41(8), 1329e64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2004.09.011
  48. Sainsbury, D.P., Cai, Y. and Hebblewhite, B.K. (2003), Numerical Investigation of Crown Pillar Recovery Beneath Stabilized Rockfill, In: Konietzky, H. (ed) Numerical Modeling in Micromechanics via Particle Methods, Swets & Zeitlinger, Lisse, the Netherlands, 225-231.
  49. Sardemir, M. (2016), "Empirical modeling of flexural and splitting tensile strengths of concrete containing fly ash by GEP", Comput. Concrete, 17(4), 489-498. https://doi.org/10.12989/cac.2016.17.4.489
  50. Sarfarazi, V., Faridi, H.R., Haeri, H. and Schubert, W. (2016a), "A new approach for measurement of anisotropic tensile strength of concrete", Adv. Concrete Constr., 3(4), 269-284. https://doi.org/10.12989/ACC.2015.3.4.269
  51. Sarfarazi, V., Haeri, H. and Khaloo, A. (2016b), "The effect of non-persistent joints on sliding direction of rock slopes", Comput. Concrete, 17(6), 723-737. https://doi.org/10.12989/cac.2016.17.6.723
  52. Scholtes, L. and Donze, F.V. (2012), "Modelling progressive failure in fractured rock masses using a 3D discrete element method", Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 52, 18-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2012.02.009
  53. Scott, D.R. (1996), "Seismicity and stress rotation in a granular model of the brittle crust", Nat., 381, 592-595. https://doi.org/10.1038/381592a0
  54. Seyferth, M. and Henk, A. (2002), "Coupled DEM and FEM models: An approach to bridge the gap between large-scale geodynamic and high-resolution tectonic modeling", EOS Trans., 83, 1376-1377.
  55. Seyferth, M. and Henk, A. (2006), "A numerical sandbox: High-resolution distinct element models of halfgraben formation", Int. J. Earth Sci., 95(2), 189-203. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-005-0034-x
  56. Shaowei, H., Aiqing, X., Xin, H. and Yangyang, Y. (2016), "Study on fracture characteristics of reinforced concrete wedge splitting tests", Comput. Concrete, 18(3), 337-354. https://doi.org/10.12989/cac.2016.18.3.337
  57. Shuraim, A.B., Aslam, F., Hussain, R. and Alhozaimy, A. (2016), "Analysis of punching shear in high strength RC panels-experiments, comparison with codes and FEM results", Comput. Concrete, 17(6), 739-760. https://doi.org/10.12989/cac.2016.17.6.739
  58. Silling, S.A. (2000), "Reformulation of elasticity theory for discontinuities and long-range forces", J. Mech. Phys. Sol., 48(1), 175-209. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5096(99)00029-0
  59. Strayer, L.M. and Suppe, J. (2002), "Out-of-plane motion of a thrust sheet during along-strike propagation of a thrust ramp: A distinct-element approach", J. Struct. Geol., 24(4), 637-650. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8141(01)00115-8
  60. Tannant, D.D. and Wang, C. (2004), "Thin tunnel liners modeled with particle flow code", Eng. Comput., 21(2/3/4), 318-342. https://doi.org/10.1108/02644400410519811
  61. Van Vliet, M.R.A. and Van Mier, J.G.M. (2000), "Experimental investigation of size effect in concrete and sandstone under uniaxial tension", Eng. Fract. Mech., 65(2-3), 165-188. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-7944(99)00114-9
  62. Vietor, T. (2003), Numerical Simulation of Collisional Orogeny Using the Distinct Element Technique, In: Konietzky H (ed) Numerical Modeling in Micromechanics via Particle Methods, Swets & Zeitlinger, Lisse, the Netherlands, 295-301.
  63. Vorechovsky, M. (2007), "Interplay of size effects in concrete specimens under tension studied via computational stochastic fracture mechanics", Int. J. Sol. Struct., 44(9), 2715-2731. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2006.08.019
  64. Wang, C., Tannant, D.D. and Lilly, P.A. (2003), "Numerical analysis of the stability of heavily jointed rock slopes using PFC2D", Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 40(3), 415-424. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1365-1609(03)00004-2
  65. Wang, C., Tannant, D.D. and Lilly, P.A. (2003), "Numerical analysis of the stability of heavily jointed rock slopes using PFC2D", Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 40(3), 415-424. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1365-1609(03)00004-2
  66. Wang, X., Zhu, Z., Wang, M., Ying, P., Zhou, L. and Dong, Y. (2017), "Study of rock dynamic fracture toughness by using VB-SCSC specimens under medium-low speed impacts", Eng. Fract. Mech., 181, 52-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2017.06.024
  67. Xu, L. and Ren, Q. (2014), "Particle flow simulation of direct shear test of rock discontinuities", Adv. Mater. Res., 1065-1069, 159-163. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.1065-1069.159
  68. Yang, S.Q. (2015), "An experimental study on fracture coalescence characteristics of brittle sandstone specimens combined various flaws", Geomech. Eng., 8(4), 541-557. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2015.8.4.541
  69. Yi, S., Wang, G.F. and Zhou, Q.H. (2014), "Tunnel face stability and ground settlement in pressurized shield tunneling", J. Centr. South Univ., 21(4), 1600-1606. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11771-014-2101-6
  70. Zhao, H.H., Shao, L.T. and Ji, S.Y. (2011), Numerical Simulation of Triaxial Test on the Dense Sand by DEM, Geotechnical Special Publication No. 222, ASCE, 233 Instrumentation.
  71. Zhou, X.P. and Yang, H.Q. (2012), "Multiscale numerical modeling of propagation and coalescence of multiple cracks in rock masses", Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 55, 15-27.
  72. Zhou, X.P., Bi, J. and Qian, Q.H. (2015), "Numerical simulation of crack growth and coalescence in rock-like materials containing multiple pre-existing flaws", Rock Mech. Rock Eng., 48(3), 1097-1114. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-014-0627-4
  73. Zhou, X.P., Gu, X.B. and Yang, Y.T. (2015), "Numerical simulations of propagation, bifurcation and coalescence of cracks in rocks", Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 80, 241-254.
  74. Zi, G., Kim, J. and Bazant, Z.P. (2014), "Size effect on biaxial flexural strength of concrete", ACI Mater. J., 111(3), 1-8.