Fig. 1. Risk / Reliability estimation and management process.
Fig. 2. Individual risk criteria for high pressure gas pipelines.
Fig. 3. Societal risk criteria for high pressure gas pipelines.
Fig. 4. Reliability targets for natural gas pipelines from Annex O of CSA Z662.
Fig. 5. Illustration of the approach for estimating the expected number of fatalities.
Fig. 6. Reliability targets as a function of population density based on societal risk.
Fig. 7. Reliability targets as a function of population density based on individual risk.
Fig. 8. Reliability targets from all two criteria considered for natural gas pipelines.
Fig. 9. Reliability targets from all two criteria considered for hydrogen gas pipelines.
References
- IGEM, "Steel pipelines and associated installations for high pressure gas transmission, Institution of Gas Engineers & Managers, IGEM/1/Ed. 5, (2016)
- Lee, K.-S., Jo, Y.-D., Ryou, Y.-D., Ko, J.-W., "A Study on the Procedure of Quantitative Risk Assessment for High Pressure Natural Gas Pipeline, KIGAS, 12(2), 25-31, (2008)
- ISO 16708, "Petroleum and natural gas industries - Pipeline transportation systems - Reliability-based limit state methods", International Organization for Standardization, (2006)
- CSA, "Oil and gas pipeline systems", Canadian Standards Association, CSA Z662-15, (2007)
- Lee, J. H., Kim, Y.S., Kim, L. H., "Simplified Method for Predicting Failure Probability of Pipelines with Corrosion Defects", KIGAS, 14(4), 31-36, (2010)
- Lee, J. H., Jo, Y. D., Kim, L. H., "Reliability Assessment for Corroded Pipelines by Separable Monte Carlo Method", KIGAS, 19(5), 81-86, (2015)
- Stephens, M. J., "A Model for Sizing High Consequence Areas Associated with Natural Gas Pipelines", Gas Research Institute, GRI-00/0189, (2000)
- Nessim M, Zhou W, Zhou J, Rothwell B. "Target Reliability Levels for Design and Assessment of Onshore Natural Gas Pipelines", J. Pressure Vessel Technology, 131(6), (2009)
- OPS, "Potential Impact Radius Formulae for Flammable Gases Other Than Natural Gas Subject to 49 CFR 192", Department of Transportation, TTO Number 13, (2005)