Fig. 1. Schematic of the recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) used in this study.
Fig. 2. Chemical analysis of water quality in terms of chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (T-N), ammonia (NH3-N), Nitrate (NO3- -N), and total phosphorus (T-P) in the RAS.
Fig. 3. Cumulative survival of juvenile olive flounder after challenge with Edwardsiella tarda for 7 days.
Fig. 4. Microbial community structures in the gut of the fish, water, and biofilter in the RAS at the (A) phylum and (B) species levels.
Fig. 5. Unifrac UPGMA clustering analysis of the microbial community structures in the guts of fish fed various experiment diets (OTC, Pure isolates, and CES-AQ1) and the guts of fish, as well as the water and biofilter, in the RAS (RAS).
Table 1. Growth performance of juvenile olive flounder fed experimental diets and grown in a recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) or still water tanks for 8 weeks
Table 2. Diversity indices of the microbial communities in samples from the water and biofilter of the RAS and the guts of fish grown in the RAS based on pyrosequencing analysisa
References
- Aly SM, Abdel-Galil AY, Abdel-Aziz GA, and Mohamed MF. 2008. Studies on Bacillus subtilis and Lactobacillus acidophilus, as potential probiotics, on the immune response and resistance of Tilapia nilotica (Oreochromis niloticus) to challenge infections. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 25, 128-136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2008.03.013
- Awad E and Awaad A. 2017. Role of medicinal plants on growth performance and immune status in fish. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 67, 40-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2017.05.034
- Balcazar JL, Blas ID, Ruiz-Zarzuela I, Cunningham D, Vendrell D, and Muzquiz JL. 2006. The role of probiotics in aquaculture. Vet. Microbiol. 114, 173-186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.01.009
- Banerjee G and Ray AK. 2017. The advancement of probiotics research and its application in fish farming industries. Res. Vet. Sci. 115, 66-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.01.016
- Buric M, Blahovec J, and Kouril J. 2016. Feasibility of open recirculating system in temperate climate - a case study. Aquac. Res. 47, 1156-1167. https://doi.org/10.1111/are.12572
- Cerda-Cuellar M and Blanch AR. 2004. Determination of Vibrio scophthalmi and its phenotypic diversity in turbot larvae. Environ. Microbiol. 6, 209-217. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1462-2920.2004.00555.x
- Cerda-Cuellar M, Rossello-Mora RA, Lalucat J, Jofre J, and Blanch A. 1997. Vibrio scophthalmi sp. nov., a new species from turbot (Scophthalmus maximus). Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 47, 58-61. https://doi.org/10.1099/00207713-47-1-58
- Chambel J, Severiano V, Baptista T, Mendes S, and Pedrosa R. 2015. Effect of stocking density and different diets on growth of Percula Clownfish, Amphiprion percula (Lacepede, 1802). Springerplus 4, 183. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40064-015-0967-x
- Cho SH, Jeon GH, Kim HS, Kim DS, and Kim C. 2013. Effects of dietary Scutellaria baicalensis extract on growth, feed utilization and challenge test of olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Asian-australas. J. Anim. Sci. 26, 90-96. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2012.12147
- FAO. 2016. Contributing to food security and nutrition for all, p. 200. In The state of world fisheries and aquaculture.
- Fernandes PM, Pedersen LF, and Pedersen PB. 2017. Influence of fixed and moving bed biofilters on micro particle dynamics in a recirculating aquaculture system. Aquac. Eng. 78, 32-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaeng.2016.09.002
- Garcia R and Muller R. 2014. The family Nannocystaceae, pp. 213-229. In Rosenberg E, DeLong EF, Lory S, Stackebrandt, E, and Thompson F. (eds.), The prokaryotes. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin Heidelberg, Germany.
- Gatesoupe FJ. 1999. The use of probiotics in aquaculture. Aquaculture 180, 147-165. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(99)00187-8
- Goncalves AT, Valenzuela-Munoz V, and Gallardo-Escarate C. 2017. Intestinal transcriptome modulation by functional diets in rainbow trout: A high-throughput sequencing appraisal to highlight GALT immunomodulation. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 64, 325-338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2017.03.022
- Gregory SP, Dyson PJ, Fletcher D, Gatland P, and Shields RJ. 2012. Nitrogen removal and changes to microbial communities in model flood/drain and submerged biofilters treating aquaculture wastewater. Aquac. Eng. 50, 37-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaeng.2012.03.006
- Jang HM, Kim YB, Choi S, Lee Y, Shin SG, Unno T, and Kim YM. 2018. Prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes from effluent of coastal aquaculture, South Korea. Environ. Pollut. 233, 1049-1057. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.10.006
- Keller R, Pedroso MZ, Ritchmann R, and Silva RM. 1998. Occurrence of virulence-associated properties in Enterobacter cloacae. Infect. Immun. 66, 645-649.
- Kim KW, Moniruzzaman M, Kim KD, Han HS, Yun H, Lee S, and Bai SC. 2016. Effects of dietary protein levels on growth performance and body composition of juvenile parrot fish, Oplegnathus fasciatus. Int. Aquat. Res. 8, 239-245. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40071-016-0139-9
- KOSTAT (Statistics KOREA). 2018. Agriculture & fishery products.
- Kwon SR, Lee EH, Nam YK, Kim SK, and Kim KH. 2007. Efficacy of oral immunization with Edwardsiella tarda ghosts against edwardsiellosis in olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Aquaculture 269, 84-88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2007.04.018
- Lee S, Katya K, Park Y, Won S, Seong M, Hamidoghli A, and Bai SC. 2017. Comparative evaluation of dietary probiotics Bacillus subtilis WB60 and Lactobacillus plantarum KCTC3928 on the growth performance, immunological parameters, gut morphology and disease resistance in Japanese eel, Anguilla japonica. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 61, 201-210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2016.12.035
- Lin HL, Shiu YL, Chiu CS, Huang SL, and Liu CH. 2017. Screening probiotic candidates for a mixture of probiotics to enhance the growth performance, immunity, and disease resistance of Asian seabass, Lates calcarifer (Bloch), against Aeromonas hydrophila. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 60, 474-482. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2016.11.026
- McBride MJ. 2014. The family Flavobacteriaceae, pp. 643-676. In Rosenberg E, DeLong EF, Lory S, Stackebrandt E, and Thompson F. (eds.), The prokaryotes: other major lineages of bacteria and the archaea. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin Heidelberg, Germany.
- Mezzatesta ML, Gona F, and Stefani S. 2012. Enterobacter cloacae complex: clinical impact and emerging antibiotic resistance. Future Microbiol. 7, 887-902. https://doi.org/10.2217/fmb.12.61
- Midilli A, Kucuk H, and Dincer I. 2012. Environmental and sustainability aspects of a recirculating aquaculture system. Environ. Prog. Sustain. Energy 31, 604-611. https://doi.org/10.1002/ep.10580
- Mulder A, van de Graaf AA, Robertson LA, and Kuenen JG. 1995. Anaerobic ammonium oxidation discovered in a denitrifying fluidized bed reactor. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 16, 177-183. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.1995.tb00281.x
- Park Y, Moniruzzaman M, Lee S, Hong J, Won S, Lee JM, Yun H, Kim KW, Ko D, and Bai SC. 2016. Comparison of the effects of dietary single and multi-probiotics on growth, non-specific immune responses and disease resistance in starry flounder, Platichthys stellatus. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 59, 351-357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2016.11.006
- Pungrasmi W, Playchoom C, and Powtongsook S. 2013. Optimization and evaluation of a bottom substrate denitrification tank for nitrate removal from a recirculating aquaculture system. J. Environ. Sci. 25, 1557-1564. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1001-0742(12)60248-4
- Qiao G, Park SI, and Xu DH. 2012. Clinical, hematological, and biochemical alterations in olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus following experimental infection by Vibrio scophthalmi. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 15, 233-239.
- Ramirez C and Romero J. 2017. Fine flounder (Paralichthys adspersus) microbiome showed important differences between wild and reared specimens. Front. Microbiol. 8, 271.
- Rud I, Kolarevic J, Holan AB, Berget I, Calabrese S, and Terjesen BF. 2017. Deep-sequencing of the bacterial microbiota in commercialscale recirculating and semi-closed aquaculture systems for Atlantic salmon post-smolt production. Aquac. Eng. 78, 50-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaeng.2016.10.003
- Rurangwa E and Verdegem MCJ. 2015. Microorganisms in recirculating aquaculture systems and their management. Rev. Aquacult. 7, 117-130. https://doi.org/10.1111/raq.12057
- Schloss PD, Westcott SL, Ryabin T, Hall JR, Hartmann, M., Hollister EB, Lesniewski RA, Oakley BB, Parks DH, Robinson CJ, et al. 2009. Introducing mothur: open-source, platform-independent, community-supported software for describing and comparing microbial communities. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 75, 7537-7541. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.01541-09
- Sekar VT, Santiago TC, Vijayan KK, Alavandi, SV, Raj VS, Rajan JJ, Sanjuktha M, and Kalaimani N. 2008. Involvement of Enterobacter cloacae in the mortality of the fish, Mugil cephalus. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 46, 667-672. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-765X.2008.02365.x
- Srisapoome P and Areechon N. 2017. Efficacy of viable Bacillus pumilus isolated from farmed fish on immune responses and increased disease resistance in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus): Laboratory and on-farm trials. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 67, 199-210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2017.06.018
- Tacon AGJ and Metian M. 2015. Feed Matters: Satisfying the feed demand of aquaculture. Rev. Fish. Sci. Aquac. 23, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1080/23308249.2014.987209
- Tsukuda S, Christianson L, Kolb A, Saito K, and Summerfelt S. 2015. Heterotrophic denitrification of aquaculture effluent using fluidized sand biofilters. Aquac. Eng. 64, 49-59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaeng.2014.10.010
- Yamashita MM, Pereira SA, Cardoso L, de Araujo AP, Oda CE, Schmidt EC, Bouzon ZL, Martins ML, and Mourino JLP. 2017. Probiotic dietary supplementation in Nile tilapia as prophylaxis against streptococcosis. Aquac. Nutr. 23, 1235-1243. https://doi.org/10.1111/anu.12498
- Zhao Y, Zhang W, Xu W, Mai K, Zhang Y, and Liufu Z. 2012. Effects of potential probiotic Bacillus subtilis T13 on growth, immunity and disease resistance against Vibrio splendidus infection in juvenile sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 32, 750-755. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2012.01.027
- Zhou Q, Li K, Jun X, and Bo L. 2009. Role and functions of beneficial microorganisms in sustainable aquaculture. Bioresour. Technol. 100, 3780-3786. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2008.12.037
Cited by
- Maximum levels of cross‐contamination for 24 antimicrobial active substances in non‐target feed. Part 12: Tetracyclines: tetracycline, chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline, and doxycycline vol.19, pp.10, 2018, https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6864
- Probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics improved the functionality of aquafeed: Upgrading growth, reproduction, immunity and disease resistance in fish vol.120, pp.None, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2021.12.037