Phonetics and Speech Sciences (말소리와 음성과학)

Korean Society of Speech Sciences (한국음성학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Coordinative movement of articulators in bilabial stop /p/∗

  • Received : 2018.11.01
  • Accepted : 2018.12.08
  • Published : 2018.12.31
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Speech articulators are coordinated for the purpose of segmental constriction in terms of a task. In particular, vertical jaw movements repeatedly contribute to consonantal as well as vocalic constriction. The current study explores vertical jaw movements in conjunction with bilabial constriction in bilabial stop /p/ in the context /a/-to-/a/. Revisiting kinematic data of /p/ collected using the electromagenetic midsagittal articulometer (EMMA) method from seven (four female and three male) speakers of Seoul Korean, we examined maximum vertical jaw position, its relative timing with respect to the upper and lower lips, and lip aperture minima. The results of those dependent variables are recapitulated in terms of linguistic (different word boundaries) and paralinguistic (different speech rates) factors as follows. Firstly, maximum jaw height was lower in the across-word boundary condition (across-word < within-word), but it did not differ as a function of different speech rates (comfortable = fast). Secondly, more reduction in the lip aperture (LA) gesture occurred in fast rate, while word-boundary effects were absent. Thirdly, jaw raising was still in progress after the lips' positional extrema were achieved in the within-word condition, while the former was completed before the latter in the across-word condition. Lastly, relative temporal lags between the jaw and the lips (UL and LL) were more synchronous in fast rate, compared to comfortable rate. When these results are considered together, it is possible to posit that speakers are not tolerant of lenition to the extent that it is potentially realized as a labial approximant in either word-boundary condition while jaw height still manifested lower jaw position in the across-word boundary condition. Early termination of vertical jaw maxima before vertical lower lip maxima across-word condition may be partly responsible for the spatial reduction of jaw raising movements. This may come about as a consequence of an excessive number of factors (e.g., upper lip height (UH), lower lip height (LH), jaw angle (JA)) for the representation of a vector with two degrees of freedom (x, y) engaged in a gesture-based task (e.g., lip aperture (LA)). In the task-dynamic application toolkit, the jaw angle parameter can be assigned numerical values for greater weight in the across-word boundary condition, which in turn gives rise to lower jaw position. Speech rate-dependent spatial reduction in lip aperture may be able to be resolved by means of manipulating activation time of an active tract variable in the gestural score level.

Keywords

References

  1. Alexander, R., Sorensen, T., Toutios, A., & Narayanan, S. (2017). VCV synthesis using task dynamics to animate a factor-based articulatory model. Proceedings of Interspeech. 244-248.
  2. Bates, D., Maechler, M., & Bolker, B. (2011). lme4: Linear mixed-effects models using S4 classes. R package version, 1, 1-23. Retrieved from http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=lme4 on August 30, 2018.
  3. Bolla, K., & Valaczkai, I. (1986). Nemet Beszedhangok Atlasza (A Phonetic Conspectus of German). (Magyar Fonetikai Fuzetek (Hungarian Papers in Phonetics) 16). Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest.
  4. Browman, C. P., & Goldstein, L. (1986). Towards an articulatory phonology. Phonology Yearbook, 3, 219-252. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0952675700000658
  5. Browman, C. P., & Goldstein, L. (1988). Some notes on syllable structure in articulatory phonology. Phonetica, 45, 140-155. https://doi.org/10.1159/000261823
  6. Browman, C. P., & Goldstein, L. (1989). Articulatory gestures as phonological units. Phonology, 6, 201-251. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0952675700001019
  7. Browman, C. P., & Goldstein, L. (1990). Gestural specification using dynamically-defined articulatory structures. Journal of Phonetics, 18, 299-320.
  8. Browman, C. P., & Goldstein, L. (1991). Tiers in articulatory phonology, with some implications for casual speech. In J. Kingston & M. E. Beckman (Eds.), Papers in Laboratory Phonology I: Between the grammar and the physics of speech (pp. 341-376). Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.
  9. Browman, C. P., & Goldstein, L. (1992). Articulatory phonology: An overview. Phonetica, 49, 155-180. https://doi.org/10.1159/000261913
  10. Browman, C. P., & Goldstein, L. (1995). Gestural syllable position effects in American English. In F. Bell-berti & L. Raphael (Eds.), Producing speech: Contemporary issues. For Catherine Safford Harris (pp. 19-33). AIP Press: New York.
  11. Browman, C. P., & Goldstein, L. (2000). Competing constraints on intergestural coordination and self-organization of phonological structures. Bulletin de la Communication Parlee, 5, 25-34.
  12. Byrd, D. (1996). Influences on articulatory timing in consonant sequences. Journal of Phonetics, 24, 209-244. https://doi.org/10.1006/jpho.1996.0012
  13. Chitoran, I., Goldstein, L., & Byrd, D. (2002). Gestural overlap and recoverability: Articulatory evidence from Georgian, in C. Gussenhoven and Warner (Eds.), Papers in Laboratory Phonology VII (pp. 419-448). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
  14. Cho, T. (2004). Prosodically-conditioned strengthening and vowel-to-vowel coarticulation in English. Journal of Phonetics, 32, 141-176. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0095-4470(03)00043-3
  15. Cho, T., & Keating, P. (2001). Articulatory and acoustic studies of domain-initial strengthening in Korean. Journal of Phonetics, 29, 155-190. https://doi.org/10.1006/jpho.2001.0131
  16. Cho, T., & Keating, P. (2009). Effects of initial position versus prominence in English. Journal of Phonetics, 37, 466-485. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wocn.2009.08.001
  17. Cho, T., Son, M., & Kim, S. (2016). Articulatory reflexes of the three-way contrast in labial stops and kinematic evidence for domain-initial strengthening in Korean. Journal of the International Phon etic Association, 46, 129-155. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025100315000481
  18. Gick, B., Wilson, I., & Derrick, D. (2013). Articulatory phonetics. Oxford : Wiley-Blackwell.
  19. Goldstein, L. USC class website. Retrieved from https://sail.usc.edu/-lgoldste/General_Phonetics/Slides/Vowels.pdf on October 3, 2018.
  20. Haken, H., Kelso, J. A. S., & Bunz, H. (1985). A theoretical model of phase transitions in human hand movements. Biological Cybernetics, 51, 347-356. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00336922
  21. Halle, M., & Stevens, K. N. (1971). A note on laryngeal features. Quarterly Progress Report (Research Laboratory of Electronics, MIT) 101, 198-212.
  22. Iskarous, K., Goldstein, L., Whalen, D., Tiede, M., & Rubin, P. (2003). CASY: The Haskins configurable articulatory synthesizer. Proceedings of the 15th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, 185-188.
  23. Jun, S-A. (1993). The phonetics and phonology of Korean prosody. Ph.D. Dissertation. Ohio State University.
  24. Keating, P., Cho, T., Fougeron, C., & Hsu, C. (2003). Domain-initial strengthening in four languages. In John Local, Richard Ogden, and Rosalind Temple (Eds.), Papers in Laboratory Phonology VI (pp. 145-163). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  25. Keating, P., Lindblom, B., Lubker, J., & Kreiman, J. (1994). Variability in jaw height for segments in English and Swedish VCVs. Journal of Phonetics, 22, 407-422.
  26. Kochetov, A., & Goldstein, L. (2005). Position and place effects in Russian word-initial and word-medial clusters, Journal of the Acoustical Society of Merica, 117, 2571.
  27. Kochetov, A., Pouplier, M., & Son, M. (2007). Cross-language differences in overlap and assimilation patterns in Korean and Russian. Proceedings of the 16th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences (pp. 1361-1364). Saarbrucken, Germany.
  28. Krakow, R. (1989). The articulatory organization of syllables: a kinematic analysis of labial and velar gestures. Ph.D. Dissertation. Yale University.
  29. Kuhnert, B., & Hoole, P. (2004). Speaker-specific kinematic properties of alveolar reductions in English and German. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 18, 559-575. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699200420002268853
  30. Kuhnert, B., Hoole, P. & Mooshammer, C. (2006). Gestural overlap and c-center in selected French consonant clusters. Proceedings of 7th International Seminar on Speech Production (ISSP) (pp. 327-334), Brazil.
  31. Ladefoged, P. (2001). Vowels and consonants: An introduction to the sounds of languages. Malden: Blackwell publishing Ltd.
  32. Ladefoged, P., & Maddieson, I. (1996). The sounds of the world's languages. Oxford: Blackwell.
  33. Lofqvist, A. (1993). Electromagnetic transduction techniques in the study of speech motor control. PHONUM: Reports from the Department of Phonetics, University of Umea, 2, 87-106.
  34. Lofqvist, A. (1996). Control of oral closure and release in bilabialstop consonants. Proceedings of the 6th Australian International Conference on Speech Science and Technology (pp. 561-566). Canberra.
  35. Lofqvist, A., & Gracco, V. L. (1997). Lip and jaw kinematics in bilabial stop consonant production. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 40, 877-893. https://doi.org/10.1044/jslhr.4004.877
  36. Maddieson, I. (2005). Bilabial and labio-dental fricatives in Ewe. UC Berkeley Phonology Lab Annual Report, 199-215.
  37. Mermelstein, P. (1973). Articulatory model for the study of speech production. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 53, 1970-1082.
  38. Mooshammer, C., Hoole, P., & Geumann, A. (2007). Jaw and order. Language and Speech, 50(2), 145-176. https://doi.org/10.1177/00238309070500020101
  39. Nam, H. (2007). A competitive, coupled oscillator model of moraic structure: Split-gesture dynamics focusing on positional asymmetry. In J. Cole & J. I. Hualde (Eds.). Papers in Laboratory Phonology IX (pp. 483-506). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
  40. Nam, H. (n.d.) Towards articulatory machines. Unpublished manuscript.
  41. Nam, H., & Saltzman, E. (2003). A competitive, coupled oscillator model of syllable structure. Proceedings of the 15th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences (pp. 2253-2256). Barcelona, Spain.
  42. Nam, H., Browman, C., Goldstein, L. Tiede, M., Rubin, P., Proctor, M., Saltzman, E. (2012). TADA (TAsk Dynamics Application) Retrieved from http://www.haskins.yale.edu/tada_download/on September 18, 2017.
  43. Nam, H., Goldstein, L., & Saltzman, E. (in press). Self-organization of syllable structure: a coupled oscillator model. In F. Pellegrino, E. Marisco & I. Chitoran, (Eds.). Approaches to phonological complexity. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter. Retrieved from http://sail.usc.edu/-lgoldste/me/documents/Nam_Gold_Saltz_agent_ES6_LG.pdf on October 20, 2018.
  44. Nam, H., Goldstein, L., Saltzman, E., & Byrd, D. (2004). TADA: An enhanced, portable task dynamics model in MATLAB. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 115(5), 2430-2430.
  45. Nolan, F. (1992). The descriptive role of segments: Evidence from assimilation. In G. Docherty & D. R. Ladd (Eds.), Papers in Laboratory Phonology II: Gesture, Segment, and Prosody (pp. 261-280). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  46. Ohman, S. E. (1966). Coarticulation in VCV utterances: Spectrographic measurements. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 39, 151-168. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.1909864
  47. Perkell, J. S., Cohen, M. H., Svirsky, M. A., Matthies, M. L., Garabieta, I., & Jackson, M. T. (1992). Electromagnetic midsagittal articulometer systems for transducing speech articulatory movements. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 92, 3078-3096. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.404204
  48. R Core Team. (2014). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Retrieved from http://www.rproject.org on November 18, 2017.
  49. Recasens, D. (1984). Vowel-to-vowel coarticulation in Catalan VCV sequences. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 76, 1624-1635. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.391609
  50. Saltzman, E., & Kelso, J. A. (1987). Skilled actions: A task-dynamic approach. Psychological Review, 94, 84-106. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.94.1.84
  51. Saltzman, E. L., & Munhall, K. G. (1989). A dynamical approach to gestural patterning in speech production. Ecological Psychology, 1, 333-382. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15326969eco0104_2
  52. Saltzman, E., Nam, H., Goldstein, L., & Byrd, D. (2006). The distinctions between state, parameter and graph dynamics in sensorimotor control and coordination. In M. Latash & F. Lestienne, (Eds.). Motor Control and Learning (pp. 63-73). New York: Springer.
  53. Shiller, D. M., Houle, G., & Ostry, D. J. (2005). Voluntary control of human jaw stiffness. Journal of Neurophysiology, 94, 2207-2217. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00164.2005
  54. Smith, C. (1992). The timing of vowel and consonant gestures. Ph.D. Dissertation, Yale University.
  55. Son, M. (2008). Gradient reduction of C1 in /pk/ sequences. Speech Sciences, 15(4), 43-65.
  56. Son, M. (2013). Articulatory attributes in Korean nonassimilating contexts. Phonetics and Speech Sciences, 5(1), 109-121. https://doi.org/10.13064/KSSS.2013.5.1.109
  57. Son, M. (2015a). Articulatory properties of the allophonic variant [ɾ] in Korean /l/-flapping: Gestural reduction and the role of gestural overlap. Studies in Phonetics, Phonology, and Morphology, 21(3), 427-456. https://doi.org/10.17959/sppm.2015.21.3.427
  58. Son, M. (2015b). Korean /l/-flapping in an /i/-/i/ context. Phonetics and Speech Sciences, 7(1), 151-163. https://doi.org/10.13064/KSSS.2015.7.1.151
  59. Son, M. (2018). Word-boundary and rate effects on upper and lower lip movements in the articulation of the bilabial stop /p/ in Korean. Phonetics and Speech Sciences, 10(1), 23-31. https://doi.org/10.13064/KSSS.2018.10.1.023
  60. Son, M., Kim, S., & Cho, T. (2011). Supralaryngeal articulatory characteristics of coronal consonants /n, t, $t^h$, t*/ in Korean. Phonetics and Speech Sciences, 3(4), 33-43.
  61. Son, M., Kochetov, A., & Pouplier, M. (2007). The role of gestural overlap in perceptual place assimilation: Evidence from Korean. Papers in Laboratory Phonology IX (pp. 507-534). New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
  62. Tiede, M. (2005). MVIEW: Software for visualization and analysis of concurrently recorded movement data. New Haven, CT: Haskins Laboratories.
  63. Wood, S. (1979). A radiographic analysis of constriction location for vowels. Journal of Phonetics, 7, 25-43.