DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

사고가 시각을 바꾼다: 조절 초점에 따른 소비자 감성 기반 웹 스타일 평가 모형 및 추천 알고리즘 개발

Individual Thinking Style leads its Emotional Perception: Development of Web-style Design Evaluation Model and Recommendation Algorithm Depending on Consumer Regulatory Focus

  • 김건우 (국민대학교 비즈니스 IT 전문대학원) ;
  • 박도형 (국민대학교 경영정보학부/비즈니스 IT 전문대학원)
  • Kim, Keon-Woo (Graduate School of Business IT, Kookmin University) ;
  • Park, Do-Hyung (School of Management Information Systems, Kookmin University)
  • 투고 : 2018.11.16
  • 심사 : 2018.12.24
  • 발행 : 2018.12.31

초록

본 연구는 디자인 영역 중 웹 스타일에 대해서 소비자 감성과 만족과의 관계를 연구했다. 기존 웹 스타일 연구들은 웹의 레이아웃과 구조도 등과 색상 등이 감성에 미치는 영향에서 연구했다. 본 연구는 기존 연구들과 차별되게 웹의 구성 요소를 배제하고 소비자의 감성 지표만을 갖고 소비자 만족과의 관계를 분석했다. 분석을 위해 검증을 위해 소비자 204명을 대상으로 40개 웹 스타일 테마를 선정, 각 소비자에게 4개씩 평가하도록 하였다. 소비자에게 평가하도록 한 감성 형용사는 18개의 대비되는 쌍을 갖는 감성 형용사로 구성하였고, 요인 분석을 통해 상위 감성 지표를 추출했다. 각 감성 지표들은 '부드러움', '모던함', '명확함', '꽉 참' 이었으며, 감성지표들이 소비자 만족에 미치는 영향이 다를 것으로 판단하여 가설을 수립했다. 분석 결과에 따라 가설 1과 2, 3은 채택되었으며, 가설 4의 경우는 기각되었다. 가설 4의 경우 기각되었지만 정의 방향이 아닌 부의 방향으로 유의한 것으로 나타났다. 이때, 조절 초점 성향이 감성이라는 정보처리 과정에서 소비자 만족에 미치는 영향이 다를 것으로 판단했다. 조절 초점 성향은 조직 행동 및 의사결정에 영향을 주기도 하며, 정치, 문화, 윤리적 판단 및 행동은 물론 광범위적 심리적 문제와 사고 프로세스, 감정적 반응에도 영향을 미친다. 때문에 각 감성 지표에 대한 조절 초점 간 차이를 확인할 필요성이 있고, 각 감성 지표에 대한 세부 가설을 수립했다. 세부 가설을 검증하기 위해 조절 회귀 분석을 수행했다. 분석 결과 가설 5는 부분적으로 지지됐고, 가설 5.3만 지지되었고, 5.4의 경우 기각되었지만 가설과의 반대 방향으로 지지되었다. '명확함'의 경우 향상 초점이 소비자 만족에 더 큰 영향을 보였고, 예방 초점일수록 '꽉 참'을 더 선호한 것으로 나타났다. 분석 결과를 바탕으로 조절 초점 성향을 향상, 예방, 중간 성향으로 3집단으로 구분, 소비자 감성 기반으로 웹 스타일에 대한 추천을 할 수 있는 알고리즘을 개발했다.

With the development of the web, two-way communication and evaluation became possible and marketing paradigms shifted. In order to meet the needs of consumers, web design trends are continuously responding to consumer feedback. As the web becomes more and more important, both academics and businesses are studying consumer emotions and satisfaction on the web. However, some consumer characteristics are not well considered. Demographic characteristics such as age and sex have been studied extensively, but few studies consider psychological characteristics such as regulatory focus (i.e., emotional regulation). In this study, we analyze the effect of web style on consumer emotion. Many studies analyze the relationship between the web and regulatory focus, but most concentrate on the purpose of web use, particularly motivation and information search, rather than on web style and design. The web communicates with users through visual elements. Because the human brain is influenced by all five senses, both design factors and emotional responses are important in the web environment. Therefore, in this study, we examine the relationship between consumer emotion and satisfaction and web style and design. Previous studies have considered the effects of web layout, structure, and color on emotions. In this study, however, we excluded these web components, in contrast to earlier studies, and analyzed the relationship between consumer satisfaction and emotional indexes of web-style only. To perform this analysis, we collected consumer surveys presenting 40 web style themes to 204 consumers. Each consumer evaluated four themes. The emotional adjectives evaluated by consumers were composed of 18 contrast pairs, and the upper emotional indexes were extracted through factor analysis. The emotional indexes were 'softness,' 'modernity,' 'clearness,' and 'jam.' Hypotheses were established based on the assumption that emotional indexes have different effects on consumer satisfaction. After the analysis, hypotheses 1, 2, and 3 were accepted and hypothesis 4 was rejected. While hypothesis 4 was rejected, its effect on consumer satisfaction was negative, not positive. This means that emotional indexes such as 'softness,' 'modernity,' and 'clearness' have a positive effect on consumer satisfaction. In other words, consumers prefer emotions that are soft, emotional, natural, rounded, dynamic, modern, elaborate, unique, bright, pure, and clear. 'Jam' has a negative effect on consumer satisfaction. It means, consumer prefer the emotion which is empty, plain, and simple. Regulatory focus shows differences in motivation and propensity in various domains. It is important to consider organizational behavior and decision making according to the regulatory focus tendency, and it affects not only political, cultural, ethical judgments and behavior but also broad psychological problems. Regulatory focus also differs from emotional response. Promotion focus responds more strongly to positive emotional responses. On the other hand, prevention focus has a strong response to negative emotions. Web style is a type of service, and consumer satisfaction is affected not only by cognitive evaluation but also by emotion. This emotional response depends on whether the consumer will benefit or harm himself. Therefore, it is necessary to confirm the difference of the consumer's emotional response according to the regulatory focus which is one of the characteristics and viewpoint of the consumers about the web style. After MMR analysis result, hypothesis 5.3 was accepted, and hypothesis 5.4 was rejected. But hypothesis 5.4 supported in the opposite direction to the hypothesis. After validation, we confirmed the mechanism of emotional response according to the tendency of regulatory focus. Using the results, we developed the structure of web-style recommendation system and recommend methods through regulatory focus. We classified the regulatory focus group in to three categories that promotion, grey, prevention. Then, we suggest web-style recommend method along the group. If we further develop this study, we expect that the existing regulatory focus theory can be extended not only to the motivational part but also to the emotional behavioral response according to the regulatory focus tendency. Moreover, we believe that it is possible to recommend web-style according to regulatory focus and emotional desire which consumers most prefer.

키워드

JJSHBB_2018_v24n4_171_f0001.png 이미지

I.R.I & Kobayashi Color Adjective Image Scale

JJSHBB_2018_v24n4_171_f0002.png 이미지

Structure of Web-style Recommendation System

JJSHBB_2018_v24n4_171_f0003.png 이미지

MMR Equation through Regulatory Focus

JJSHBB_2018_v24n4_171_f0004.png 이미지

Calculation Method for Web-style Recommendation through Regulatory Focus Group

Emotional Adjectives in Previous Design Research

JJSHBB_2018_v24n4_171_t0001.png 이미지

Final Emotional Adjective Index

JJSHBB_2018_v24n4_171_t0002.png 이미지

Selected Web-style Theme

JJSHBB_2018_v24n4_171_t0003.png 이미지

Measurement Items of Web-style

JJSHBB_2018_v24n4_171_t0004.png 이미지

Result of Factor Analysis

JJSHBB_2018_v24n4_171_t0005.png 이미지

Results of MMR Analysis between Emotional Indexes and Consumer Satisfaction Focus

JJSHBB_2018_v24n4_171_t0006.png 이미지

참고문헌

  1. Ahn, C.-H., "A Study on Optical Composition Factor in Web Design," Journal of Korea Society of Visual Design Forum, Vol. 5 (2000), 102-114.
  2. Ajzen, I., and Fishbein, M, "Attitude-behavior Relations: A Theoretical Analysis and Review of Empirical Research," Psychological Bulletin, Vol.84, No.5(1977), 888-918. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.84.5.888
  3. Allen, C. T., Machleit, K. A., Kleine, S. S., and Notani, A. S.. A Place for Emotion in Attitude Models. Journal of Business Research, Vol.58, No.4(2005), 494-499. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0148-2963(03)00139-5
  4. Arnold, M. B., Emotion and Personality, New York: Columbia University Press, 1960.
  5. Avnet, T., and E. T., Higgins, "How Regulatory Fit Affects Value in Consumer Choices and Opinions," Journal of Marketing Research, Vol.43, No,1(2006), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1509/jmkr.43.1.1
  6. Bitner, M. J., "Servicescapes: The Impact of Physical Surroundings on Customers and Employees," The Journal of Marketing, Vol.56, No.2(1992), 57-71. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224299205600205
  7. Bloch, P. H., "Seeking the Ideal Form: Product Design and Consumer Response," The Journal of Marketing, Vol.59, No.3(1995), 16-29. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224299505900202
  8. Carver, Charles S., and Michael F. Scheier, On the Self-Regulation of Behavior, Cambridge, UK:Cambridge University Press., 1998.
  9. Choi. D., J. Lee, and J. Kim, "An Empirical Study on Emotion - based Homepage Design," Journal of KIISE:Computing Practices and Letters, Vol. 7, No. 5(2001), 475-488.
  10. Choi, Y., and D.-H. Park, "Development of Yóukè Mining System with Yóukè's Travel Demand and Insight Based on Web Search Traffic Information," Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems, Vol. 23, No. 3(2017), 55-175.
  11. Chung, J. and D.-H. Park, "The Effect of Online Consumer Review on Product Attitude Based on Regulatory Focus," The e-Business Studies, Vol. 14, No. 3(2013), 77-93.
  12. Crilly, N., J. Moultrie, and P. J. Clarkson, "Seeing Things: Consumer Response to the Visual Domain in Product Design," Design Studies, Vol. 25, No.6 (2004), 547-577. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.destud.2004.03.001
  13. Donna, L., and Novak, H. T. P. "A New Marketing Paradigm for Electronic Commerce," The Information Society, Vol.13, No.1(1997), 43-54. https://doi.org/10.1080/019722497129278
  14. Förster, J., E. T. Higgins, and L. C. Idson, "Approach and Avoidance Strength during Goal Attainment: Regulatory Focus and the 'Goal Looms Larger' Effect," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol.75, No.5(1998), 1115-1131. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.75.5.1115
  15. Gonzalez, G., De La Rosa, J. L., Montaner, M., and Delfin, S., "Embedding Emotional Context in Recommender Systems," Proceeding of the Twenty Third International Conference on Data Engineering Workshop, (2007), 845-852.
  16. Han, B. J., S. Rho, S. Jun, and E. Hwang, "Music Emotion Classification and Context-based Music Recommendation," Multimedia Tools and Applications, Vol. 47, No. 3(2010), 433-460. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-009-0332-6
  17. Higgins, E. T.2011, "Beyond Pleasure and Pain," American Psychologist, Vol. 52, No.12 (1997). 1280-1300. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.52.12.1280
  18. Higgins, E. T., "Promotion and Prevention: Regulatory Focus as A Motivational Principle," Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, Vol. 30(1998), 1-46.
  19. Higgins, E. T., "Self-discrepancy: A Theory Relating Self and Affect," Psychological Review, Vol. 94, No.3(1987). 319-340. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.94.3.319
  20. Higgins, E. T., J. F. Cornwell, "Securing Foundations and Advancing Frontiers: Prevention and Promotion Effects on Judgment and Decision Making," Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, Vol.136(2016), 56-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2016.04.005
  21. Higgins E. T., R. S. Friedman, R. E. Harlow, L. C. Idson, O. N. Ayduk, and A. Taylor, "Achievement Orientations from Subjective Histories of Success: Promotion Pride versus Prevention Pride," European Journal of Social Psychology, Vol.31, No.1(2001), 3-23. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.27
  22. Higgins, E. T., J. Shah, and R. Friedman, "Emotional responses to goal attainment: Strength of regulatory focus as moderator," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol.72, No.3(1997), 515-525. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.72.3.515
  23. Hong S.-Y., H.-J. Lee, K.-N. Jin, "A Study on the Image Scale through the Classification of Emotion in Web Site," Korean Journal of the Science of Emotion and Sensibility, Vol. 12, No. 1(2009), 1-10.
  24. Idson, L. C., N. Liberman, and E. T., Higgins, "Distinguishing Gains from Nonlosses and Losses from Nongains: A Regulatory Focus Perspective on Hedonic Intensity," Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, Vol.36, No.3 (2000), 252-274. https://doi.org/10.1006/jesp.1999.1402
  25. I.R.I Color Institute INC., Which color is the best? Color Combination: More Beautiful Color than Design, Youngjinbooks, 2011.
  26. Jang E.-H., S. Choi, K. Lee, and J.-H. Sohn, "Development of Emotion Assessment Scale in Evaluation of Television Picture Quality," Korean Journal of the Science of Emotion and Sensibility, Vol. 12, No.1(2009), 121-128.
  27. Je, H., and I. Choi, "The Need for Web Style Guide and a Case Study of its the Development in the Domestic University Web sites," Journal of Korean Society of Design Science, Vol 15, No.2(2002),137-146.
  28. Jung C.-H., and K.-H. Park, "The Effect of Web Site Characteristics on Customer Satisfaction and Repurchase Intention in the Internet Shopping Mall: Focused Agricultural Products Oriented Internet Shopping Mall," The Journal of Internet Electronic Commerce Research, Vol. 7, No.3(2007), 287-316.
  29. Jung, H., and K. Nah, "A Study on the Meaning of Sensibility and Vocabulary System for Sensibility Evaluation," Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea, Vol. 26, No. 3(2007), 17-25. https://doi.org/10.5143/JESK.2007.26.3.017
  30. Kang, T., D.-H. Park, and I. Han, "Beyond the numbers: The effect of 10-K tone on firms' performance predictions using text analytics," Telematics and Informatics, Vol. 35, No. 2 (2018), 370-381. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2017.12.014
  31. Kim, C., and Y. Na, "Transactions: A Study on Image Scale of the Hand and Sensibility of Silk Women Fabrics for Necktie Fabric," Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles, Vol. 23, No.6(1999), 898-908.
  32. Kim D., S. Lee, and S. Han, "Priority Allocation Scheme for Improving Web Services Performance on Web Server," The Journal of Society for e-Business Studies, Vol. 10, No.2 (2005), 43-57.
  33. Kim, H., "A Study on Expressed of Design Structure to Metaphorical Concept Elements," Korea Society of Floral Art and Design, Vol. 36(2017), 97-114.
  34. Kim, J., E. Park, and G. H. Kim, "The Influence of Web Site Component Rating to Attitude toward Web Site," Korean Journal of Consumer and Advertising Psychology, Vol. 1, No. 1(2000), 83-102.
  35. Kim, K.-W., and D.-H. Park, "Design Evaluation Model Based on Consumer Values: Three-step Approach from Product Attributes, Perceived Attributes, to Consumer Values," Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems, Vol.23, No.4 (2017), 57-76. https://doi.org/10.13088/JIIS.2017.23.4.057
  36. Kim, K.-W., and D.-H. Park, "Emoticon by Emotions: The Development of an Emoticon Recommendation System Based on Consumer Emotions," Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems, Vol.24, No. 1(2018), 227-252. https://doi.org/10.13088/JIIS.2018.24.1.227
  37. Kim M-.Y., and H.-I. Cheng, "Application of the Web Design Elements using the Aesthetic Evaluation," Archives of Design Research, Vol. 17, No.3(2004), 413-420.
  38. Kim, S.-H., "Online Product Word-of-Mouth is Information Whether Persuade Knowledge or Valuable for Consumers: The Moderation of Regulatory Focus on Customer Purchase Intention," Advertising Research, Vol. 96, No.1(2013), 7-46.
  39. Kim Y.-K., and K.-H. Lee, "A Study on the Visual Sensibility of Clothing Pattern," Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles, Vol. 24, No.6(2000), 861-872.
  40. Kobayashi, S., "The Aim and Method of the Color Image Scale," Color Research and Application, Vol.6, No.2 (1981), 93-107. https://doi.org/10.1002/col.5080060210
  41. Ko. I.-S., W.-J. Choi, Y.-j. Na, and S.-R. Ryu, "A Study on Improving HTTP Latency for the Efficient Web Document Processing," The Journal of the Korea Contents Association, Vol.2, No.2(2002), 47-52.
  42. Lazarus, R. S., "Thoughts on the Relations between Emotion and Cognition," American Psychologist, Vol.37, No.9(1982), 1019-1024. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.37.9.1019
  43. Lazarus, R. S., and S. Folkman, "Coping and Adaptation," The Handbook of Behavioral Medicine, 282-325, In W,D, Gentry(Ed.), New York: Guilford, 1984.
  44. Lee, B.-K., and E.-H. Cho, "The Effects of Consumer Innovativeness and Self-regulatory Focus on the Adoption of New Products," The Korean Journal of Advertising, Vol. 20, No.1(2009), 127-143.
  45. Lee, M.-Y., "A Study on Web Design Style Guide for the Improvement of Usability," Archives of Design Research, Vol. 5, No.3(2001), 63-72.
  46. Lee Y., and S.-U. Kim, "Designing and Evaluating Websites from both Users' and Designers' Perspectives," Journal of the Korean Society for Information Management, Vol. 20, No.2 (2003), 1-26 https://doi.org/10.3743/KOSIM.2003.20.2.001
  47. Leventhal, H., and K. Scherer, "The Relationship of Emotion to Cognition: A Functional Approach to a Semantic Controversy," Cognition and Emotion, Vol.1, No.1(1987), 3-28. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699938708408361
  48. Lim, J., "Cache Policies for WWW Servers to Reduce Workload," Journal of Korean Society for Internet Information, Vol.5 No. 6(2004), 103-110.
  49. Oliver, R. L., "Cognitive, Affective, and Attribute Bases of the Satisfaction Response," Journal of Consumer Research, Vol. 20, No.3(1993), 418-430. https://doi.org/10.1086/209358
  50. Park, D.-H., "The Development of Travel Demand Nowcasting Model Based on Travelers' Attention: Focusing on Web Search Traffic Information," The Journal of Information Systems, Vol. 26, No. 3(2017), 171-185. https://doi.org/10.5859/KAIS.2017.26.1.171
  51. Park, D.-H., D. Lee, and J. Chung, "The Impact of Consumers' Should-expectation and Will-expectation on Consumer Satisfaction: Focusing on Emotional and Rational Expectancy Disconfirmation," Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial Cooperation Society, Vol. 17, No. 7(2016), 245-255. https://doi.org/10.5762/KAIS.2016.17.7.245
  52. Park, D.-H., and J. Chung, "The Effect of Consumers' Should-expectation and Will-expectation on Consumer Satisfaction: Focusing on Regulatory Focus," Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial Cooperation Society, Vol. 16, No. 12(2015), 8462-8471. https://doi.org/10.5762/KAIS.2015.16.12.8462
  53. Park, D.-H., and J. Chung, "The Effect of Regulatory Fit on Consumer Product Attitude: Advertisement Fit vs. Consumer Reviews Fit," The e-Business Studies, Vol. 15, No. 4(2014), 127-148. https://doi.org/10.15719/geba.15.4.201408.127
  54. Park, E.-J., K.-P. Lee, and J.-H. Seo, "Application of Digital Storytelling for Emotional-based Website Navigation Design," Journal of Korean Society of Design Science, Vol.23, No.1(2010), 174-185.
  55. Park S.-e., D. Choi, and J. Kim, "What Determines the Emotional Quality of Homepage?: from the Emotion, Users and Designers Perspectives," Journal of Korean Society of Design Science, Vol 15., No.4(2002), 97-110.
  56. Park, Y., and D.-H. Park, "S/W Developer's IT Project Participation: Focusing on the Moderating Role of Regulatory Focus on the Effect of Technology Recency on Participation Intention," Knowledge Management Research, Vol. 18, No. 2(2017), 45-63.
  57. Schwarz, J. M., B. M. Nugent, and M. M. McCarthy, "Developmental and Hormoneinduced Epigenetic Changes to Estrogen and Progesterone Receptor Genes in Brain are Dynamic across the Life Span," Endocrinology, Vol. 151, No.10(2010), 4871-4881. https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2010-0142
  58. Seo, J.-H., and K.-P. Lee, "A Study on the Emotional Quality Design Framework for Improvement of the User Experience-with emphasis on the User Interface Design," Korean Journal of the Science of Emotion and Sensibility, Vol.13 No.3(2010), 523-532.
  59. Solomon, M. R., "The Role of Products as Social Stimuli: A Symbolic Interactionism Perspective," Journal of Consumer research, Vol. 10, No.3(1983), 319-329. https://doi.org/10.1086/208971
  60. Sun J.-H., K.-J. Cho, K.-H. Han, "A Study on Sensibility of Web Page," Korean Journal of the Science of Emotion and Sensibility, Vol. 6, No.4(2003), 33-40.
  61. Westbrook, R. A., "Product/Consumption-Based Affective Responses and Postpurchase Processes," Journal of Marketing Research, Vol.24, No.3(1987), 258-270. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378702400302
  62. Westbrook, R. A., and R. L. Oliver, "The Dimensionality of Consumption Emotion Patterns and Consumer Satisfaction," Journal of Consumer Research, Vol.18, No.1(1991), 84-91. https://doi.org/10.1086/209243
  63. Yang Y., and S. Kim, "The Influence of Message Framing, Regulatory Focus, and Perceived Risk on Attitude toward Advertising Message and Purchase Intention," The Korean Journal of Advertising, Vol. 22, No.1(2001), 257-276.
  64. Yoo, I.-J., B.-G. Seo, and D.-H. Park, "Smart Store in Smart City: The Development of Smart Trade Area Analysis System Based on Consumer Sentiments," Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems, Vol. 24, No. 1 (2018), 25-52. https://doi.org/10.13088/JIIS.2018.24.1.025
  65. Yoon D., and H. Lee, "Analysis of the key Factors that Influence Emotional Web Design and its Effects on Brand Attitude: focus on Fastfood Websites," Journal of Korean Society of Design Science, Vol. 17, No.1(2003), 153-162.
  66. Yoon, V. Y., R. E. Hostler, Z. Guo, and T. Guimaraes, "Assessing the Moderating Effect of Consumer Product Knowledge and Online Shopping Experience on using Recommendation Agents for Customer Loyalty," Decision Support Systems, Vol. 55, No. 4(2013), 883-893. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dss.2012.12.024
  67. Zajonc, R. B. "Feeling and Thinking: Preferences Need No Inferences," American Psychologist, Vol. 35, No. 2(1980), 151-175. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.35.2.151
  68. Zajonc, R. B., and H. Markus, "Affective and Cognitive Factors in Preferences," Journal of Consumer Research, Vol. 9, No. 2(1982), 123-131. https://doi.org/10.1086/208905
  69. Zajonc, R. B,. and H. Markus, "Must All Affect Be Mediated by Cognition?," Journal of Consumer Research, Vol.12, No. 3(1985), 363-364. https://doi.org/10.1086/208523

피인용 문헌

  1. 온라인 메신저 서비스에서의 이모티콘 사용 동기: 조절초점 성향을 중심으로 vol.21, pp.2, 2020, https://doi.org/10.15813/kmr.2020.21.2.006
  2. BERT 기반 감성분석을 이용한 추천시스템 vol.27, pp.2, 2021, https://doi.org/10.13088/jiis.2021.27.2.001