Geomechanics and Engineering

Techno-Press (테크노프레스)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Cyclic loading response of footing on multilayered rubber-soil mixtures

  • Tafreshi, S.N. Moghaddas (Department of Civil Engineering, K.N. Toosi University of Technology) ;
  • Darabi, N. Joz (Department of Civil Engineering, K.N. Toosi University of Technology) ;
  • Dawson, A.R. (Nottingham Transportation Engineering Centre, University of Nottingham)
  • Received : 2017.01.07
  • Accepted : 2017.06.29
  • Published : 2018.02.10
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

This paper presents a set of results of plate load tests that imposed incremental cyclic loading to a sandy soil bed containing multiple layers of granulated rubber-soil mixture (RSM) at large model scale. Loading and unloading cycles were applied with amplitudes incrementally increasing from 140 to 700 kPa in five steps. A thickness of the RSM layer of approximately 0.4 times the footing diameter was found to deliver the minimum total and residual settlements, irrespective of the level of applied cyclic load. Both the total and residual settlements decrease with increase in the number of RSM layers, regardless of the level of applied cyclic load, but the rate of reduction in both settlements reduces with increase in the number of RSM layers. When the thickness of the RSM layer is smaller, or larger, settlements increase and, at large thicknesses may even exceed those of untreated soil. Layers of the RSM reduced the vertical stress transferred through the foundation depth by distributing the load over a wider area. With the inclusion of RSM layers, the coefficient of elastic uniform compression decreases by a factor of around 3-4. A softer response was obtained when more RSM layers were included beneath the footing damping capacity improves appreciably when the sand bed incorporates RSM layers. Numerical modeling using "FLAC-3D" confirms that multiple RSM layers will improve the performance of a foundation under heavy loading.

Keywords

References

  1. Ahmadi, H. and Hajialilue-Bonab, M. (2012), "Experimental and analytical investigations on bearing capacity of strip footing in reinforced sand backfills and flexible retaining wall", Acta Geotech., 7(4), 357-373. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-012-0165-8
  2. ASTM D1195 (2009), Standard Test Method for Repetitive Static Plate Load Tests of Soils and Flexible Pavement Components, for Use in Evaluation and Design of Airport and Highway Pavements, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
  3. ASTM D1196/D1196M (2004), Standard Test Method for Nonrepetitive Static Plate Load Tests of Soils and Flexible Pavement Components, for Use in Evaluation and Design of Airport and Highway Pavements. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
  4. ASTM D1557 (2012), Standard Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Modified Effort, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
  5. ASTM D2487 (2011), Standard Practice for Classification of Soils for Engineering Purposes (Unified Soil Classification System), ASTM International, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
  6. ASTM D422 (2007), Standard Test Method for Particle-Size Analysis of Soils, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
  7. Attom, M.F. (2006), "The use of shredded waste tires to improve the geotechnical engineering properties of sands", Environ. Geol., 49(4), 497-503. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00254-005-0003-5
  8. Bosscher, P.J., Edil, T.B. and Kuraoka, S. (1997), "Design of highway embankments using tire chips", J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 123(4), 295-304. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(1997)123:4(295)
  9. Boussinesq, J. (1885), Application des Potentiels a L'Etude de L'Equilibre et du Mouvement des Solides Elastiques, Gauthier-Villars (in French).
  10. Brara, A., Brara, A., Daouadji, A., Bali, A. and Mostafa Daya, E. (2016), "Dynamic properties of dense sand-rubber mixtures with small particles size ratio", Eur. J. Environ. Civ. Eng., 21(9), 1065-1079.
  11. Cabalar, A.F. and Karabash, Z. (2015), "California bearing ratio of a sub-base material modified with tire buffings and cement addition", J. Test. Eval., 43(6), 1279-1287.
  12. Cetin, H., Fener, M. and Gunaydin, O. (2006), "Geotechnical properties of tire-cohesive clayey soil mixtures as a fill material", Eng. Geol., 88(1) 110-120.
  13. Chiu, C.T. (2008), "Use of ground tire rubber in asphalt pavements: Field trial and evaluation in Taiwan", J. Resource. Conserv. Recycl., 52(3), 522-532. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2007.06.006
  14. Dammala, P., Reddy, B.S. and Murali Krishna, A. (2015), "Experimental investigation of applicability of sandtire chip mixtures as retaining wall backfill, Proceedings of the International Foundations Congress and Equipment Expo 2015, San Antonio, Texas, U.S.A., March.
  15. Dash, S.K. Sireesh, S. and Sitharam, T.G. (2003), "Model studies on circular footing supported on geocell reinforced sand underlain by soft clay", Geotext. Geomembr., 21(4), 197-219. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0266-1144(03)00017-7
  16. Demir, A., Yildiz, A., Laman, M. and Ornek, M. (2014), "Experimental and numerical analyses of circular footing on geogrid-reinforced granular fill underlain by soft clay", Acta Geotech., 9(4), 711-723. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-013-0207-x
  17. Edincliler, A. and Cagatay, A. (2013), "Weak subgrade improvement with rubber fibre inclusions", Geosynth., 20(1), 39-46. https://doi.org/10.1680/gein.12.00038
  18. Edincliler, A., Baykal, G. and Dengili, K. (2004), "Determination of static and dynamic behavior of recycled materials for highways", Resource. Construct. Recycl., 42 (3), 223-237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2004.04.003
  19. Feng, Z.Y. and Sutter, K.G. (2000) "Dynamic properties of granulated rubber sand mixtures", Geotech. Test. J., 23(3), 338-344. https://doi.org/10.1520/GTJ11055J
  20. FLAC-3D (2002), Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua in Three Dimensions, ITASCA Consulting Group, Inc., Minneapolis, Minnesota, U.S.A.
  21. Garcia-Rojo, R. and Herrmann, H.J. (2005), "Shakedown of unbound granular material", Granul. Matter, 7(2), 109-118. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10035-004-0186-6
  22. Gotteland, P., Lambert, S. and Balachowski, L. (2005), "Strength characteristics of tyre chips-sand mixtures", Studia Geotech. Mech., 27(1-2), 55-66.
  23. Hataf, N. and Rahimi, M.M. (2005), "Experimental investigation of bearing capacity of sand reinforced with randomly distributed tire shreds", Construct. Build. Mater., 20(10), 910-916. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2005.06.019
  24. Karabash, Z. and Cabalar, A.F. (2015), "Effect of tire crumb and cement addition on triaxial shear behavior of sandy soils", Geomech. Eng., 8(1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2015.8.1.001
  25. Keskin, M.S. and Laman, M. (2014), "Experimental study of bearing capacity of strip footing on sand slope reinforced with tire chips", Geomech. Eng., 6(3), 249-262. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2014.6.3.249
  26. Lavasan, A.A. and Ghazavi, M. (2008), "Influence of interference on failure mechanism of closely Ccnstructed circular footings on reinforced sand", Proceedings of 4th Asian Regional Conference on Geosynthetcs, Shanghai, China, June.
  27. Lee, C.J. and Sheu, S.F. (2007), "The stiffness degradation and damping ratio evolution of Taipei silty clay under cyclic straining", Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng. J., 27(8), 730-740. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2006.12.008
  28. Liam Finn, W.D., Lee, K.W. and Martin, G.R. (1977), "An effective stress model for liquefaction", Elect. Lett., 103(6), 517-533.
  29. Masing, G. (1926), "Eigenspannungen und verfestigung beim messing", Proceedings of the 2nd International Congress of Applied Mechanics, Zurich, Switzerland.
  30. MathWorks Inc. (1999), MATLAB the Language of Technical Computing, Natick, Massachusetts, U.S.A.
  31. Moghaddas Tafreshi, S.N. and Norouzi, A.H. (2012), "Bearing capacity of a square model footing on sand reinforced with shredded tire-An experimental investigation", Construct. Build. Mater., 35, 547-556. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.04.092
  32. Moghaddas Tafreshi, S.N. and Norouzi, A.H. (2015), "Application of waste rubber to reduce the settlement of road embankment", Geomech. Eng., 9(2), 219-241. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2015.9.2.219
  33. Moghaddas Tafreshi, S.N., Khalaj, O. and Dawson, A.R. (2013), "Pilot-scale load tests of a combined multi-layered geocell and rubber-reinforced foundation", Geosynth., 20(3), 143-161. https://doi.org/10.1680/gein.13.00008
  34. Moghaddas Tafreshi, S.N., Khalaj, O. and Dawson, A.R. (2014), "Repeated loading of soil containing granulated rubber and multiple geocell layers", Geotext. Geomembr., 42(1), 25-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geotexmem.2013.12.003
  35. Moghaddas Tafreshi, S.N., Tavakoli Mehrjardi, G.T. and Dawson, A.R. (2012), "Buried pipes in rubber-soil backfilled trenches under cyclic loading", J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 138(11), 1346-1356. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000710
  36. Munnoli, P.M., Sheikh, S., Mir, T., Kesavan, V. and Jha, R. (2013), "Utilization of rubber tyre waste in subgrade soil", Proceedings of the IEEE Global Humanitarian Technology Conference, South Asia Satellite (GHTC-SAS), Trivandrum, India, August.
  37. Nakhaei, A., Marandi, S.M., Sani Kermani, S. and Bagheripour, M.H. (2012), "Dynamic properties of granular soils mixed with granulated rubber", Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng. J., 43(6), 124-132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2012.07.026
  38. Newmark N.M. and Rosenblueth E. (1971), Fundamentals of Earthquake Engineering, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, U.S.A.
  39. Perez, I., Medina, L. And Romana, M.G. (2006), "Permanent deformation models for a granular material used in road pavements", Construct. Build. Mater., 20(9), 790-800. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2005.01.050
  40. Prakash, S. (1981), Soil Dynamics, McGraw-Hill, New York, U.S.A.
  41. Prasad, D.S.V. and Prasada Raju, G.V.R. (2009), "Performance of waste tyre rubber on model flexible pavement", J. Eng. Appl. Sci., 4(6), 89-92.
  42. Recycling Research Institute, (RRI) (2009), .
  43. Reddy, B.S. and Murali Krishna, A. (2015), "Recycled tire chips mixed with sand as lightweight backfill material in retaining wall applications: An experimental investigation, J. Geosynth. Ground Eng., 1(4), 31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40891-015-0036-0
  44. Reddy, B.S. and Murali Krishna, A. (2016), "Mitigation of dynamic loading effects on retaining walls using recycled tire chips", Proceedings of the Indian Geotechnical Conference (IGC2016), Chennai, India, December.
  45. Reddy, B.S., Pradeep Kumar, D. and Murali Krishna, A. (2016), "Evaluation of the optimum mixing ratio of a sand-tire chips mixture for geoengineering applications", J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 28(2), 06015007. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001335
  46. Richard, R.M, and Abott, B.J. (1975), "Versatile elastic-plastic stress-strain formula", J. Eng. Mech. Div., 101(4), 511-515.
  47. Rubber Manufacturers Association (RMA) (2007), .
  48. Singh, M., Mathur, A.M., Goswami, A., Pareek, C.P. and Sachdeva, D. (2016), "Effect on shear strength parameters of granular soil of Rajasthan by mixing waste rubber fiber", SSRG J. Civ. Eng., 3(5), 2348-8352.
  49. Sitharam, T.G. and Sireesh, S. (2005), "Behavior of embedded footings supported on geogrid cell reinforced foundation beds", Geotech. Test. J., 28(5), 452-463.
  50. Thakur, J.K., Han, J., Pokharel, S.K. and Parsons, R.L. (2012), "Performance of geocell-reinforced recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) bases over weak subgrade under cyclic plate loading", Geotext. Geomembr., 35, 14-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geotexmem.2012.06.004
  51. Waste and Resources Action Programme (WRAP) (2005), Tyres Re-use and Recycling, .
  52. Yang, Z. (1974), "Strength and deformation characteristics of reinforced sand", Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles, U.S.A.
  53. Yoon, S., Prezzi M., Siddiki, N.Z. and Kim, B. (2006), "Construction of a test embankment using a sand-tire shred mixture as fill material", Waste Manage., 26(9), 1033-1044. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2005.10.009
  54. Yoon, Y.W., Heo, S.B. and Kim, S.K. (2008), "Geotechnical performance of waste tires for soil reinforcement from chamber tests", Geotext. Geomembr., 26(1), 100-107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geotexmem.2006.10.004
  55. Zheng-Yi, F. and Sutter, K.G. (2009), "Dynamic properties of granulated rubber/sand mixtures", Geotechnical Testing J., 23(3), 338-344. https://doi.org/10.1520/GTJ11055J
  56. Zornberg, J.G., Cabral, A.R. and Viratjandr, C. (2004), "Behaviour of tire shred-sand mixtures", Can. Geotech. J., 41(2), 227-241. https://doi.org/10.1139/t03-086

Cited by

  1. Seismic Resistance and Displacement Mechanism of the Concrete Footing vol.2019, pp.None, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/5498505
  2. Strength and deformation behaviour of sand-rubber mixture vol.15, pp.9, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1080/19386362.2020.1812193
  3. The Effect of a Rubber Sheet on the Dynamic Response of a Machine Foundation Located over a Small Thickness of Soil Layer vol.906, pp.1, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/906/1/012044
  4. The Experimental Investigation of the Repeated-Loading Behaviour of the Sand-Rubber-Mixture (SRM) vol.906, pp.1, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/906/1/012045