Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology (한국환경생태학회지)

Korean Society of Environment and Ecology (한국환경생태학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Community Structure and Vegetation Succession of Carpinus laxiflora Forest Stands in South Korea

우리나라 서어나무 임분의 군집구조와 식생천이

  • 변성엽 (공주대학교 산림자원학과) ;
  • 윤충원 (공주대학교 산림자원학과)
  • Received : 2017.10.11
  • Accepted : 2018.03.16
  • Published : 2018.04.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Many ecological studies regarding forest succession, which is the process of arriving at climax forest through ecological changes, have suggested that Carpinus laxiflora is the leading tree type of the climax forest of temperate zone in South Korea. However, most of these studies on C. laxiflora forest have focused on vegetation structure and succession process in specific areas or regional physiognomical forest communities, and thus some may question whether it is rational to consider C. laxiflora forest as the climax forest in South Korea's temperate forest zone. The purpose of this study was to analyze the vegetation classification, species composition, and stratum structure and to investigate the succession tendency with the vegetation data collected from C. laxiflora forests in 75 quadrates in 17 mountains between 2014 and 2017. We used the phytosociological method to analyze the vegetation structure and the importance value to analyze the stratum structure. The results showed the floristic composition of 6 vegetation units and 9 species groups. The hierarchy of the C. laxiflora community group was represented by the Ulmus laciniata community, Corylus heterophylla community (subdivided Quercus aliena group and Corylus heterophylla typical group), and Rhododendron schlippenbachii community (subdivided Fraxinus chiisanensis group, Carpinus tschonoskii group, and Rhododendron schlippenbachii typical group). Successional tendency of C. laxiflora forest based on the importance of each layer is predicted to be the total of three types such as to maintain the stand (vegetation units 2, 3, and 6), to success the Carpinus cordata forest (vegetation units 1 and 4), and to success Quercus acuta forest (vegetation unit 5).

산림천이는 몇 단계의 산림생태계 변화과정을 거쳐 최종단계인 극상림에 도달하는 것으로 우리나라 온대림의 극상림을 이루는 대표 수종이 서어나무라고 하는 많은 연구결과가 제시되어 왔다. 특정지역 또는 국지적으로 나타나는 서어나무의 상관 군락을 대상으로 식생구조와 천이과정의 연구가 주를 이루고 있고 우리나라 온대림의 극상림으로서 서어나무림을 제시한다는 것은 논란이 있을 수 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 2014년부터 2017년까지 17개산 75개소의 서어나무림을 대상으로 식생유형과 층위구조를 파악하고 이에 따른 생태적 천이경향을 구명하고자 수행되었다. 유형분류는 식물 사회학적 방법에 따라 수행하였으며 층위구조는 중요치를 분석하여 파악하였다. 종조성에 따른 유형분류결과, 총 6개의 식생단위와 9개의 종군 유형으로 분류되었다. 서어나무군락군은 난티나무군락, 개암나무군락(갈참나무군, 개암나무전형군), 철쭉군락(물들메나무군, 개서어나무군, 철쭉전형군)으로 분류되었다. 각 층위별로 중요치를 분석하여 서어나무림의 천이경향을 예측해 본 결과, 서어나무림은 (1) 당분간 서어나무림으로 유지되는 유형(식생단위 2, 3, 6), (2) 까치박달림으로 천이가 진행되는 유형(식생단위 1, 4), (3) 붉가시나무림으로 천이가 진행되는 유형(식생단위 5)의 총 3가지 천이유형으로 나타났다.

Keywords

References

  1. Braun, U., S. Takamatsu, V. Heluta, S. Limkaisang, R. Divarangkoon, R. Cook and H. Boyle(2006) Phylogeny and taxonomy of powdery mildew fungi of Erysiphe sect. Uncinula on Carpinus species. Mycological Progress 5(3): 139-153. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-006-0509-6
  2. Braun-Blaunquet, J.(1964) Pflanzensoziologie Grundzuge der Vegetation der Vegetation. 3rd Ed. Springer-Verlag, Wien, New York, pp.865. (in German)
  3. Brower, J.E. and J.H. Zar(1977) Field and Laboratory Methods for General Ecology. Wm. C. Brown Company Publishers, Iowa, USA, 596pp.
  4. Buma, B., S. Bisbing, J. Krapek and G. Wright(2017) A foundation of ecology rediscovered: 100 years of succession on the William S. Cooper plots in Glacier Bay, Alaska. Ecology 98(6): 1513-1523. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.1848
  5. Carignan, V. and M. Villard(2002) Selecting indicator species to monitor ecological integrity: a review. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 78(1): 45-61. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016136723584
  6. Curtis, J.T. and R.P. McIntosh(1951) An upland forest continuum in the prairie-forest border region of Wisconsin. Ecology 32: 476-496. https://doi.org/10.2307/1931725
  7. De Caceres, M., P. Legendre and M. Moretti(2010) Improving indicator species analysis by combining groups of sites. Oikos 119: 1674-1684. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0706.2010.18334.x
  8. Dufrene, M. and P. Legendre(1997) Species assemblages and indicator species: The need for a flexible asymmetrical approach. Ecological Society of America 67(3): 345-366.
  9. Ellenberg, H.(1956) Aufgaben and Methoden der Vegetationskunde. Ulmer, Stuttgart, Germany, 136pp. (in German)
  10. Hill, M.O.(1979) TWINSPAN- A FORTRAN Program for Arranging Multivariate Data in an Ordered Two-way Table by Classification of the Individuals and Attributes. Ithaca, N.Y. Cornell University, Press, 50pp.
  11. Hong, S.C., S.H. Byen and S.S. Kim(1987) Colored Illustrations of Trees and Shrubs in Korea. Gyemyengsa, Korea, 310pp. (in Korean)
  12. Hong, S.H., J.W. Cho, J.S. Kim, S.D. Lee and S.H. Choi(2012) Characteristics of the Carpinus laxiflora community in the Gyeongju National Park. Korean Society of Environment and Ecology 26(6): 934-940. (in Korean with English abstract)
  13. Hori, Y. and H. Tsuge(1993) Photosynthesis of bract and its contribution to seed maturity in Carpinus laxiflora. Ecological research 8(1): 81-83. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02348610
  14. Hwang, K.M., S.H. Chung and J.H. Kim(2016) Forest type classification and successional trends in the natural forest of Mt. Deogyu. Journal of Korean Forest Society 105(2): 157-166. (in Korean with English abstract) https://doi.org/10.14578/jkfs.2016.105.2.157
  15. Kim, J.M., C.S. Kim and B.G. Park(1987) Methods of Vegetation Survey. Ilsinsa. Seoul, Korea, 170pp. (in Korean)
  16. Kim, H.S., S.M. Lee, H.L. Chung and H.K. Song(2009) A study of the vegetation in the Deogyusan National Park - focused on the deciduous forest at Namdeogyu area -. Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology 23(5): 471-484. (in Korean with English abstract)
  17. Kim, H.S., S.M. Lee, and H.K. Song(2011) Actual vegetation distribution status and ecological succession in the Deogyusan National Park. Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology 25(1): 37-46. (in Korean with English abstract)
  18. Kimmins, J.P.(2004) Forest Ecology : A Foundation for Sustainable Forest Management and Environmental Ethics in Forestry. Prentice Hall, New Jersey, USA, 611pp.
  19. Korea Forest Service(2010a) Korea biodiversity information system. http://www.nature. go.kr/.
  20. Korea Forest Service(2010b) Korea plant names index committee. http://www.nature.go.kr/kpni/.
  21. Krebs, C.J.(2008) Ecology : The Experimental Analysis of Distribution and Abundance. 6th ed. Addison-Wesley, Boston, USA, 704pp.
  22. Kwak, J.I.(2011) A Study on Vegetation Structure Characteristics and Ecological Succession Trends of Seoul Urban Forest, Korea. Doctor thesis in Seoulsirip University, 316pp. (in Korean with English abstract)
  23. Lee, K.J., G.H. Goo, J.S. Choi and H.S. Cho(1991) Analysis on the forest community of Daewon valley in Mt. Chiri by the classification and ordination techniques. Korean Society of Environment and Ecology 5(1): 54-67. (in Korean with English abstract)
  24. Lee, K.J., S.S. Han, J.H. Kim and E.S. Kim(1996a) Forest Ecology. Hyangmunsa, Seoul, Korea, 335pp. (in Korean)
  25. Lee, K.J., W. Cho and B.H. Han(1996b) Restoration and status of urban ecosystem in Seoul - Plant community structure in forest area -. Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology 10(1): 113-127. (in Korean with English abstract)
  26. Lee, T.B.(2003) Coloured Flora of Korea. Hyangmunsa, Seoul, Korea, 999pp. (in Korean)
  27. Lee, T.S., K.J. Lee, B.U. Choi and S.C. Park(2010) Planting managements for improvement of species diversity in Recreational Forest - a case study of Chukryongsan Recrational Forest, Gyeonggi-do -. Korean Society of Environment and Ecology 24(4): 351-362. (in Korean with English abstract)
  28. McCook. L.J.(1994) Understanding ecological community succession : Causal models and theories, a review. Vegetatio 110: 115-147. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00033394
  29. McCune, B. and J.B. Grace(2002) Analysis of Ecological Communities. MjM Software Design, Gleneden Beach, Oregon, 300pp.
  30. McGeogh, M.A.(1998) The selection, testing and application of terrestrial insects as bioindicators. Biological Reviews 73(2): 181-201. https://doi.org/10.1017/S000632319700515X
  31. Muller-Dombois, D. and H. Ellenberg(1974) Aims and Methods of Vegetation Ecology. Wiley, New York, U.S.A, 547pp.
  32. Niemi, G.J. and M.E. McDonald(2004) Application of ecological indicators. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 35: 89-111. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.35.112202.130132
  33. Park, B.C., C.H. Oh and C.W. Cho(2009) Community structure analysis of Carpinus laxiflora communities in Seoul. Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology 23(4): 333-345. (in Korean with English abstract)
  34. Park, I.H., J.C. Jo and C.H. Oh(1989) Forest structure in relation to altitude and part of slope in a valley and a ridge forest at Mt. Gaya area. Journal of Basic Science 3(1): 52-50. (in Korean with English abstract)
  35. Park, I.H., Y.C. Choi and W. Cho(1991) Forest structure of the Hwaomsa valley and the Piagol valley in the Chirisan National Park - Forest community analysis by the classification and ordination techniques -. Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology 5(1): 42-53. (in Korean with English abstract)
  36. Son, Y.H., C.D. Koo, C.S. Kim, P.S. Park, C.W. Yun and K.H. Lee(2016) Forest Ecology. Hyangmunsa, Seoul, Korea, 346pp. (in Korean)
  37. Toyohara, G.(1977) The vegetation and its mapping of the Hiba mountains, Southwestern Honshu, Japan. Hikobia 8(1-2): 151-164.
  38. van der Marrel, E.(2005) Vegetation Ecology. Blackwell Publishing company. New Jersey, USA, 395pp.
  39. Yim, K.B., I.H. Park and K.J. Lee(1980) Phytosociological changes of Pinus densiflora forest induced by insect demage in Kyonggi-do area. Journal of Korean Forest Society 50: 56-71. (in Korean with English abstract)
  40. Yun, C.W.(2016) Field Guide to Trees and Shrubs. Geobook, Korea, 703pp. (in Korean)