Steel and Composite Structures

  • 제27권1호
  • /
  • Pages.49-74
  • /
  • 2018
  • /
  • 1229-9367(pISSN)
  • /
  • 1598-6233(eISSN)
테크노프레스 (Techno-Press)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

A practical model for simulating nonlinear behaviour of FRP strengthened RC beam-column joints

  • 투고 : 2017.07.10
  • 심사 : 2018.01.30
  • 발행 : 2018.04.10
⟨ 이전 논문 다음 논문 ⟩

초록

Generally, beam-column joints are taken into account as rigid in assessment of seismic performance of reinforced concrete (RC) structures. Experimental and numerical studies have proved that ignoring nonlinearities in the joint core might crucially affect seismic performance of RC structures. On the other hand, to improve seismic behaviour of such structures, several strengthening techniques of beam-column joints have been studied and adopted in practical applications. Among these strengthening techniques, the application of FRP materials has extensively increased, especially in case of exterior RC beam-column joints. In current paper, to simulate the inelastic response in the core of RC beam-column joints strengthened by FRP sheets, a practical joint model has been proposed so that the effect of FRP sheets on characteristics of an RC joint were considered in principal tensile stress-joint rotation relations. To determine these relations, a combination of experimental results and a mechanically-based model has been developed. To verify the proposed model, it was applied to experimental specimens available in the literature. Results revealed that the model could predict inelastic response of as-built and FRP strengthened joints with reasonable precision. The simple analytic procedure and the use of experimentally computed parameters would make the model sufficiently suitable for practical applications.

키워드

참고문헌

  1. ACI 440.2R-02 (2002), Guide for the design and construction of externally bonded FRP systems for strengthening concrete structures, Committee 440 Report; American Concrete Institute, Detroit, MI, USA.
  2. Adhikary, B.B., Mutsuyoshi, H. and Ashraf, M. (2004), "Shear strengthening of reinforced concrete beams using fiberreinforced polymer sheets with bonded anchorage", Struct. J., 101(5), 660-668.
  3. Akbarzadeh, B.H. and Shayanfar, J. (2015), "Seismic performance of RC frames joints retrofitted by CFRP composites", Proceedings of the 2th International and the 6th National Conference on Earthquake & Structures, Kerman, Iran, October.
  4. Akbarzadeh, B.H., Shayanfar, J. and Seyedpour, S.M. (2015), "An artificial neural network (ANN) model for predicting the moment-rotation of exterior RC beam-column joints strengthened by CFRP composites", Proceedings of the 2th International and the 6th National Conference on Earthquake & Structures, Kerman, Iran, October.
  5. Akbarzadeh, B.H., Abdollahtabar, M. and Shayanfar, J. (2016), "Predicting the Ductility of RC Beams Using Nonlinear Regression and ANN", Iran. J. Sci. Technol. Transact. Civil Eng., 40(4), 297-310. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40996-016-0033-0
  6. Akguzel, U. (2011), "Seismic performance of FRP retrofitted exterior RC beam-column joints under varying axial and bidirectional loading", Ph.D. Dissertation; University of Canterbury, Christchurch, SI, USA.
  7. Akguzel, U. and Pampanin, S. (2010), "Effects of variation of axial load and bi-directional loading on seismic performance of GFRP retrofitted reinforced concrete exterior beam-column joints", J. Compos. Constr., 14(1), 94-104. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(2010)14:1(94)
  8. Akguzel, U. and Pampanin, S. (2012), "Assessment and design procedure for the seismic retrofit of reinforced concrete beam- column joints using FRP composite materials", J. Compos. Constr., 16, 21-34. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000242
  9. Allington, C.J. (2003), "Seismic performance of moment resisting frame members produced from lightweight aggregate concrete", Ph.D. Dissertation; University of Canterbury, Christchurch, SI, USA.
  10. Al-Salloum, Y.A. and Almusallam, T.H. (2007), "Seismic response of interior beam-column joints upgraded with FRP sheets. II: Analysis and parametric study", J. Compos. Constr., 11(6), 575-590. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(2007)11:6(575)
  11. Antonopoulos, C.P. and Triantafillou, T.C. (2002), "Analysis of FRP strengthened beam-column joints", J. Compos. Constr., 6(1), 41-51. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(2002)6:1(41)
  12. Antonopoulos, C.P. and Triantafillou, T.C. (2003), "Experimental investigation of FRP strengthened RC beam column joints", J. Compos. Constr., 7, 39-49. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(2003)7:1(39)
  13. Biddah, A., and Ghobarah, A. (1999), "Modelling of shear deformation and bond slip in reinforced concrete joints", Struct. Eng. Mech., Int. J., 7(4), 413-432. https://doi.org/10.12989/sem.1999.7.4.413
  14. Bousselham, A. (2010), "State of research on seismic retrofit of RC beam-column joints with externally bonded FRP", J. Compos. Constr., 14, 49-61. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000049
  15. Calvi, G.M., Magenes, G. and Pampanin, S. (2002), "Relevance of beam-column joint damage and collapse in RC frame assessment", J. Earthq. Eng., 6, 75-100.
  16. Campione, G., Cavaleri, L. and Papia, M. (2015), "Flexural response of external R.C. beam-column joints externally strengthened with steel cages", Eng. Struct., 104, 51-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2015.09.009
  17. Chalioris, C.E., Favvata, M. and Karayannis, C.G. (2008), "Reinforced concrete beam-column joints with crossed inclined bars under cyclic deformations", J. Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn., 37, 881-897. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.793
  18. Chen, W.F. (1982), Plasticity in Reinforced Concrete, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY, USA, pp. 204-205.
  19. Clyde, C., Pantelides, C.P. and Reaveley, L.D. (2000), "Performance-based evaluation of exterior reinforced concrete building joints for seismic excitation", Report PEER 2000/05; Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center.
  20. Computer and Structures Inc. (SAP2000) (2008), Analysis References, Berkeley, CA, USA.
  21. Dalalbashi, A., Eslami, A. and Ronagh, H.R. (2013), "Numerical investigation on the hysteretic behavior of RC joints retrofitted with different CFRP con figurations", J. Compos. Constr., 17, 371-382. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000361
  22. De Risi, M.T. and Verderame, G.M. (2017), "Experimental assessment and numerical modelling of exterior nonconforming beam-column joints with plain bars", Eng. Struct., 150, 115-134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.07.039
  23. De Risi, M.T., Ricci, P., Verderame, G.M. and Manfredi, G. (2016), "Experimental assessment of unreinforced exterior beam-column joints with deformed bars", Eng. Struct., 112, 215-232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2016.01.016
  24. De Risi, M.T., Ricci, P. and Verderame, G.M. (2017), "Modelling exterior unreinforced beam-column joints in seismic analysis of non-ductile RC frames", Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn., 46(6), 899-923. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.2835
  25. Del Zoppo, M., Di Ludovico, M., Balsamo, A., Prota, A. and Manfredi, G. (2017), "FRP for seismic strengthening of shear controlled RC columns: Experience from earthquakes and experimental analysis", Compos. Part B: Eng., 129, 47-57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2017.07.028
  26. Del Vecchio, C., Di Ludovico, M., Balsamo, A., Prota, A., Manfredi, G. and Dolce, M. (2014), "Experimental investigation of exterior RC beam-column joints retrofitted with FRP systems", J. Compos. Constr., 18, 1-13.
  27. Del Vecchio C., Di Ludovico, M., Prota, A. and Manfredi, G. (2015), "Analytical model and design approach for FRP strengthening of non-conforming RC corner beam-column joints", Eng. Struct., 87, 8-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2015.01.013
  28. Del Vecchio, C., Di Ludovico, M., Prota, A. and Manfredi, G. (2016), "Modelling beam-column joints and FRP strengthening in the seismic performance assessment of RC existing frames", Compos. Struct., 142, 107-116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2016.01.077
  29. Del Vecchio, C., Gentile, E.R. and Pampanin, S. (2017), "The simplified lateral mechanism analysis (SLaMa) for the seismic performance assessment of a case study building damaged in the 2011 Christchurch earthquake", Research Report 2016-02; Civil & Natural Resources Engineering.
  30. Di Ludovico, M., Balsamo, A., Prota, A., Verderame, G.M., Dolce, M. and Manfredi, G. (2012), "Preliminary results of an experimental investigation on RC beam-column joints", CICE Rome: International Institute for FRP in Construction, p. 1-9.
  31. El-Amoury, T. (2003), "Seismic rehabilitation of concrete frame beam-column joints", Ph.D. Dissertation; McMaster University, ON, Canada.
  32. El-Amoury, T. and Ghobarah, A. (2002), "Seismic rehabilitation of beam-column joint using GFRP sheets", Eng. Struct., 24, 1397-1407. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-0296(02)00081-0
  33. Elmorsi, M., Kianoush, M.R. and Tso, W.K. (2000), "Modeling bond-slip deformations in reinforced concrete beam-column joints", Can. J. Civ. Eng., 273, 490-505.
  34. Elwood, K. (2002), "Shake table tests and analytical studies on the gravity load collapse of reinforced concrete frames", Ph.D. Dissertation; University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
  35. Eslami, A. and Ronagh, H.R. (2014), "Experimental investigation of an appropriate anchorage system for flange-bonded carbon fiber reinforced polymers in retrofitted RC beam-column joints", J. Comps. Constr., 18(4), 04013056. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000456
  36. Eslami, A. and Ronagh, H. (2015), "Numerical Investigation on the Seismic Retrofitting of RC Beam-Column Connections Using Flange-Bonded CFRP Composites", J. Compos. Constr., 20(1), 04015032.
  37. Eslami, A., Dalalbashi, A. and Ronagh, H.R. (2013), "On the effect of plastic hinge relocation in RC buildings using CFRP", Compos. Part B: Eng., 52, 350-361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2013.04.025
  38. Fakharifar, M., Sharbatdar, M.K., Lin Z., Dalvand, A., Sivandi-Pour, A. and Chen, G. (2014), "Seismic performance and global ductility of RC frames rehabilitated with retrofitted joints by CFRP laminates", Earthq. Eng. Vib., 13(1), 59-73. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11803-014-0212-6
  39. Favvata, M.J., Izzuddin, B.A. and Karayannis, C.G. (2008), "Modelling exterior beam-column joints for seismic analysis of RC frame structures", Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn., 37(13), 1527-1548. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.826
  40. Galal, K., Arafa, A. and Ghobarah, A. (2005), "Retrofit of RC square short columns", Eng. Struct., 27(5), 801-813. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2005.01.003
  41. Garcia, R., Jemaa, Y., Helal, Y., Maurizio, G. and Pilakoutas, K. (2013), "Seismic strengthening of severely damaged beamcolumn RC joints using CFRP", J. Comps. Constr., 18(2), 04013048.
  42. Genesio, G. (2012), "Seismic assessment of RC exterior beamcolumn joints and retrofit with haunches using post-installed anchors", Ph.D. Dissertation; University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany.
  43. George, I., Kalogeropoulos, G., Tsonos, A.G., Konstandinidis, D. and Tsetines, S. (2016), "Pre-earthquake and post-earthquake retrofitting of poorly detailed exterior RC beam-to-column joints", Eng. Struct., 109, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2015.11.009
  44. Gergely, B.J., Pantelides, C.P. and Reaveley, L.D. (2000), "Shear strengthening RCT-joints using CFRP composites", J. Compos. Constr., 4, 56-64. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(2000)4:2(56)
  45. Ghobarah, A. and El-Amoury, T. (2005), "Seismic rehabilitation of deficient exterior concrete frame joints", J. Compos. Constr., 9, 408-416. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(2005)9:5(408)
  46. Ghobarah, A. and Galal, K. (2004), "Seismic rehabilitation of short rectangular RC columns", J. Earthq. Eng., 8, 45-68.
  47. Ghobarah, A. and Said, A. (2001), "Seismic rehabilitation of beam-column joints using FRP laminates", J. Earthq. Eng., 5(1), 113-129. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632460109350388
  48. Ghobarah, A. and Said, A. (2002), "Shear strengthening of beam- column joints", Eng. Struct., 24, 881-888. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-0296(02)00026-3
  49. Ha, G.J., Cho, C.G., Kang, H.W. and Feo, L. (2013), "Seismic improvement of RC beam-column joints using hexagonal CFRP bars combined with CFRP sheets", Compos. Struct., 95, 464-470. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2012.08.022
  50. Hadi, M.N.S. and Tran, T.M. (2015), "Seismic rehabilitation of reinforced concrete beam-column joints by bonding with concrete covers and wrapping with FRP composites", Mater. Struct., 49, 1-19.
  51. Hadi, M.N. and Tran, T.M. (2016), "Seismic rehabilitation of reinforced concrete beam-column joints by bonding with concrete covers and wrapping with FRP composites", Mater. Struct., 49(1-2), 467-485. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-014-0511-4
  52. Hadigheh, S.A., Mahini, S.S. and Maheri, M.R. (2014), "Seismic behavior of FRP-retrofitted reinforced concrete frames", J. Earthq. Eng., 18(8), 1171-1197. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632469.2014.926301
  53. Hassan, W.M. (2011), "Analytical and experimental assessment of seismic vulnerability of beam-column joints without transverse reinforcement in concrete buildings", Ph.D. Dissertation; University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
  54. Helal, Y. (2012), "Seismic strengthening of deficient exterior RC beam-column sub-assemblages using posttensioned metal strips", Ph.D. Dissertation; Department of Civil & Structural Engineering, University of Sheffield, England.
  55. Hognestad, E. (1951), "A Study of Combined Bending and Axial Load in Reinforced Concrete Members", Bulletin 399, Engineering Experimental Station, University of Illinois, IL, USA.
  56. Ho, J.C.M. and Pam, H.J. (2003), "Inelastic design of low-axially loaded high-strength reinforced concrete columns", Eng. Struct., 25(8), 1083-1096. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-0296(03)00050-6
  57. Holzenkampfer, P. (1994), "Ingenieurmodelle des verbundes geklebterbewehrung fur betonbauteile", Ph.D. Dissertation; TU Braunshwieg. [In German]
  58. Kam, W.Y. (2010), "Selective Weakening and Post-tensioning for the Seismic Retrofit of Non-Ductile RC Frames", Ph.D. Dissertation; University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
  59. Karayannis, C.G. and Sirkelis, G. (2008), "Strengthening and rehabilitation of RC beam-column joints using carbon-FRP jacketing and epoxy resin injection", Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn., 37(5), 769-790. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.785
  60. Karayannis, C.G., Chalioris, C.E. and Sideris, K.K. (1998), "Effectiveness of RC beam-column connection repair using epoxy resin injections", J. Earthq. Eng., 2(2), 217-240. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632469809350320
  61. Karayannis, C.G., Chalioris, C.E. and Sirkelis, G.M. (2008), "Local retrofit of external RC beam column joints using thin RC jackets: An experimental study", J. Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn., 37(5), 727-746. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.783
  62. Kaya, O., Yalcin, C., Parvin, A. and Altay, S. (2008), "Repairing of shear-damaged RC joint panel zone using chemical epoxy injection methodology", Proceedings of 14th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Beijing, China.
  63. Kheyroddin, A., Khalili, A., Emami, E. and Sharbatdar, M.K. (2016), "An innovative experimental method to upgrade performance of external weak RC joints using fused steel prop plus sheets", Steel Compos. Struct., Int. J., 21(2), 443-460. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2016.21.2.443
  64. Kim, C.G., Eom, T.S., Park, H.G. and Kim, T.W. (2016), "Seismic Performance of Lightly Reinforced Concrete Beam-Column Connections for Low-Rise Buildings", J. Architect. Inst. Korea Struct. Constr., 32(3), 19-30. https://doi.org/10.5659/JAIK_SC.2016.32.3.19
  65. Kwan, A.K.H., Dong, C.X. and Ho, J.C.M. (2015), "Axial and lateral stress-strain model for FRP confined concrete", Eng. Struct., 99, 285-295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2015.04.046
  66. Laterza, M., D'Amato, M. and Gigliotti, R. (2017), "Modeling of gravity-designed RC sub-assemblages subjected to lateral loads", Eng. Struct., 130, 242-260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2016.10.044
  67. Lee, J.H. and Shin, S.J. (2010), "Shear Strength Prediction of FRP RC Baem without Shear Reinforcements", J. Korea Concrete Inst., 22(3), 313-324. https://doi.org/10.4334/JKCI.2010.22.3.313
  68. Le-Trung, K., Lee, K., Lee, J., Lee, D.H. and Woo, S. (2010), "Experimental study of RC beam-column joints strengthened using CFRP composites", Compos. Part B: Eng., 41(1), 76-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2009.06.005
  69. Liu, C. (2006), "Seismic behaviour of beam-column joint subassemblies reinforced with steel fibers", Master Thesis; University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
  70. Lowes, L.N. and Altoontash, A. (2003), "Modeling reinforcedconcrete beam-column joints subjected to cyclic loading", J. Struct. Eng., 1686-1697.
  71. Lynn, A.C. (2001), "Seismic evaluation of existing reinforced concrete building columns", Ph.D. Dissertation; University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
  72. Mahini, S.S. and Ronagh, H.R. (2011), "Web-bonded FRPs for relocation of plastic hinges away from the column face in exterior RC joints", Compos. Struct., 93, 2460-2472. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2011.04.002
  73. Mander, J.B., Priestley, M.J.N. and Park, R. (1988), "Theoretical stress-strain behavior of confined concrete", J. Struct. Eng., 114(8), 1804-1826. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1988)114:8(1804)
  74. Manfredi, G. and Realfonzo, R. (2001), "Modellazione del comportamento di elementi presso-inflessi in c.a. confinati con tessuti in materiale composito", Tech. Rep., 10 Convegno Nazionale "L'ingegneria Sismica in Italia", Potenza-Matera, Italy.
  75. Melo, J., Varum, H., Rossetto, T. and Costa, A. (2012), "Cyclic response of RC beam-column joints reinforced with plain bars: an experimental testing campaign", Proceedings of 15th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Lisbon, Portugal.
  76. Mitra, N. and Lowes, L. (2007), "Evaluation, calibration, and verification of a reinforced concrete beam-column joint model", J. Struct. Eng., 133(1), 105-120. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2007)133:1(105)
  77. Moretti, M. and Tassios, T.P. (2007), "Behaviour of short columns subjected to cyclic shear displacements: Experimental results", Eng. Struct., 29(8), 2018-2029. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2006.11.001
  78. Murty, C.V.R, Rai, D, Bajpai, K.K. and Jain, S.K. (2003), "Effectiveness of reinforcement details in exterior reinforced concrete beam-column joints for earthquake resistance", ACI Struct. J., 100(2), 149-156.
  79. Najafgholipour, M.A., Dehghan, S.M., Dooshabi, A. and Niroomandi, A. (2017), "Finite element analysis of reinforced concrete beam-column connections with governing joint shear failure mode", Latin Am. J. Solids Struct., 14(7), 1200-1225. https://doi.org/10.1590/1679-78253682
  80. Neubauer, U. and Rostasy, F.S. (1997), "Design aspects of concrete structures strengthened with externally bonded CFRPplates", Proceedings of the 7th International conference on Structural Faults and Repair, London, England, July.
  81. Niroomandi, A., Maheri, A., Maheri, M.R. and Mahini, S.S. (2010), "Seismic performance of ordinary RC frames retrofitted at joints by FRP sheets", Eng. Struct., 32, 2326-2336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2010.04.008
  82. Niroomandi, A., Najafgholipour, M.A. and Ronagh, H.R. (2014), "Numerical investigation of the affecting parameters on the shear failure of nonductile RC exterior joints", Eng. Failure Anal., 46, 62-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2014.08.003
  83. Niroomandi, A., Pampanin, S., Dhakal, R, and Soleymani Ashtiani, M. (2015), "Comparison of alternative assessment procedures to predict seismic performance of RC columns", In: Proceedings of Tenth Pacific Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Sydney, Australia.
  84. Omidi, B. and Behnamfar, F. (2015), "A numerical model for simulation of RC beam-column connections", Eng. Struct., 88, 51-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2015.01.025
  85. O'Reilly, G.J. and Sullivan, T.J. (2017), "Modeling techniques for the seismic assessment of the existing Italian RC frame structures", J. Earthq. Eng.,1-35.
  86. Pantazopoulou, S. and Bonacci, J. (1992), "Consideration of questions about beam-column joints", ACI Struct. J., 89(1), 27-36.
  87. Parvin, A. and Granata, P. (2000), "Investigation on the effects of fiber composites at concrete joints", Compos. Part. B: Eng., 31, 499-509. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-8368(99)00046-3
  88. Parvin, A. and Wu, S. (2008), "Ply angle effect on fiber composite wrapped reinforced concrete beam-column connections under combined axial and cyclic loads", Compos. Struct., 82(4), 532-538. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2007.02.004
  89. Parvin, A., Altay, S., Yalcin, C. and Kaya, O. (2010), "CFRP Rehabilitation of concrete frame joints with inadequate shear and anchorage details", J. Compos. Constr., 14(1), 72-82. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000055
  90. Pampanin, S., Calvi, G.M. and Moratti, M. (2002), "Seismic behavior of RC beam-column joints designed for gravity only", Proceedings of the 12th European Conference on Earthquake Engineering (ECEE), London, UK.
  91. Pampanin, S., Magenes, G. and Carr, A. (2003), "Modelling of shear hinge mechanism in poorly detailed RC beam-column joints", Fib Symposium on Concrete Structures in Seismic Regions, Athens, Greece, May.
  92. Pampanin, S., Christopoulos, C. and Chen, T.H. (2006), "Development and validation of a metallic haunch seismic retrofit solution for existing under-designed RC frame buildings", Earthq. Eng. Struct. D., 35, 1739-1766. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.600
  93. Pampanin, S., Bolognini, D. and Pavese, A. (2007), "Performancebased seismic retrofit strategy for existing RC frame systems using FRP composites", J. Compos. Constr., 11(2), 211-226. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(2007)11:2(211)
  94. Pantelides, C.P., Hansen, J., Nadauld, J. and Reaveley, L.D. (2002), "Assessment of reinforced concrete building exterior joints with substandard details", Report no. PEER 2002/18; Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center.
  95. Park, S. and Mosalam, K.M. (2012), "Parameters for shear strength prediction of exterior beam-column joints without transverse reinforcement", Eng. Struct., 36, 198-209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2011.11.017
  96. Park, R., Priestley, M.J.N. and Gill, W.D. (1982), "Ductility of square-confined concrete columns", J. Struct. Eng., 108, 929-950.
  97. Park, H., Choi, K. and Wight, J.K. (2006), "Strain-based shear strength model for slender beams without web reinforcement", ACI Struct. J., 103(6), 783-793.
  98. Park, H., Yu, E. and Choi, K. (2012), "Shear-strength degradation model for RC columns subjected to cyclic loading", Eng. Struct., 34, 187-197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2011.08.041
  99. Paulay, T. and Priestley, M.J.N. (1992), Seismic Design of Reinforced Concrete and Masonry Buildings, John Wiley Publications, New York, NY, USA.
  100. Priestley, M.J.N. (1997), "Displacement based seismic assessment of reinforced concrete buildings", J. Earthq. Eng., 1(1), 157-192. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632469708962365
  101. Priestley, M.J.N., Verma, R. and Xiao, Y. (1994), "Seismic shear strength of reinforced concrete columns", J. Struct. Eng., 120(8), 2310-2329. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1994)120:8(2310)
  102. Priestley, M.J.N., Seible, F. and Calvi, G.M. (1996), Seismic Design and Retrofit of Bridge Structures, John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY, USA.
  103. Realfonzo, R., Napoli, A, and Pinilla, J.G.R. (2014), "Cyclic behavior of RC beam-column joints strengthened with FRP systems", Constr. Build. Mater., 54, 282-297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.12.043
  104. Ricci, P., De Risi, M.T., Verderame, G.M. and Manfredi, G. (2016), "Experimental tests of unreinforced exterior beam- column joints with plain bars", Eng. Struct., 118, 178-194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2016.03.033
  105. Ronagh, H.R. and Eslami, A. (2013), "Flexural retrofitting of RC buildings using GFRP/CFRP - A comparative study", Compos. Part B: Eng., 46, 188-196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2012.09.072
  106. Sezen, H. (2002), "Seismic behavior and modeling of reinforced concrete building columns", Ph.D. Dissertation; University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
  107. Sezen, H. and Moehle, J.P. (2004), "Shear strength model for lightly reinforced concrete columns", J. Struct. Eng., 130(11), 1692-1703. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2004)130:11(1692)
  108. Shafaei, J., Zareian, M.S., Hosseini, A. and Marefat, M.S. (2014), "Effects of joint flexibility on lateral response of reinforced concrete frames", Eng. Struct., 81, 412-431. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2014.09.046
  109. Sharma, A. (2013), "Seismic behavior and retrofitting of RC frame structures with emphasis on beam-column joints - experiments and numerical modeling", Ph.D. Dissertation; University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany.
  110. Sharma, A., Eligehausen, R. and Reddy, G.R. (2011), "A new model to simulate joint shear behavior of poorly detailed beam- column connections in RC structures under seismic loads, part I: exterior joints", Eng. Struct., 33, 1034-1051. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2010.12.026
  111. Shayanfar, J. and Akbarzadeh, B.H. (2016a), "Numerical model to simulate shear behaviour of RC joints and columns", Comput. Concrete, 18(4), 877-901. https://doi.org/10.12989/cac.2016.18.6.877
  112. Shayanfar, J. and Akbarzadeh, B.H. (2016b), "Nonlinear analysis of RC frames considering shear behaviour of members under varying axial load", Bull. Earthq. Eng., 1-24.
  113. Shayanfar, J., Akbarzadeh B.H. and Niroomandi, A. (2016), "A proposed model for predicting nonlinear behavior of RC joints under seismic loads", Mater. Des., 95, 563-579. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2016.01.098
  114. Shin, M. and LaFave, J.M. (2004), "Testing and modelling for cyclic joint shear deformations in RC beam-column connections", Proceedings of the 13th world conference on earthquake engineering, London, England, August.
  115. Shrestha, R., Smith, S.T. and Samali, B. (2009), "Strengthening RC beam-column connections with FRP strips", Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Structures and Buildings 162(5), 323-334. https://doi.org/10.1680/stbu.2009.162.5.323
  116. Sung, Y.C., Liu, K.Y., Su, C.K., Tsai, I.C. and Chang, K.C. (2005), "A study on pushover analyses of reinforced concrete columns", J. Struct. Eng. Mech., 21, 35-52. https://doi.org/10.12989/sem.2005.21.1.035
  117. Tasligedik, A.S. (2017), "Capacity estimation of FRP strengthened RC beam-column joints using hierarchy of strength assessment", Bull. Earthq. Eng., 1-18.
  118. Tasligedik, A.S., Akguzel, U., Kam, W.Y. and Pampanin, S. (2016), "Strength hierarchy at reinforced concrete beam-column joints and global capacity", J. Earthq. Eng., 1-34.
  119. Triantafillou, T.C. (1998), "Shear strength of reinforced concrete beams using epoxy-bonded FRP composites", ACI Struct. J., 95(2), 107-115.
  120. Truong, G.T., Dinh, N.H., Kim, J.C. and Choi, K.K. (2017), "Seismic performance of exterior RC beam-column joints retrofitted using various retrofit solutions", Int. J. Concrete Struct. Mater., 11(3), 415-433. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40069-017-0203-x
  121. Tsonos, A.G. (2001), "Seismic rehabilitation of reinforced concrete joints by the removal and replacement technique", Eur. Earthq. Eng., 3, 29-43.
  122. Tsonos, A.G. (2002a), "Seismic repair of exterior R/C beam-tocolumn joints using two sided and three-sided jackets", Struct. Eng. Mech., Int. J., 13, 17-34. https://doi.org/10.12989/sem.2002.13.1.017
  123. Tsonos, A.G. (2002b), "Seismic repair of exterior R/C beam-tocolumn joints using two sided jackets", Struct. Eng. Mech., Int. J., 13(1), 17-34. https://doi.org/10.12989/sem.2002.13.1.017
  124. Tsonos, A.G. (2014), "An innovative solution for strengthening old R/C structures and for improving the FRP strengthening method", Struct. Monit. Mainten. Int. J., 1(3), 323-338.
  125. Wang, Y.C. and Restrepo, J.I. (2001), "Investigation of concentrically loaded reinforced concrete columns confined with glass fiber-reinforced polymer jackets", ACI Struct. J., 98(3), 377-385.
  126. Wong, H.F. (2005), "Shear strength and seismic performance of non-seismically designed reinforced concrete beam-column joints", Ph.D. Dissertation; Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kwoloon, Hong Kong.
  127. Yurdakul, O. and Avsar, O. (2016), "Strengthening of substandard reinforced concrete beam-column joints by external posttension rods", Eng. Struct., 107, 9-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2015.11.004

피인용 문헌

  1. Investigation of the interior RC beam-column joints under monotonic antisymmetrical load vol.13, pp.6, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11709-019-0572-0
  2. Analysis-oriented model for seismic assessment of RC jacket retrofitted columns vol.37, pp.3, 2018, https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2020.37.3.371
  3. A new procedure for post-buckling analysis of plane trusses using genetic algorithm vol.40, pp.6, 2018, https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2021.40.6.817