DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Ready mixed concrete behavior of granulated blast furnace slag contained cement

  • Karim, M. Razaul (Department of Civil Engineering, University of Malaya) ;
  • Islam, A.B.M. Saiful (Department of Civil and Construction Engineering, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University) ;
  • Chowdhury, Faisal I. (Department of Physics, University of Malaya) ;
  • Rehman, Sarder Kashif Ur (Department of Civil Engineering, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology) ;
  • Islam, Md. Rabiul (Department of Civil Engineering, University of Malaya)
  • Received : 2017.06.22
  • Accepted : 2017.09.28
  • Published : 2018.02.25

Abstract

Due to enhanced construction requirement, ready mixed concrete are being popular day by day. The current study aimed to develop ready mixed concrete using GBFS contained cement and determine its properties of fresh and hardened states. A real scale experiment was set up in a ready mixed plant for measuring workability and compressive strength. The workability was tested after mixing (within 5 minutes), 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 minutes of the running of bulk carrier. The ready mixed carrier employed spinning motion i.e., rotating around its axis with 20 RPM and running on road with 1km/h speed. The mixing ratio of cement: sand:gravel, water to cement ratio, super plasticizer were, 1:1.73:2.47, 0.40 and 6% of cement, respectively. The chemical composition of raw material was determined using XRF and the properties of cements were measured according to ASTM standards. The experimental results confirm that the cement with composition of 6.89% of GBFS, 4% of Gypsum and 89.11% of clinker showed the good compressive strength and workability of concrete after 150 minutes of the spinning motion in bulk carrier.

Keywords

References

  1. Azambuja, M. and Chen, X. (2014), "Risk assessment of a readymix concrete supply chain", Construction Research Congress 2014: Construction in a Global Network, 1695-1703.
  2. Boukendakdji, O., Kadri, E.H. and Kenai, S. (2012), "Effects of granulated blast furnace slag and superplasticizer type on the fresh properties and compressive strength of self-compacting concrete", Cement Concrete Compos., 34(4), 583-590. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2011.08.013
  3. Burciaga-Diaz, O., Escalante-Garcia, J.I., Arellano-Aguilar, R. and Gorokhovsky, A. (2010), "Statistical analysis of strength development as a function of various parameters on activated metakaolin/slag cements", J. Am. Ceramic Soc., 93(2), 541-547. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2009.03414.x
  4. Chou, C. (2009), "Effects of fly ash and slag on compressive strength and toughness of high performance concrete", Institute of Civil Engineering National Chung Hsing University for the Degree of Master of Engineering.
  5. Collins, F. and Sanjayan, J. (1999), "Workability and mechanical properties of alkali activated slag concrete", Cement Concrete Res., 29(3), 455-458. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(98)00236-1
  6. Gopalan, M. (1993), "Nucleation and pozzolanic factors in strength development of class fly ash concrete", ACI Mater. J., 90(2), 117-121.
  7. Gulbandilar, E. and Kocak, Y. (2016), "Application of expert systems in prediction of flexural strength of cement mortars", Comput. Concrete, 18(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.12989/cac.2016.18.1.001
  8. Howard, I.L., Shannon, J., Cost, V.T. and Stovall, M. (2015), "Davis wade stadium expansion and renovation: Performance of concrete produced with portland-limestone cement, fly ash, and slag cement", J. Mater. Civil Eng., 27(12), 04015044. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001305
  9. Huang, W.L., Wang, H.Y. and Chen, J.H. (2016), "A study of the fresh properties of Recycled ready-mixed soil materials (RRMSM)", Comput. Concrete, 17(6), 787-799. https://doi.org/10.12989/cac.2016.17.6.787
  10. Huda, M.N., Jumat, M.Z.B., Islam, A.B.M.S., Darain, K.M.U., Obaydullah, M. and Hosen, M.A. (2017), "Palm oil industry's bi-products as coarse aggregate in structural lightweight concrete", Comput. Concrete, 19(5), 515-526. https://doi.org/10.12989/cac.2017.19.5.515
  11. Johari, M.M., Brooks, J., Kabir, S. and Rivard, P. (2011), "Influence of supplementary cementitious materials on engineering properties of high strength concrete", Constr. Build. Mater., 25(5), 2639-2648. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.12.013
  12. Karim, M.R., Hashim, H. and Razak, H.A. (2016), "Assessment of pozzolanic activity of palm oil clinker powder", Constr. Build. Mater., 127, 335-343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.10.002
  13. Karim, M.R., Hashim, H. and Razak, H.A. (2016), "Thermal activation effect on palm oil clinker properties and their influence on strength development in cement mortar", Constr. Build. Mater., 125, 670-678. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.08.092
  14. Karim, M.R., Hashim, H., Razak, H.A. and Yusoff, S. (2017), "Characterization of palm oil clinker powder for utilization in cement-based applications", Constr. Build. Mater., 135, 21-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.12.158
  15. Karim, M.R., Hossain, M.M. and Yusoff, S.B. (2017). "Engineering and sustainability aspect of palm oil shell powder in cement", AIP Conference Proceedings, AIP Publishing.
  16. Khan, K.M. and Ghani, U. (2004), "Effect of blending of portland cement with ground granulated blast furnace slag on the properties of concrete", 29th Conference on our World in Concrete & Structures, Singapore.
  17. Kim, T., Tae, S. and Roh, S. (2013), "Assessment of the CO 2 emission and cost reduction performance of a low-carbonemission concrete mix design using an optimal mix design system", Ren. Sustain. Energy Rev., 25, 729-741. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.05.013
  18. Kocaba, V., Gallucci, E. and Scrivener, K.L. (2012), "Methods for determination of degree of reaction of slag in blended cement pastes", Cement Concrete Res., 42(3), 511-525. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2011.11.010
  19. Kourounis, S., Tsivilis, S., Tsakiridis, P., Papadimitriou, G. and Tsibouki, Z. (2007), "Properties and hydration of blended cements with steelmaking slag", Cement Concrete Res., 37(6), 815-822. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2007.03.008
  20. Kuo, W.T. and Shu, C.Y. (2015), "Expansion behavior of lowstrength steel slag mortar during high-temperature catalysis", Comput. Concrete, 16(2), 261-274. https://doi.org/10.12989/cac.2015.16.2.261
  21. Lee, C.L., Huang, R., Lin, W.T. and Weng, T.L. (2012), "Establishment of the durability indices for cement-based composite containing supplementary cementitious materials", Mater. Des., 37, 28-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2011.12.030
  22. Lei, L. and Plank, J. (2012), "Synthesis, working mechanism and effectiveness of a novel cycloaliphatic superplasticizer for concrete", Cement Concrete Res., 42(1), 118-123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2011.09.003
  23. Li, Y., Liu, Y., Gong, X., Nie, Z., Cui, S., Wang, Z. and Chen, W. (2016), "Environmental impact analysis of blast furnace slag applied to ordinary Portland cement production", J. Clean. Prod., 120, 221-230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.12.071
  24. Lin, K.L., Lin, D.F., Wang, W.J., Chang, C.C. and Lee, T.C. (2014), "Pozzolanic reaction of a mortar made with cement and slag vitrified from a MSWI ash-mix and LED sludge", Constr. Build. Mater., 64, 277-287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.04.088
  25. Ludwig, H.M. and Zhang, W. (2015), "Research review of cement clinker chemistry", Cement Concrete Res., 78, 24-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2015.05.018
  26. Mehta, P. (1983), "Puzzolanic and cementitious by products as mineral admixtures for concrete, fly ash, silica fuÈme, slag and other mineral byproducts in concrete", Special Publication, 79, 1-46.
  27. Ozbay, E., Erdemir, M. and Durmus, H.I. (2016), "Utilization and efficiency of ground granulated blast furnace slag on concrete properties-A review", Constr. Build. Mater., 105, 423-434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.12.153
  28. Ozcan, G., Kocak, Y. and Gulbandilar, E. (2017), "Estimation of compressive strength of BFS and WTRP blended cement mortars with machine learning models", Comput. Concrete, 19(3), 275-282. https://doi.org/10.12989/cac.2017.19.3.275
  29. Pal, S., Mukherjee, A. and Pathak, S. (2003), "Investigation of hydraulic activity of ground granulated blast furnace slag in concrete", Cement Concrete Res., 33(9), 1481-1486. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(03)00062-0
  30. Patra, R.K. and Mukharjee, B.B. (2016), "Fresh and hardened properties of concrete incorporating ground granulated blast furnace slag-A review", Adv. Concrete Constr., 4(4), 283-303. https://doi.org/10.12989/acc.2016.4.4.283
  31. Piatak, N.M., Parsons, M.B. and Seal, R.R. (2015), "Characteristics and environmental aspects of slag: A review", Appl. Geochem., 57, 236-266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2014.04.009
  32. Qasrawi, H. (2014), "The use of steel slag aggregate to enhance the mechanical properties of recycled aggregate concrete and retain the environment", Constr. Build. Mater., 54, 298-304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.12.063
  33. Raghavendra, T. and Udayashankar, B. (2013), "Flow and strength characteristics of CLSM using ground granulated blast furnace slag", J. Mater. Civil Eng., 26(9), 04014050. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000927
  34. Rahman, M.M., Jumaat, M.Z. and Islam, A.B.M.S. (2017), "Weight minimum design of concrete beam strengthened with glass fiber reinforced polymer bar using genetic algorithm", Comput. Concrete, 19(2), 127-131. https://doi.org/10.12989/cac.2017.19.2.127
  35. Regourd, M. (1980), "Structure and behaviour of slag Portland cement hydrates", Proceedings of the 7th international congress on the chemistry of cement (7th ICCC), 2-26.
  36. Saikia, N., Cornelis, G., Cizer, O ., Vandecasteele, C., Van Gemert, D., Van Balen, K. and Van Gerven, T. (2012), "Use of Pb blast furnace slag as a partial substitute for fine aggregate in cement mortar", J. Mater. Cycl. Waste Manage., 14(2), 102-112. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-012-0043-3
  37. Shi, C., Guo, T., He, F. and Mo, Y. (2011), Use of High Performance Concrete for Transportation Infrastructures. Emerging Technologies for Material, Design, Rehabilitation, and Inspection of Roadway Pavements, ASCE.
  38. Shiha, Y.F., Tseng, S.S., Wang, H.Y. and Wei, C.T. (2016), "A study of the replacement of desulphurization slag for sand to ready-mixed soil materials (RMSM)", Comput. Concrete, 17(3), 423-433. https://doi.org/10.12989/cac.2016.17.3.423
  39. Shu, C.Y. and Kuo, W.T. (2015), "Expansion behavior of concrete containing different steel slag aggregate sizes under heat curing", Comput. Concrete, 16(3), 487-502. https://doi.org/10.12989/cac.2015.16.3.487
  40. Standard, A. (2013), C114: Standard Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Hydraulic Cement. Annual Book of ASTM Standards.
  41. Taylor, H. (1997), Cement Chemistry, Thomas Telford.
  42. Wang, H.Y. and Lin, C.C. (2013), "A study of fresh and engineering properties of self-compacting high slag concrete (SCHSC)", Constr. Build. Mater., 42, 132-136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.11.020
  43. Wang, H. (2008), "The effects of elevated temperature on cement paste containing GGBFS", Cement Concrete Compos., 30(10), 992-999. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2007.12.003
  44. Wang, Q., Yan, P. and Mi, G. (2012), "Effect of blended steel slag-GBFS mineral admixture on hydration and strength of cement", Constr. Build. Mater., 35, 8-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.02.085
  45. Wang, X.Y. and Lee, H.S. (2014), "Prediction of compressive strength of slag concrete using a blended cement hydration model", Comput. Concrete, 14(3), 247-262. https://doi.org/10.12989/cac.2014.14.3.247
  46. Yang, K.H., Cho, A.R. and Song, J.K. (2012), "Effect of waterbinder ratio on the mechanical properties of calcium hydroxidebased alkali-activated slag concrete", Constr. Build. Mater., 29, 504-511. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.10.062
  47. Yang, K.H., Jung, Y.B., Cho, M.S. and Tae, S.H. (2015), "Effect of supplementary cementitious materials on reduction of $CO_2$ emissions from concrete", J. Clean. Prod., 103, 774-783. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.03.018
  48. Yang, K.H. and Song, J.K. (2009), "Workability loss and compressive strength development of cementless mortars activated by combination of sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide", J. Mater. Civil Eng., 21(3), 119-127. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2009)21:3(119)
  49. Young, J., Bournazel, J. and Malier, Y. (1996), "Highly reactive dicalcium silicates for belite cements", International RILEM Conference on Concrete: from Material to Structure, RILEM Publications SARL.