Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society

The Korean Neurosurgical Society (대한신경외과학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Korean Clinical Practice Guidelines for Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

  • Cho, Won-Sang (Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine) ;
  • Kim, Jeong Eun (Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine) ;
  • Park, Sukh Que (Department of Neurosurgery, Soonchunhyang University School of Medicine) ;
  • Ko, Jun Kyeung (Departments of Neurosurgery, Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital) ;
  • Kim, Dae-Won (Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Wonkwang Medical Science, Wonkwang University School of Medicine) ;
  • Park, Jung Cheol (Department of Neurosurgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine) ;
  • Yeon, Je Young (Department of Neurosurgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine) ;
  • Chung, Seung Young (Department of Neurosurgery, Eulji University Hospital) ;
  • Chung, Joonho (Department of Neurosurgery, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine) ;
  • Joo, Sung-Pil (Department of Neurosurgery, Chonnam National University Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School) ;
  • Hwang, Gyojun (Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine) ;
  • Kim, Deog Young (Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine) ;
  • Chang, Won Hyuk (Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine) ;
  • Choi, Kyu-Sun (Department of Neurosurgery, Hanyang University Medical Center) ;
  • Lee, Sung Ho (Department of Neurosurgery, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine) ;
  • Sheen, Seung Hun (Department of Neurosurgery, Bundang Jesaeng General Hospital) ;
  • Kang, Hyun-Seung (Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine) ;
  • Kim, Byung Moon (Department of Radiology, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine) ;
  • Bae, Hee-Joon (Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine) ;
  • Wan, Chang (Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine) ;
  • Park, Hyeon Seon (Department of Neurosurgery, Inha University School of Medicine)
  • Received : 2017.04.07
  • Accepted : 2017.06.09
  • Published : 2018.03.01
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Despite advancements in treating ruptured cerebral aneurysms, an aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) is still a grave cerebrovascular disease associated with a high rate of morbidity and mortality. Based on the literature published to date, world-wide academic and governmental committees have developed clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) to propose standards for disease management in order to achieve the best treatment outcomes for aSAHs. In 2013, the Korean Society of Cerebrovascular Surgeons issued a Korean version of the CPGs for aSAHs. The group researched all articles and major foreign CPGs published in English until December 2015 using several search engines. Based on these articles, levels of evidence and grades of recommendations were determined by our society as well as by other related Quality Control Committees from neurointervention, neurology and rehabilitation medicine. The Korean version of the CPGs for aSAHs includes risk factors, diagnosis, initial management, medical and surgical management to prevent rebleeding, management of delayed cerebral ischemia and vasospasm, treatment of hydrocephalus, treatment of medical complications and early rehabilitation. The CPGs are not the absolute standard but are the present reference as the evidence is still incomplete, each environment of clinical practice is different, and there is a high probability of variation in the current recommendations. The CPGs will be useful in the fields of clinical practice and research.

Keywords

References

  1. Abruzzo T, Moran C, Blackham KA, Eskey CJ, Lev R, Meyers P, et al. : Invasive interventional management of post-hemorrhagic cerebral vasospasm in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurointerv Surg 4 : 169-177, 2012 https://doi.org/10.1136/neurintsurg-2011-010248
  2. Agid R, Andersson T, Almqvist H, Willinsky RA, Lee SK, terBrugge KG, et al. : Negative CT angiography findings in patients with spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage: when is digital subtraction angiography still needed? AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 31 : 696-705, 2010 https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A1884
  3. Al-Rawi PG, Tseng MY, Richards HK, Nortje J, Timofeev I, Matta BF, et al. : Hypertonic saline in patients with poor-grade subarachnoid hemorrhage improves cerebral blood flow, brain tissue oxygen, and pH. Stroke 41 : 122-128, 2010 https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.109.560698
  4. Alberti O, Becker R, Benes L, Wallenfang T, Bertalanffy H : Initial hyperglycemia as an indicator of severity of the ictus in poor-grade patients with spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 102 : 78-83, 2000 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0303-8467(00)00067-6
  5. Allen GS, Ahn HS, Preziosi TJ, Battye R, Boone SC, Boone SC, et al. : Cerebral arterial spasm--a controlled trial of nimodipine in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage. N Engl J Med 308 : 619-624, 1983 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM198303173081103
  6. Al-Tamimi YZ, Bhargava D, Feltbower RG, Hall G, Goddard AJ, Quinn AC, et al. : Lumbar drainage of cerebrospinal fluid after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a prospective, randomized, controlled trial (LUMAS). Stroke 43 : 677-682, 2012 https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.625731
  7. Amin-Hanjani S, Schwartz RB, Sathi S, Stieg PE : Hypertensive encephalopathy as a complication of hyperdynamic therapy for vasospasm: report of two cases. Neurosurgery 44 : 1113-1116, 1999 https://doi.org/10.1097/00006123-199905000-00097
  8. Anderson SW, Todd MM, Hindman BJ, Clarke WR, Torner JC, Tranel D, et al. : Effects of intraoperative hypothermia on neuropsychological outcomes after intracranial aneurysm surgery. Ann Neurol 60 : 518-527, 2006 https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.21018
  9. Ando T, Sakai N, Yamada H, Iwai T, Nishimura Y, Hirata T, et al. : Analysis of reruptured cerebral aneurysms and the prophylactic effects of barbiturate therapy on the early stage. Neurol Res 11 : 245-248, 1989 https://doi.org/10.1080/01616412.1989.11739900
  10. Appelboom G, Strozyk D, Hwang BY, Prowda J, Badjatia N, Helbok R, et al. : Bedside use of a dual aortic balloon occlusion for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm. Neurocrit Care 13 : 385-388, 2010 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12028-010-9442-2
  11. Asberg KH, Nydevik I : Early prognosis of stroke outcome by means of katz index of activities of daily living. Scand J Rehabil Med 23 : 187-191, 1991
  12. Auer LM, Mokry M : Disturbed cerebrospinal fluid circulation after subarachnoid hemorrhage and acute aneurysm surgery. Neurosurgery 26 : 804-808; discussion 808-809, 1990 https://doi.org/10.1227/00006123-199005000-00012
  13. Badjatia N, Topcuoglu MA, Buonanno FS, Smith EE, Nogueira RG, Rordorf GA, et al. : Relationship between hyperglycemia and symptomatic vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Crit Care Med 33 : 1603-1609; quiz 1623, 2005 https://doi.org/10.1097/01.CCM.0000168054.60538.2B
  14. Bae DH, Kim JM, Won YD, Choi KS, Cheong JH, Yi HJ, et al. : Clinical outcome of paraclinoid internal carotid artery aneurysms after microsurgical neck clipping in comparison with endovascular embolization. J Cerebrovasc Endovasc Neurosurg 16 : 225-234, 2014 https://doi.org/10.7461/jcen.2014.16.3.225
  15. Bae IS, Yi HJ, Choi KS, Chun HJ : Comparison of incidence and risk factors for shunt-dependent hydrocephalus in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage patients. J Cerebrovasc Endovasc Neurosurg 16 : 78-84, 2014 https://doi.org/10.7461/jcen.2014.16.2.78
  16. Baharoglu MI, Germans MR, Rinkel GJ, Algra A, Vermeulen M, van Gijn J, et al. : Antifibrinolytic therapy for aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (8) : CD001245, 2013
  17. Baker CJ, Prestigiacomo CJ, Solomon RA : Short-term perioperative anticonvulsant prophylaxis for the surgical treatment of low-risk patients with intracranial aneurysms. Neurosurgery 37 : 863-870; discussion 870-871, 1995 https://doi.org/10.1227/00006123-199511000-00003
  18. Bakker NA, Groen RJ, Foumani M, Uyttenboogaart M, Eshghi OS, Metzemaekers JD, et al. : Repeat digital subtraction angiography after a negative baseline assessment in nonperimesencephalic subarachnoid hemorrhage: a pooled data meta-analysis. J Neurosurg 120 : 99-103, 2014 https://doi.org/10.3171/2013.9.JNS131337
  19. Barth M, Capelle HH, Weidauer S, Weiss C, Munch E, Thome C, et al. : Effect of nicardipine prolonged-release implants on cerebral vasospasm and clinical outcome after severe aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a prospective, randomized, double-blind phase IIa study. Stroke 38 : 330-336, 2007 https://doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.0000254601.74596.0f
  20. Barth M, Pena P, Seiz M, Thome C, Muench E, Weidauer S, et al. : Feasibility of intraventricular nicardipine prolonged release implants in patients following aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. Br J Neurosurg 25 : 677-683, 2011 https://doi.org/10.3109/02688697.2010.548878
  21. Bassi P, Bandera R, Loiero M, Tognoni G, Mangoni A : Warning signs in subarachnoid hemorrhage: a cooperative study. Acta Neurol Scand 84 : 277-281, 1991
  22. Bebawy JF, Zeeni C, Sharma S, Kim ES, DeWood MS, Hemmer LB, et al. : Adenosine-induced flow arrest to facilitate intracranial aneurysm clip ligation does not worsen neurologic outcome. Anesth Analg 117 : 1205-1210, 2013 https://doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0b013e3182a6d31b
  23. Bellolio MF, Hess EP, Gilani WI, VanDyck TJ, Ostby SA, Schwarz JA, et al. : External validation of the Ottawa subarachnoid hemorrhage clinical decision rule in patients with acute headache. Am J Emerg Med 33 : 244-249, 2015 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2014.11.049
  24. Bendok BR, Gupta DK, Rahme RJ, Eddleman CS, Adel JG, Sherma AK, et al. : Adenosine for temporary flow arrest during intracranial aneurysm surgery: a single-center retrospective review. Neurosurgery 69 : 815-820; discussion 820-821, 2011 https://doi.org/10.1227/NEU.0b013e318226632c
  25. Benech CA, Perez R, Faccani G, Trompeo AC, Cavallo S, Beninati S, et al. : Adenosine-induced cardiac arrest in complex cerebral aneurysms surgery: an Italian single-center experience. J Neurosurg Sci 58 : 87-94, 2014
  26. Bentsen G, Breivik H, Lundar T, Stubhaug A : Hypertonic saline (7.2%) in 6% hydroxyethyl starch reduces intracranial pressure and improves hemodynamics in a placebo-controlled study involving stable patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage. Crit Care Med 34 : 2912-2917, 2006 https://doi.org/10.1097/01.CCM.0000245665.46789.7C
  27. Bian L, Liu L, Wang C, Hussain M, Yuan Y, Liu G, et al. : Hyperglycemia within day 14 of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage predicts 1-year mortality. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 115 : 956-964, 2013
  28. Bilotta F, Spinelli A, Giovannini F, Doronzio A, Delfini R, Rosa G : The effect of intensive insulin therapy on infection rate, vasospasm, neurologic outcome, and mortality in neurointensive care unit after intracranial aneurysm clipping in patients with acute subarachnoid hemorrhage: a randomized prospective pilot trial. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 19 : 156-160, 2007 https://doi.org/10.1097/ANA.0b013e3180338e69
  29. Black PM, Baker MF, Snook CP : Experience with external pneumatic calf compression in neurology and neurosurgery. Neurosurgery 18 : 440-444, 1986 https://doi.org/10.1227/00006123-198604000-00008
  30. Bodily KD, Cloft HJ, Lanzino G, Fiorella DJ, White PM, Kallmes DF : Stentassisted coiling in acutely ruptured intracranial aneurysms: a qualitative, systematic review of the literature. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 32 : 1232-1236, 2011 https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A2478
  31. Bonita R : Cigarette smoking, hypertension and the risk of subarachnoid hemorrhage: a population-based case-control study. Stroke 17 : 831-835, 1986 https://doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.17.5.831
  32. Bor AS, Koffijberg H, Wermer MJ, Rinkel GJ : Optimal screening strategy for familial intracranial aneurysms: a cost-effectiveness analysis. Neurology 74 : 1671-1679, 2010 https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181e04297
  33. Bor AS, Rinkel GJ, Adami J, Koffijberg H, Ekbom A, Buskens E, et al. : Risk of subarachnoid haemorrhage according to number of affected relatives: a population based case-control study. Brain 131(Pt 10) : 2662-2665, 2008 https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awn187
  34. Bor AS, Rinkel GJ, van Norden J, Wermer MJ : Long-term, serial screening for intracranial aneurysms in individuals with a family history of aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage: a cohort study. Lancet Neurol 13 : 385-392, 2014 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(14)70021-3
  35. Bor AS, Tiel Groenestege AT, terBrugge KG, Agid R, Velthuis BK, Rinkel GJ, et al. : Clinical, radiological, and flow-related risk factors for growth of untreated, unruptured intracranial aneurysms. Stroke 46 : 42-48, 2015 https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.114.005963
  36. Bota DP, Lefranc F, Vilallobos HR, Brimioulle S, Vincent JL : Ventriculostomy-related infections in critically ill patients: a 6-year experience. J Neurosurg 103 : 468-472, 2005 https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.2005.103.3.0468
  37. Bracard S, Lebedinsky A, Anxionnat R, Neto JM, Audibert G, Long Y, et al. : Endovascular treatment of Hunt and Hess grade IV and V aneurysms. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 23 : 953-957, 2002
  38. Brilstra EH, Rinkel GJ, van der Graaf Y, van Rooij WJ, Algra A : Treatment of intracranial aneurysms by embolization with coils: a systematic review. Stroke 30 : 470-476, 1999 https://doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.30.2.470
  39. Brinjikji W, Kallmes DF, White JB, Lanzino G, Morris JM, Cloft HJ : Interand intraobserver agreement in CT characterization of nonaneurysmal perimesencephalic subarachnoid hemorrhage. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 31 : 1103-1105, 2010 https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A1988
  40. Broderick JP, Brown RD Jr, Sauerbeck L, Hornung R, Huston J 3rd, Woo D, et al. : Greater rupture risk for familial as compared to sporadic unruptured intracranial aneurysms. Stroke 40 : 1952-1957, 2009 https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.108.542571
  41. Bromberg JE, Rinkel GJ, Algra A, Greebe P, Beldman T, van Gijn J : Validation of family history in subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke 27 : 630-632, 1996 https://doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.27.4.630
  42. Bromberg JE, Rinkel GJ, Algra A, Greebe P, van Duyn CM, Hasan D, et al. : Subarachnoid haemorrhage in first and second degree relatives of patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage. BMJ 311 : 288-289, 1995 https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.311.7000.288
  43. Bruder N, Rabinstein A; Participants in the International Multi-Disciplinary Consensus Conference on the Critical Care Management of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage : Cardiovascular and pulmonary complications of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care 15 : 257-269, 2011 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12028-011-9598-4
  44. Burns JD, Huston J 3rd, Layton KF, Piepgras DG, Brown RD Jr : Intracranial aneurysm enlargement on serial magnetic resonance angiography: frequency and risk factors. Stroke 40 : 406-411, 2009 https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.108.519165
  45. Butzkueven H, Evans AH, Pitman A, Leopold C, Jolley DJ, Kaye AH, et al. : Onset seizures independently predict poor outcome after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurology 55 : 1315-1320, 2000 https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.55.9.1315
  46. Campi A, Ramzi N, Molyneux AJ, Summers PE, Kerr RS, Sneade M, et al. : Retreatment of ruptured cerebral aneurysms in patients randomized by coiling or clipping in the International Subarachnoid Aneurysm Trial (ISAT). Stroke 38 : 1538-1544, 2007 https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.106.466987
  47. Canhao P, Pinto AN, Ferro H, Ferro JM : Smoking and aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage: a case-control study. J Cardiovasc Risk 1 : 155-158, 1994 https://doi.org/10.1177/174182679400100209
  48. Carhuapoma JR, Gupta K, Coplin WM, Muddassir SM, Meratee MM : Treatment of refractory fever in the neurosciences critical care unit using a novel, water-circulating cooling device. A single center pilot experience. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 15 : 313-318, 2003 https://doi.org/10.1097/00008506-200310000-00004
  49. Carmelli D, Swan GE, Robinette D, Fabsitz R : Genetic influence on smoking--a study of male twins. N Engl J Med 327 : 829-833, 1992 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199209173271201
  50. Cha KC, Kim JH, Kang HI, Moon BG, Lee SJ, Kim JS : Aneurysmal rebleeding : factors associated with clinical outcome in the rebleeding patients. J Korean Neurosurg Soc 47 : 119-123, 2010 https://doi.org/10.3340/jkns.2010.47.2.119
  51. Chang HS, Hongo K, Nakagawa H : Adverse effects of limited hypotensive anesthesia on the outcome of patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg 92 : 971-975, 2000 https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.2000.92.6.0971
  52. Chang IB, Cho BM, Shin DI, Shim YB, Park SH, Oh SM : Risk of seizures after operative treatment of ruptured cerebral aneurysms. J Korean Neurosurg Soc 30 : 705-710, 2001
  53. Chumnanvej S, Dunn IF, Kim DH : Three-day phenytoin prophylaxis is adequate after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurgery 60 : 99-102; discussion 102-103, 2007 https://doi.org/10.1227/01.NEU.0000249207.66225.D9
  54. Cifu DX, Stewart DG : Factors affecting functional outcome after stroke: a critical review of rehabilitation interventions. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 80(5 Suppl 1) : S35-S39, 1999 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-9993(99)90101-6
  55. Claassen J, Bateman BT, Willey JZ, Inati S, Hirsch LJ, Mayer SA, et al. : Generalized convulsive status epilepticus after nontraumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage: the nationwide inpatient sample. Neurosurgery 61 : 60-64; discussion 64-65, 2007 https://doi.org/10.1227/01.neu.0000279724.05898.e7
  56. Claassen J, Vu A, Kreiter KT, Kowalski RG, Du EY, Ostapkovich N, et al. : Effect of acute physiologic derangements on outcome after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Crit Care Med 32 : 832-838, 2004 https://doi.org/10.1097/01.CCM.0000114830.48833.8A
  57. Committee for Guidelines for Management of Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage, Japanese Society on Surgery for Cerebral Stroke : Evidence-based guidelines for the management of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. English edition. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 52 : 355-429, 2012 https://doi.org/10.2176/nmc.52.355
  58. Cong W, Zhongxin Z, Tiangui L, Zhang Y, Min H, Chao Y : Risk factors for rebleeding of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage based on the analysis of on-admission information. Turk Neurosurg 22 : 675-681, 2012
  59. Connolly ES Jr, Rabinstein AA, Carhuapoma JR, Derdeyn CP, Dion J, Higashida RT, et al. : Guidelines for the management of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke 43 : 1711-1737, 2012 https://doi.org/10.1161/STR.0b013e3182587839
  60. Cortnum S, Sorensen P, Jorgensen J : Determining the sensitivity of computed tomography scanning in early detection of subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurgery 66 : 900-902; discussion 903, 2010
  61. Cremers CH, van der Schaaf IC, Wensink E, Greving JP, Rinkel GJ, Velthuis BK, et al. : CT perfusion and delayed cerebral ischemia in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 34 : 200-207, 2014 https://doi.org/10.1038/jcbfm.2013.208
  62. Dankbaar JW, de Rooij NK, Velthuis BK, Frijns CJ, Rinkel GJ, van der Schaaf IC : Diagnosing delayed cerebral ischemia with different CT modalities in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage with clinical deterioration. Stroke 40 : 3493-3498, 2009 https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.109.559013
  63. Dankbaar JW, Slooter AJ, Rinkel GJ, Schaaf IC : Effect of different components of triple-H therapy on cerebral perfusion in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage: a systematic review. Crit Care 14 : R23, 2010 https://doi.org/10.1186/cc8886
  64. de Falco FA : Sentinel headache. Neurol Sci 25 Suppl 3 : S215-S217, 2004 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10072-004-0289-1
  65. de Gans K, Nieuwkamp DJ, Rinkel GJ, Algra A : Timing of aneurysm surgery in subarachnoid hemorrhage: a systematic review of the literature. Neurosurgery 50 : 336-340; discussion 340-342, 2002
  66. de Oliveira JG, Beck J, Setzer M, Gerlach R, Vatter H, Seifert V, et al. : Risk of shunt-dependent hydrocephalus after occlusion of ruptured intracranial aneurysms by surgical clipping or endovascular coiling: a single-institution series and meta-analysis. Neurosurgery 61 : 924-933; discussion 933-934, 2007 https://doi.org/10.1227/01.neu.0000303188.72425.24
  67. De Sloovere VT : Anesthesia for embolization of cerebral aneurysms. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 27 : 431-436, 2014 https://doi.org/10.1097/ACO.0000000000000096
  68. Dehdashti AR, Rilliet B, Rufenacht DA, de Tribolet N : Shunt-dependent hydrocephalus after rupture of intracranial aneurysms: a prospective study of the influence of treatment modality. J Neurosurg 101 : 402-407, 2004 https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.2004.101.3.0402
  69. Delgado Almandoz JE, Kadkhodayan Y, Crandall BM, Scholz JM, Fease JL, Anderson RE, et al. : Diagnostic yield of delayed neurovascular imaging in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage, negative initial CT and catheter angiograms, and a negative 7 day repeat catheter angiogram. J Neurointerv Surg 6 : 637-642, 2014 https://doi.org/10.1136/neurintsurg-2013-010896
  70. Dhar R, Zazulia AR, Videen TO, Zipfel GJ, Derdeyn CP, Diringer MN : Red blood cell transfusion increases cerebral oxygen delivery in anemic patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke 40 : 3039-3044, 2009 https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.109.556159
  71. Dhar S, Tremmel M, Mocco J, Kim M, Yamamoto J, Siddiqui AH, et al. : Morphology parameters for intracranial aneurysm rupture risk assessment. Neurosurgery 63 : 185-196; discussion 196-197, 2008 https://doi.org/10.1227/01.NEU.0000316847.64140.81
  72. Diringer MN; Neurocritical Care Fever Reduction Trial Group : Treatment of fever in the neurologic intensive care unit with a catheter-based heat exchange system. Crit Care Med 32 : 559-564, 2004 https://doi.org/10.1097/01.CCM.0000108868.97433.3F
  73. Diringer MN, Reaven NL, Funk SE, Uman GC : Elevated body temperature independently contributes to increased length of stay in neurologic intensive care unit patients. Crit Care Med 32 : 1489-1495, 2004 https://doi.org/10.1097/01.CCM.0000129484.61912.84
  74. Donmez H, Serifov E, Kahriman G, Mavili E, Durak AC, Menku A : Comparison of 16-row multislice CT angiography with conventional angiography for detection and evaluation of intracranial aneurysms. Eur J Radiol 80 : 455-461, 2011 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrad.2010.07.012
  75. Dorai Z, Hynan LS, Kopitnik TA, Samson D : Factors related to hydrocephalus after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurgery 52 : 763-769; discussion 769-771, 2003 https://doi.org/10.1227/01.NEU.0000053222.74852.2D
  76. Dorhout Mees SM, Algra A, Vandertop WP, van Kooten F, Kuijsten HA, Boiten J, et al. : Magnesium for aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage (MASH-2): a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 380 : 44-49, 2012 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60724-7
  77. Dorhout Mees SM, Molyneux AJ, Kerr RS, Algra A, Rinkel GJ : Timing of aneurysm treatment after subarachnoid hemorrhage: relationship with delayed cerebral ischemia and poor outcome. Stroke 43 : 2126-2129, 2012 https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.639690
  78. Dorhout Mees SM, van den Bergh WM, Algra A, Rinkel GJ : Antiplatelet therapy for aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (4) : CD006184, 2007
  79. Dorhout Mees SM, van den Bergh WM, Algra A, Rinkel GJ : Achieved serum magnesium concentrations and occurrence of delayed cerebral ischaemia and poor outcome in aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 78 : 729-731, 2007
  80. Dorhout Mees SM, van Dijk GW, Algra A, Kempink DR, Rinkel GJ : Glucose levels and outcome after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurology 61 : 1132-1133, 2003 https://doi.org/10.1212/01.WNL.0000090466.68866.02
  81. Duncan PW, Horner RD, Reker DM, Samsa GP, Hoenig H, Hamilton B, et al. : Adherence to postacute rehabilitation guidelines is associated with functional recovery in stroke. Stroke 33 : 167-177, 2002 https://doi.org/10.1161/hs0102.101014
  82. Dupont SA, Lanzino G, Wijdicks EF, Rabinstein AA : The use of clinical and routine imaging data to differentiate between aneurysmal and nonaneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage prior to angiography. Clinical article. J Neurosurg 113 : 790-794, 2010 https://doi.org/10.3171/2010.4.JNS091932
  83. Edlow JA : Diagnosis of subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care 2 : 99-109, 2005 https://doi.org/10.1385/NCC:2:2:099
  84. Edlow JA : Diagnosing headache in the emergency department: what is more important? Being right, or not being wrong? Eur J Neurol 15 : 1257-1258, 2008 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-1331.2008.02280.x
  85. Eskridge JM, Song JK : Endovascular embolization of 150 basilar tip aneurysms with guglielmi detachable coils: results of the Food and Drug Administration multicenter clinical trial. J Neurosurg 89 : 81-86, 1998 https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.1998.89.1.0081
  86. Farrar JK, Gamache FW Jr, Ferguson GG, Barker J, Varkey GP, Drake CG : Effects of profound hypotension on cerebral blood flow during surgery for intracranial aneurysms. J Neurosurg 55 : 857-864, 1981 https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.1981.55.6.0857
  87. Feigin VL, Anderson N, Rinkel GJ, Algra A, van Gijn J, Bennett DA : Corticosteroids for aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage and primary intracerebral hemorrhage. Cochrane Database of Syst Rev (3) : CD004583, 2005
  88. Feigin VL, Rinkel GJ, Lawes CM, Algra A, Bennett DA, van Gijn J, et al. : Risk factors for subarachnoid hemorrhage: an updated systematic review of epidemiological studies. Stroke 36 : 2773-2780, 2005 https://doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.0000190838.02954.e8
  89. Fernandez A, Schmidt JM, Claassen J, Pavlicova M, Huddleston D, Kreiter KT, et al. : Fever after subarachnoid hemorrhage: risk factors and impact on outcome. Neurology 68 : 1013-1019, 2007 https://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000258543.45879.f5
  90. Fiebach JB, Schellinger PD, Geletneky K, Wilde P, Meyer M, Hacke W, et al. : MRI in acute subarachnoid haemorrhage; findings with a standardised stroke protocol. Neuroradiology 46 : 44-48, 2004 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00234-003-1132-8
  91. Fisher CM, Kistler JP, Davis JM : Relation of cerebral vasospasm to subarachnoid hemorrhage visualized by computerized tomographic scanning. Neurosurgery 6 : 1-9, 1980 https://doi.org/10.1227/00006123-198001000-00001
  92. Fontes RB, Aguiar PH, Zanetti MV, Andrade F, Mandel M, Teixeira MJ : Acute neurogenic pulmonary edema: case reports and literature review. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 15 : 144-150, 2003 https://doi.org/10.1097/00008506-200304000-00013
  93. Foreman PM, Chua M, Harrigan MR, Fisher WS 3rd, Tubbs RS, Shoja MM, et al. : Antifibrinolytic therapy in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage increases the risk for deep venous thrombosis: a case-control study. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 139 : 66-69, 2015 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clineuro.2015.09.005
  94. Foroohar M, Macdonald RL, Roth S, Stoodley M, Weir B : Intraoperative variables and early outcome after aneurysm surgery. Surg Neurol 54 : 304-315, 2000 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0090-3019(00)00294-9
  95. Friedman JA, Pichelmann MA, Piepgras DG, Mclver JI, Toussaint LG 3rd, McClelland RL, et al. : Pulmonary complications of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurgery 52 : 1025-1031; discussion 1031-1032, 2003
  96. Frontera JA, Fernandez A, Claassen J, Schmidt M, Schumacher HC, Wartenberg K, et al. : Hyperglycemia after SAH: predictors, associated complications, and impact on outcome. Stroke 37 : 199-203, 2006 https://doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.0000194960.73883.0f
  97. Frontera JA, Parra A, Shimbo D, Fernandez A, Schmidt JM, Peter P, et al. : Cardiac arrhythmias after subarachnoid hemorrhage: risk factors and impact on outcome. Cerebrovasc Dis 26 : 71-78, 2008 https://doi.org/10.1159/000135711
  98. Fujii Y, Takeuchi S, Sasaki O, Minakawa T, Koike T, Tanaka R : Ultra-early rebleeding in spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg 84 : 35-42, 1996 https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.1996.84.1.0035
  99. Gaberel T, Magheru C, Emery E, Derlon JM : Antifibrinolytic therapy in the management of aneurismal subarachnoid hemorrhage revisited. A metaanalysis. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 154 : 1-9; discussion 9, 2012 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00701-011-1179-y
  100. Gathier CS, van den Bergh WM, Slooter AJ; HIMALAIA-Study Group : HIMALAIA (Hypertension Induction in the Management of AneurysmaL subArachnoid haemorrhage with secondary IschaemiA): a randomized single-blind controlled trial of induced hypertension vs. no induced hypertension in the treatment of delayed cerebral ischemia after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Int J Stroke 9 : 375-380, 2014 https://doi.org/10.1111/ijs.12055
  101. Germans MR, Coert BA, Vandertop WP, Verbaan D : Time intervals from subarachnoid hemorrhage to rebleed. J Neurol 261 : 1425-1431, 2014 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-014-7365-0
  102. Giannotta SL, Oppenheimer JH, Levy ML, Zelman V : Management of intraoperative rupture of aneurysm without hypotension. Neurosurgery 28 : 531-535; discussion 535-536, 1991 https://doi.org/10.1227/00006123-199104000-00008
  103. Giller CA, Wills MJ, Giller AM, Samson D : Distribution of hematocrit values after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neuroimaging 8 : 169-170, 1998 https://doi.org/10.1111/jon199883169
  104. Gilsbach JM, Harders AG : Morbidity and mortality after early aneurysm surgery--a prospective study with nimodipine prevention. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 96 : 1-7, 1989 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01403488
  105. Golan E, Vasquez DN, Ferguson ND, Adhikari NK, Scales DC : Prophylactic magnesium for improving neurologic outcome after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Crit Care 28 : 173-181, 2013 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrc.2012.07.001
  106. Gollwitzer S, Groemer T, Rampp S, Hagge M, Olmes D, Huttner HB, et al. : Early prediction of delayed cerebral ischemia in subarachnoid hemorrhage based on quantitative EEG: a prospective study in adults. Clin Neurophysiol 126 : 1514-1523, 2015 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2014.10.215
  107. Greebe P, Bromberg JE, Rinkel GJ, Algra A, van Gijn J : Family history of subarachnoid haemorrhage: supplemental value of scrutinizing all relatives. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 62 : 273-275, 1997 https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.62.3.273
  108. Groden C, Kremer C, Regelsberger J, Hansen HC, Zeumer H : Comparison of operative and endovascular treatment of anterior circulation aneurysms in patients in poor grades. Neuroradiology 43 : 778-783, 2001 https://doi.org/10.1007/s002340100573
  109. Gruber A, Killer M, Bavinzski G, Richling B : Clinical and angiographic results of endosaccular coiling treatment of giant and very large intracranial aneurysms: a 7-year, single-center experience. Neurosurgery 45 : 793-803; discussion 803-804, 1999 https://doi.org/10.1097/00006123-199910000-00013
  110. Gruber A, Reinprecht A, Bavinzski G, Czech T, Richling B : Chronic shuntdependent hydrocephalus after early surgical and early endovascular treatment of ruptured intracranial aneurysms. Neurosurgery 44 : 503-509; discussion 509-512, 1999 https://doi.org/10.1097/00006123-199903000-00039
  111. Gruber A, Reinprecht A, Gorzer H, Fridrich P, Czech T, Illievich UM, et al. : Pulmonary function and radiographic abnormalities related to neurological outcome after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg 88 : 28-37, 1998 https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.1998.88.1.0028
  112. Gruber A, Reinprecht A, Illievich UM, Fitzgerald R, Dietrich W, Czech T, et al. : Extracerebral organ dysfunction and neurologic outcome after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Crit Care Med 27 : 505-514, 1999 https://doi.org/10.1097/00003246-199903000-00026
  113. Guinn NR, McDonagh DL, Borel CO, Wright DR, Zomorodi AR, Powers CJ, et al. : Adenosine-induced transient asystole for intracranial aneurysm surgery: a retrospective review. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 23 : 35-40, 2011 https://doi.org/10.1097/ANA.0b013e3181ef2b11
  114. Guo LM, Zhou HY, Xu JW, Wang Y, Qiu YM, Jiang JY : Risk factors related to aneurysmal rebleeding. World Neurosurg 76 : 292-298; discussion 253-254, 2011 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2011.03.025
  115. Guresir E, Schuss P, Setzer M, Platz J, Seifert V, Vatter H : Posterior communicating artery aneurysm-related oculomotor nerve palsy: influence of surgical and endovascular treatment on recovery: single-center series and systematic review. Neurosurgery 68 : 1527-1533; discussion 1533-1534, 2011 https://doi.org/10.1227/NEU.0b013e31820edd82
  116. Hart Y, Sneade M, Birks J, Rischmiller J, Kerr R, Molyneux A : Epilepsy after subarachnoid hemorrhage: the frequency or seizures after clip occlusion or coil embolization of a ruptured cerebral aneurysm: results from the International Subarachnoid Aneurysm Trial. J Neurosurg 115 : 1159-1168, 2011 https://doi.org/10.3171/2011.6.JNS101836
  117. Hasan D, Lindsay KW, Wijdicks EF, Murray GD, Brouwers PJ, Bakker WH, et al. : Effect of fludrocortisone acetate in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke 20 : 1156-1161, 1989 https://doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.20.9.1156
  118. Hasan D, Vermeulen M, Wijdicks EF, Hijdra A, van Gijn J : Management problems in acute hydrocephalus after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke 20 : 747-753, 1989 https://doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.20.6.747
  119. Hasan D, Wijdicks EF, Vermeulen M : Hyponatremia is associated with cerebral ischemia in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Ann Neurol 27 : 106-108, 1990 https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.410270118
  120. Hayakawa M, Murayama Y, Duckwiler GR, Gobin YP, Guglielmi G, Vinuela F : Natural history of the neck remnant of a cerebral aneurysm treated with the Guglielmi detachable coil system. J Neurosurg 93 : 561-568, 2000 https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.2000.93.4.0561
  121. Hayes SH, Carroll SR : Early intervention care in the acute stroke patient. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 67 : 319-321, 1986
  122. Helbok R, Schmidt JM, Kurtz P, Hanafy KA, Fernandez L, Stuart RM, et al. : Systemic glucose and brain energy metabolism after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care 12 : 317-323, 2010 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12028-009-9327-4
  123. Hellingman CA, van den Bergh WM, Beijer IS, van Dijk GW, Algra A, van Gijn J, et al. : Risk of rebleeding after treatment of acute hydrocephalus in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke 38 : 96-99, 2007 https://doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.0000251841.51332.1d
  124. Henderson WG, Torner JC, Nibbelink DW : Intracranial aneurysms and subarachnoid hemorrhage --- report on a randomized treatment study. IV-B. Regulated bed rest --- statistical evaluation. Stroke 8 : 579-589, 1977 https://doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.8.5.579
  125. Hernesniemi J, Koivisto T : Comments on "The impact of the International Subarachnoid Aneurysm Treatment Trial (ISAT) on neurosurgical practice". Acta Neurochir (Wien) 146 : 203-208, 2004 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00701-003-0098-y
  126. Heros RC : Acute hydrocephalus after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke 20 : 715-717, 1989 https://doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.20.6.715
  127. Hijdra A, Vermeulen M, van Gijn J, van Crevel H : Rerupture of intracranial aneurysms: a clinicoanatomic study. J Neurosurg 67 : 29-33, 1987 https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.1987.67.1.0029
  128. Hillman J, Fridriksson S, Nilsson O, Yu Z, Saveland H, Jakobsson KE : Immediate administration of tranexamic acid and reduced incidence of early rebleeding after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a prospective randomized study. J Neurosurg 97 : 771-778, 2002 https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.2002.97.4.0771
  129. Hindman BJ, Bayman EO, Pfisterer WK, Torner JC, Todd MM; IHAST Investigators : No association between intraoperative hypothermia or supplemental protective drug and neurologic outcomes in patients undergoing temporary clipping during cerebral aneurysm surgery: findings from the Intraoperative Hypothermia for Aneurysm Surgery Trial. Anesthesiology 112 : 86-101, 2010 https://doi.org/10.1097/ALN.0b013e3181c5e28f
  130. Hitchcock ER, Tsementzis SA, Dow AA : Short- and long-term prognosis of patients with a subarachnoid haemorrhage in relation to intraoperative period of hypotension. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 70 : 235-242, 1984 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01406652
  131. Hoff RG, Van Dijk GW, Mettes S, Verweij BH, Algra A, Rinkel GJ, et al. : Hypotension in anaesthetized patients during aneurysm clipping: not as bad as expected? Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 52 : 1006-1011, 2008 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-6576.2008.01682.x
  132. Hoh BL, Carter BS, Budzik RF, Putman CM, Ogilvy CS : Results after surgical and endovascular treatment of paraclinoid aneurysms by a combined neurovascular team. Neurosurgery 48 : 78-89; discussion 89-90, 2001
  133. Hoh BL, Nathoo S, Chi YY, Mocco J, Barker FG 2nd : Incidence of seizures or epilepsy after clipping or coiling or ruptured and unruptured cerebral aneurysms in the nationwide inpatient sample database: 2002-2007. Neurosurgery 69 : 644-650; discussion 650, 2011 https://doi.org/10.1227/NEU.0b013e31821bc46d
  134. Hoh BL, Sistrom CL, Firment CS, Fautheree GL, Velat GJ, Whiting JH, et al. : Bottleneck factor and height-width ratio: association with ruptured aneurysms in patients with multiple cerebral aneurysms. Neurosurgery 61 : 716-722; discussion 722-723, 2007 https://doi.org/10.1227/01.NEU.0000298899.77097.BF
  135. Hunt WE, Hess RM : Surgical risk as related to time of intervention in the repair of intracranial aneurysms. J Neurosurg 28 : 14-20, 1968 https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.1968.28.1.0014
  136. Huttner HB, Nagel S, Tognoni E, Kohrmann M, Juttler E, Orakcioglu B, et al. : Intracerebral hemorrhage with severe ventricular involvement: lumbar drainage for communicating hydrocephalus. Stroke 38 : 183-187, 2007 https://doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.0000251795.02560.62
  137. Huttner HB, Schwab S, Bardutzky J : Lumbar drainage for communicating hydrocephalus after ICH with ventricular hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care 5 : 193-196, 2006 https://doi.org/10.1385/NCC:5:3:193
  138. Ibrahim GM, Macdonald RL : The effects of fluid balance and colloid administration on outcomes in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a propensity score-matched analysis. Neurocrit Care 19 : 140-149, 2013 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12028-013-9860-z
  139. Jakobsson KE, Saveland H, Hillman J, Edner G, Zygmunt S, Brandt L, et al. : Warning leak and management outcome in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg 85 : 995-999, 1996 https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.1996.85.6.0995
  140. Johnston SC, Dowd CF, Higashida RT, Lawton MT, Duckwiler GR, Gress DR, et al. : Predictors of rehemorrhage after treatment of ruptured intracranial aneurysms: the Cerebral Aneurysm Rerupture After Treatment (CARAT) study. Stroke 39 : 120-125, 2008 https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.107.495747
  141. Jones M, Leslie K, Mitchell P : Anaesthesia for endovascular treatment of cerebral aneurysms. J Clin Neurosci 11 : 468-470, 2004 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocn.2004.03.015
  142. Jost SC, Diringer MN, Zazulia AR, Videen TO, Aiyagari V, Grubb RL, et al. : Effect of normal saline bolus on cerebral blood flow in regions with low baseline flow in patients with vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg 103 : 25-30, 2005 https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.2005.103.1.0025
  143. Jun P, Ko NU, English JD, Dowd CF, Halbach VV, Higashida RT, et al. : Endovascular treatment of medically refractory cerebral vasospasm following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 31 : 1911-1916, 2010 https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A2183
  144. Juvela S : Risk factors for multiple intracranial aneurysms. Stroke 31 : 392-397, 2000 https://doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.31.2.392
  145. Juvela S, Hillbom M, Numminen H, Koskinen P : Cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption as risk factors for aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke 24 : 639-646, 1993 https://doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.24.5.639
  146. Juvela S, Porras M, Poussa K : Natural history of unruptured intracranial aneurysms: probability of and risk factors for aneurysm rupture. J Neurosurg 93 : 379-387, 2000 https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.2000.93.3.0379
  147. Juvela S, Poussa K, Lehto H, Porras M : Natural history of unruptured intracranial aneurysms: a long-term follow-up study. Stroke 44 : 2414-2421, 2013 https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.113.001838
  148. Juvela S, Poussa K, Porras M : Factors affecting formation and growth of intracranial aneurysms: a long-term follow-up study. Stroke 32 : 485-491, 2001 https://doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.32.2.485
  149. Juvela S, Siironen J, Kuhmonen J : Hyperglycemia, excess weight, and history of hypertension as risk factors for poor outcome and cerebral infarction after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg 102 : 998-1003, 2005 https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.2005.102.6.0998
  150. Kahn JM, Caldwell EC, Deem S, Newell DW, Heckbert SR, Rubenfeld GD : Acute lung injury in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage: incidence, risk factors, and outcome. Crit Care Med 34 : 196-202, 2006 https://doi.org/10.1097/01.CCM.0000194540.44020.8E
  151. Kalra VB, Wu X, Matouk CC, Malhotra A : Use of follow-up imaging in isolated perimesencephalic subarachnoid hemorrhage: a meta-analysis. Stroke 46 : 401-406, 2015 https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.114.007370
  152. Kamphuisen PW, Agnelli G : What is the optimal pharmacological prophylaxis for the prevention of deep-vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in patients with acute ischemic stroke? Thromb Res 119 : 265-274, 2007 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.thromres.2006.03.010
  153. Kan P, Jahshan S, Yashar P, Orion D, Webb S, Siddiqui AH, et al. : Feasibility, safety, and periprocedural complications associated with endovascular treatment of selected ruptured aneurysms under conscious sedation and local anesthesia. Neurosurgery 72 : 216-220; discussion 220, 2013 https://doi.org/10.1227/NEU.0b013e31827b9183
  154. Kassell NF, Torner JC : Aneurysmal rebleeding: a preliminary report from the Cooperative Aneurysm study. Neurosurgery 13 : 479-481, 1983 https://doi.org/10.1227/00006123-198311000-00001
  155. Kassell NF, Torner JC, Jane JA, Haley EC Jr, Adams HP : The International Cooperative study on the timing of aneurysm surgery. Part 2: surgical results. J Neurosurg 73 : 37-47, 1990 https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.1990.73.1.0037
  156. Kasuya H, Onda H, Sasahara A, Takeshita M, Hori T : Application of nicardipine prolonged-release implants: analysis of 97 consecutive patients with acute subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurgery 56 : 895-902; discussion 895-902, 2005
  157. Katayama Y, Haraoka J, Hirabayashi H, Kawamata T, Kawamoto K, Kitahara T, et al. : A randomized controlled trial of hydrocortisone against hyponatremia in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke 38 : 2373-2375, 2007 https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.106.480038
  158. Kato Y, Sano H, Dong PT, Panji N, Itezawa Y, Hayashi J, et al. : The effect of clipping and coiling in acute severe subarachnoid hemorrhage after international subarachnoid aneurysmal trial (ISAT) results. Minim Invasive Neurosurg 48 : 224-227, 2005 https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2005-870930
  159. Khan SA, Agrawal A, Hailey CE, Smith TP, Gokhale S, Alexander MJ, et al. : Effect of surgical clipping versus endovascular coiling on recovery from oculomotor nerve palsy in patients with posterior communicating artery aneurysms: a retrospective comparative study and meta-analysis. Asian J Neurosurg 8 : 117-124, 2013 https://doi.org/10.4103/1793-5482.121671
  160. Khan SA, McDonagh DL, Adogwa O, Gokhale S, Toche UN, Verla T, et al. : Perioperative cardiac complications and 30-day mortality in patients undergoing intracranial aneurysmal surgery with adenosine-induced flow arrest: a retrospective comparative study. Neurosurgery 74 : 267-271; discussion 271-272, 2014 https://doi.org/10.1227/NEU.0000000000000258
  161. Kidwell CS, Wintermark M : Imaging of intracranial haemorrhage. Lancet Neurol 7 : 256-267, 2008 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(08)70041-3
  162. Kim TY, Huh SK, Lee JW, Lee KC : Risk factors of seizures associated with the management of ruptured cerebral aneurysms. Korean J Cerebrovasc Surg 8 : 10-14, 2006
  163. Kim YJ, Chun MH : The effect of postoperative anticonvulsant prophylaxis after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Korean Acad Rehabil Med 27 : 840-844, 2003
  164. Kirkpatrick PJ, Turner CL, Smith C, Hutchinson PJ, Murray GD; STASH Collaborators : Simvastatin in aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage (STASH): a multicentre randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet Neurol 13 : 666-675, 2014 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(14)70084-5
  165. Kissela BM, Sauerbeck L, Woo D, Khoury J, Carrozzella J, Pancioli A, et al. : Subarachnoid hemorrhage: a preventable disease with a heritable component. Stroke 33 : 1321-1326, 2002 https://doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.0000014773.57733.3E
  166. Klimo P Jr, Kestle JR, MacDonald JD, Schmidt RH : Marked reduction of cerebral vasospasm with lumbar drainage of cerebrospinal fluid after subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg 100 : 215-224, 2004 https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.2004.100.2.0215
  167. Klopfenstein JD, Kim LJ, Feiz-Erfan I, Hott JS, Goslar P, Zabramski JM, et al. : Comparison of rapid and gradual weaning from external ventricular drainage in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a prospective randomized trial. J Neurosurg 100 : 225-229, 2004 https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.2004.100.2.0225
  168. Koivisto T, Vanninen R, Hurskainen H, Saari T, Hernesniemi J, Vapalahti M : Outcomes of early endovascular versus surgical treatment of ruptured cerebral aneurysms. A prospective randomized study. Stroke 31 : 2369-2377, 2000 https://doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.31.10.2369
  169. Korja M, Lehto H, Juvela S : Lifelong rupture risk of intracranial aneurysms depends on risk factors: a prospective Finnish Cohort study. Stroke 45 : 1958-1963, 2014 https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.114.005318
  170. Kosnik EJ, Hunt WE : Postoperative hypertension in the management of patients with intracranial arterial aneurysms. J Neurosurg 45 : 148-154, 1976 https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.1976.45.2.0148
  171. Kowalski RG, Claassen J, Kreiter KT, Bates JE, Ostapkovich ND, Connolly ES, et al. : Initial misdiagnosis and outcome after subarachnoid hemorrhage. JAMA 291 : 866-869, 2004 https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.291.7.866
  172. Kramer AH, Fletcher JJ : Locally-administered intrathecal thrombolytics following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurocrit Care 14 : 489-499, 2011 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12028-010-9429-z
  173. Kramer AH, Gurka MJ, Nathan B, Dumont AS, Kassell NF, Bleck TP : Complications associated with anemia and blood transfusion in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Crit Care Med 36 : 2070-2075, 2008 https://doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0b013e31817c1095
  174. Kramer AH, Roberts DJ, Holodinsky J, Todd S, Hill MD, Zygun DA, et al. : Intraventricular tissue plasminogen activator in subarachnoid hemorrhage patients: a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled pilot trial. Neurocrit Care 21 : 275-284, 2014 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12028-014-9965-z
  175. Kronvall E, Undren P, Romner B, Saveland H, Cronqvist M, Nilsson OG : Nimodipine in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a randomized study of intravenous or peroral administration. J Neurosurg 110 : 58-63, 2009 https://doi.org/10.3171/2008.7.JNS08178
  176. Kruyt ND, Roos YW, Dorhout Mees SM, van den Bergh WM, Algra A, Rinkel GJ, et al. : High mean fasting glucose levels independently predict poor outcome and delayed cerebral ischaemia after aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 79 : 1382- 1385, 2008 https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.2007.142034
  177. Kshettry VR, Rosenbaum BP, Seicean A, Kelly ML, Schiltz NK, Weil RJ : Incidence and risk factors associated with in-hospital venous thromboembolism after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Clin Neurosci 21 : 282-286, 2014 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocn.2013.07.003
  178. Kwakkel G : Impact of intensity of practice after stroke: issues for consideration. Disabil Rehabil 28 : 823-830, 2006 https://doi.org/10.1080/09638280500534861
  179. Kwakkel G, van Peppen R, Wagenaar RC, Wood Dauphinee S, Richards C, Ashburn A, et al. : Effects of augmented exercise therapy time after stroke: a meta-analysis. Stroke 35 : 2529-2539, 2004 https://doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.0000143153.76460.7d
  180. Kwakkel G, Wagenaar RC, Koelman TW, Lankhorst GJ, Koetsier JC : Effects of intensity of rehabilitation after stroke. A research synthesis. Stroke 28 : 1550-1556, 1997 https://doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.28.8.1550
  181. Lacut K, Bressollette L, Le Gal G, Etienne E, De Tinteniac A, Renault A, et al. : Prevention of venous thrombosis in patients with acute intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology 65 : 865-869, 2005 https://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000176073.80532.a2
  182. Laidlaw JD, Siu KH : Ultra-early surgery for aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: outcomes for a consecutive series of 391 patients not selected by grade or age. J Neurosurg 97 : 250-258; discussion 247-249, 2002 https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.2002.97.2.0250
  183. Lakhani S, Guha A, Nahser HC : Anaesthesia for endovascular management of cerebral aneurysms. Eur J Anaesthesiol 23 : 902-913, 2006 https://doi.org/10.1017/S0265021506000901
  184. Langhorne P, Wagenaar R, Partridge C : Physiotherapy after stroke: more is better? Physiother Res Int 1 : 75-88, 1996 https://doi.org/10.1002/pri.6120010204
  185. Lanzino G, Kassell NF, Germanson T, Truskowski L, Alves W : Plasma glucose levels and outcome after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg 79 : 885-891, 1993 https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.1993.79.6.0885
  186. Latorre JG, Chou SH, Nogueira RG, Singhal AB, Carter BS, Ogilvy CS, et al. : Effective glycemic control with aggressive hyperglycemia management is associated with improved outcome in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke 40 : 1644-1652, 2009 https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.108.535534
  187. Le Roux PD, Elliott JP, Downey L, Newell DW, Grady MS, Mayberg MR, et al. : Improved outcome after rupture of anterior circulation aneurysms: a retrospective 10-year review of 224 good-grade patients. J Neurosurg 83 : 394-402, 1995 https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.1995.83.3.0394
  188. Le Roux PD, Elliott JP, Newell DW, Grady MS, Winn HR : Predicting outcome in poor grade patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage: a retrospective review of 159 aggressively managed cases. J Neurosurg 85 : 39-49, 1996 https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.1996.85.1.0039
  189. Lee SH, Lim JS, Kim N, Yoon BW : Effects of admission glucose level on mortality after subarachnoid hemorrhage: a comparison between shortterm and long-term mortality. J Neurol Sci 275 : 18-21, 2008 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2008.05.024
  190. Levati A, Tommasino C, Moretti MP, Paino R, D'Aliberti G, Santoro F, et al. : Giant intracranial aneurysms treated with deep hypothermia and circulatory arrest. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 19 : 25-30, 2007 https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ana.0000211022.96054.4d
  191. Li H, Pan R, Wang H, Rong X, Yin Z, Milgrom DP, et al. : Clipping versus coiling for ruptured intracranial aneurysms: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Stroke 44 : 29-37, 2013 https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.112.663559
  192. Lindsay KW, Teasdale G, Knill-Jones RP, Murray L : Observer variability in grading patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg 56 : 628-633, 1982 https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.1982.56.5.0628
  193. Locksley HB : Natural history of subarachnoid hemorrhage, intracranial aneurysms and arteriovenous malformations. J Neurosurg 25 : 321-368, 1966 https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.1966.25.3.0321
  194. Longstreth WT Jr, Nelson LM, Koepsell TD, van Belle G : Cigarette smoking, alcohol use, and subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke 23 : 1242-1249, 1992 https://doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.23.9.1242
  195. Luo YC, Shen CS, Mao JL, Liang CY, Zhang Q, He ZJ : Ultra-early versus delayed coil treatment for ruptured poor-grade aneurysm. Neuroradiology 57 : 205-210, 2015 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00234-014-1454-8
  196. Luostarinen T, Takala RS, Niemi TT, Katila AJ, Niemela M, Hernesniemi J, et al. : Adenosine-induced cardiac arrest during intraoperative cerebral aneurysm rupture. World Neurosurg 73 : 79-83; discussion e9, 2010 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surneu.2009.06.018
  197. Lusseveld E, Brilstra EH, Nijssen PC, van Rooij WJ, Sluzewski M, Tulleken CA, et al. : Endovascular coiling versus neurosurgical clipping in patients with a ruptured basilar tip aneurysm. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 73 : 591-593, 2002 https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.73.5.591
  198. Ma Z, Wang Q, Liu M : Early versus delayed mobilisation for aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (5) : CD008346, 2013
  199. Macdonald RL, Higashida RT, Keller E, Mayer SA, Molyneux A, Raabe A, et al. : Clazosentan, an endothelin receptor antagonist, in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage undergoing surgical clipping: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial (CONSCIOUS-2). Lancet Neurol 10 : 618-625, 2011 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(11)70108-9
  200. Macdonald RL, Higashida RT, Keller E, Mayer SA, Molyneux A, Raabe A, et al. : Randomized trial of clazosentan in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage undergoing endovascular coiling. Stroke 43 : 1463-1469, 2012 https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.648980
  201. Macdonald RL, Kassell NF, Mayer S, Ruefenacht D, Schmiedek P, Weidauer S, et al. : Clazosentan to overcome neurological ischemia and infarction occurring after subarachnoid hemorrhage (CONSCIOUS-1): randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2 dose-finding trial. Stroke 39 : 3015-3021, 2008 https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.108.519942
  202. Macdonald RL, Pluta RM, Zhang JH : Cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage: the emerging revolution. Nat Clin Pract Neurol 3 : 256-263, 2007
  203. Mack WJ, Ducruet AF, Angevine PD, Komotar RJ, Shrebnick DB, Edwards NM, et al. : Deep hypothermic circulatory arrest for complex cerebral aneurysms: lessons learned. Neurosurgery 60 : 815-827; discussion 815-827, 2007 https://doi.org/10.1227/01.NEU.0000255452.20602.C9
  204. Mack WJ, Ducruet AF, Hickman ZL, Kalyvas JT, Cleveland JR, Mocco J, et al. : Doppler ultrasonography screening of poor-grade subarachnoid hemorrhage patients increases the diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis. Neurol Res 30 : 889-892, 2008 https://doi.org/10.1179/174313208X327946
  205. Manninen PH, Chan AS, Papworth D : Conscious sedation for interventional neuroradiology: a comparison of midazolam and propofol infusion. Can J Anaesth 44 : 26-30, 1997 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03014320
  206. Maslehaty H, Petridis AK, Barth H, Mehdorn HM : Diagnostic value of magnetic resonance imaging in perimesencephalic and nonperimesencephalic subarachnoid hemorrhage of unknown origin. J Neurosurg 114 : 1003-1007, 2011 https://doi.org/10.3171/2010.6.JNS10310
  207. Matsuda M, Watanabe K, Saito A, Matsumura K, Ichikawa M : Circumstances, activities, and events precipitating aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 16 : 25-29, 2007 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2006.09.001
  208. McCormack RF, Hutson A : Can computed tomography angiography of the brain replace lumbar puncture in the evaluation of acute-onset headache after a negative noncontrast cranial computed tomography scan? Acad Emerg Med 17 : 444-451, 2010 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1553-2712.2010.00694.x
  209. McDougall CG, Halbach VV, Dowd CF, Higashida RT, Larsen DW, Hieshima GB : Endovascular treatment of basilar tip aneurysms using electrolytically detachable coils. J Neurosurg 84 : 393-399, 1996 https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.1996.84.3.0393
  210. McDougall CG, Spetzler RF, Zabramski JM, Partovi S, Hills NK, Nakaji P, et al. : The barrow ruptured aneurysm trial. J Neurosurg 116 : 135-144, 2012 https://doi.org/10.3171/2011.8.JNS101767
  211. McGirt MJ, Woodworth GF, Ali M, Than KD, Tamargo RJ, Clatterbuck RE : Persistent perioperative hyperglycemia as an independent predictor of poor outcome after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg 107 : 1080-1085, 2007 https://doi.org/10.3171/JNS-07/12/1080
  212. McIver JI, Friedman JA, Wijdicks EF, Piepgras DG, Pichelmann MA, Toussaint LG 3rd, et al. : Preoperative ventriculostomy and rebleeding after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg 97 : 1042-1044, 2002 https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.2002.97.5.1042
  213. McKinney AM, Palmer CS, Truwit CL, Karagulle A, Teksam M : Detection of aneurysms by 64-section multidetector CT angiography in patients acutely suspected of having an intracranial aneurysm and comparison with digital subtraction and 3D rotational angiography. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 29 : 594-602, 2008 https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A0848
  214. McNeill L, English SW, Borg N, Matta BF, Menon DK : Effects of institutional caseload of subarachnoid hemorrhage on mortality: a secondary analysis of administrative data. Stroke 44 : 647-652, 2013 https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.112.681254
  215. Menke J, Larsen J, Kallenberg K : Diagnosing cerebral aneurysms by computed tomographic angiography: meta-analysis. Ann Neurol 69 : 646-654, 2011 https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.22270
  216. Milhorat TH : Acute hydrocephalus after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurgery 20 : 15-20, 1987 https://doi.org/10.1227/00006123-198701000-00004
  217. Mir DI, Gupta A, Dunning A, Puchi L, Robinson CL, Epstein HA, et al. : CT perfusion for detection of delayed cerebral ischemia in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a systematic review and meta-analysis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 35 : 866-871, 2014 https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A3787
  218. Mitchell P, Kerr R, Mendelow AD, Molyneux A : Could late rebleeding overturn the superiority of cranial aneurysm coil embolization over clip ligation seen in the international subarachnoid aneurysm trial? J Neurosurg 108 : 437-442, 2008 https://doi.org/10.3171/JNS/2008/108/3/0437
  219. Molyneux A, Kerr R, Stratton I, Sandercock P, Clarke M, Shrimpton J, et al. : International subarachnoid aneurysm trial (ISAT) of neurosurgical clipping versus endovascular coiling in 2143 patients with ruptured intracranial aneurysms: a randomised trial. Lancet 360 : 1267-1274, 2002 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11314-6
  220. Molyneux AJ, Birks J, Clarke A, Sneade M, Kerr RS : The durability of endovascular coiling versus neurosurgical clipping of ruptured cerebral aneurysms: 18 year follow-up of the UK cohort of the international subarachnoid aneurysm trial (ISAT). Lancet 385 : 691-697, 2015 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60975-2
  221. Molyneux AJ, Kerr RS, Birks J, Ramzi N, Yarnold J, Sneade M, et al. : Risk of recurrent subarachnoid haemorrhage, death, or dependence and standardised mortality ratios after clipping or coiling of an intracranial aneurysm in the international subarachnoid aneurysm trial (ISAT): longterm follow-up. Lancet Neurol 8 : 427-433, 2009 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(09)70080-8
  222. Molyneux AJ, Kerr RS, Yu LM, Clarke M, Sneade M, Yarnold JA, et al. : International subarachnoid aneurysm trial (ISAT) of neurosurgical clipping versus endovascular coiling in 2143 patients with ruptured intracranial aneurysms: a randomised comparison of effects on survival, dependency, seizures, rebleeding, subgroups, and aneurysm occlusion. Lancet 366 : 809-817, 2005 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67214-5
  223. Mori T, Katayama Y, Kawamata T, Hirayama T : Improved efficiency of hypervolemic therapy with inhibition of natriuresis by fludrocortisone in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg 91 : 947-952, 1999 https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.1999.91.6.0947
  224. Mount DB : The brain in hyponatremia: both culprit and victim. Semin Nephrol 29 : 196-215, 2009 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semnephrol.2009.03.021
  225. Murphy-Human T, Welch E, Zipfel G, Diringer MN, Dhar R : Comparison of short-duration levetiracetam with extended course phenytoin for seizure prophylaxis after subarachnoid hemorrhage. World Neurosurg 75 : 269-274, 2011 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2010.09.002
  226. Naccarato M, Chiodo Grandi F, Dennis M, Sandercock PA : Physical methods for preventing deep vein thrombosis in stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (8) : CD001922, 2010
  227. Naidech AM, Bendok BR, Bernstein RA, Alberts MJ, Batjer HH, Watts CM, et al. : Fever burden and functional recovery after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurgery 63 : 212-217; discussion 217-218, 2008 https://doi.org/10.1227/01.NEU.0000320453.61270.0F
  228. Naidech AM, Drescher J, Ault ML, Shaibani A, Batjer HH, Alberts MJ : Higher hemoglobin is associated with less cerebral infarction, poor outcome, and death after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurgery 59 : 775-779; discussion 779-780, 2006 https://doi.org/10.1227/01.NEU.0000232662.86771.A9
  229. Naidech AM, Janjua N, Kreiter KT, Ostapkovich ND, Fitzsimmons BF, Parra A, et al. : Predictors and impact of aneurysm rebleeding after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Arch Neurol 62 : 410-416, 2005 https://doi.org/10.1001/archneur.62.3.410
  230. Naidech AM, Jovanovic B, Wartenberg KE, Parra A, Ostapkovich N, Connolly ES, et al. : Higher hemoglobin is associated with improved outcome after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Crit Care Med 35 : 2383-2389, 2007 https://doi.org/10.1097/01.CCM.0000284516.17580.2C
  231. Naidech AM, Kreiter KT, Janjua N, Ostapkovich N, Parra A, Commichau C, et al. : Phenytoin exposure is associated with functional and cognitive disability after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke 36 : 583-587, 2005 https://doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.0000141936.36596.1e
  232. Naidech AM, Levasseur K, Liebling S, Garg RK, Shapiro M, Ault ML, et al. : Moderate hypoglycemia is associated with vasospasm, cerebral infarction, and 3-month disability after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care 12 : 181-187, 2010 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12028-009-9311-z
  233. Naidech AM, Liebling SM, Duran IM, Ault ML : Packed red blood cell age does not impact adverse events or outcomes after subarachnoid haemorrhage. Transfus Med 21 : 130-133, 2011 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3148.2010.01048.x
  234. Naidech AM, Shaibani A, Garg RK, Duran IM, Liebling SM, Bassin SL, et al. : Prospective, randomized trial of higher goal hemoglobin after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care 13 : 313-320, 2010 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12028-010-9424-4
  235. Neil-Dwyer G, Walter P, Cruickshank JM, Doshi B, O'Gorman P : Effect of propranolol and phentolamine on myocardial necrosis after subarachnoid haemorrhage. Br Med J 2 : 990-992, 1978 https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.2.6143.990
  236. Nguyen HP, Zaroff JG, Bayman EO, Gelb AW, Todd MM, Hindman BJ, et al. : Perioperative hypothermia (33 degrees C) does not increase the occurrence of cardiovascular events in patients undergoing cerebral aneurysm surgery: findings from the Intraoperative Hypothermia for Aneurysm Surgery Trial. Anesthesiology 113 : 327-342, 2010 https://doi.org/10.1097/ALN.0b013e3181dfd4f7
  237. Ogilvy CS : Neurosurgical clipping versus endovascular coiling of patients with ruptured intracranial aneurysms. Stroke 34 : 2540-2542, 2003 https://doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.0000092894.71909.FF
  238. Ohkuma H, Tsurutani H, Suzuki S : Incidence and significance of early aneurysmal rebleeding before neurosurgical or neurological management. Stroke 32 : 1176-1180, 2001 https://doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.32.5.1176
  239. Olafsson E, Gudmundsson G, Hauser WA : Risk of epilepsy in long-term survivors of surgery for aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a population-based study in Iceland. Epilepsia 41 : 1201-1205, 2000 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1157.2000.tb00326.x
  240. Oliveira-Filho J, Ezzeddine MA, Segal AZ, Buonanno FS, Chang Y, Ogilvy CS, et al. : Fever in subarachnoid hemorrhage: relationship to vasospasm and outcome. Neurology 56 : 1299-1304, 2001 https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.56.10.1299
  241. Olkowski BF, Devine MA, Slotnick LE, Veznedaroglu E, Liebman KM, Arcaro ML, et al. : Safety and feasibility of an early mobilization program for patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Phys Ther 93 : 208-215, 2013 https://doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20110334
  242. Oshiro EM, Walter KA, Piantadosi S, Witham TF, Tamargo RJ : A new subarachnoid hemorrhage grading system based on the glasgow coma scale: a comparison with the Hunt and Hess and World Federation of Neurological Surgeons scales in a clinical series. Neurosurgery 41 : 140-147; discussion 147-148, 1997 https://doi.org/10.1097/00006123-199707000-00029
  243. Ottenbacher KJ, Jannell S : The results of clinical trials in stroke rehabilitation research. Arch Neurol 50 : 37-44, 1993 https://doi.org/10.1001/archneur.1993.00540010033014
  244. Pan JW, Zhan RY, Wen L, Tong Y, Wan S, Zhou YY : Ultra-early surgery for poor-grade intracranial aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a preliminary study. Yonsei Med J 50 : 521-524, 2009 https://doi.org/10.3349/ymj.2009.50.4.521
  245. Pare L, Delfino R, Leblanc R : The relationship of ventricular drainage to aneurysmal rebleeding. J Neurosurg 76 : 422-427, 1992 https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.1992.76.3.0422
  246. Park J, Woo H, Kang DH, Kim YS, Kim MY, Shin IH, et al. : Formal protocol for emergency treatment of ruptured intracranial aneurysms to reduce in-hospital rebleeding and improve clinical outcomes. J Neurosurg 122 : 383-391, 2015 https://doi.org/10.3171/2014.9.JNS131784
  247. Pasternak JJ, McGregor DG, Schroeder DR, Lanier WL, Shi Q, Hindman BJ, et al. : Hyperglycemia in patients undergoing cerebral aneurysm surgery: its association with long-term gross neurologic and neuropsychological function. Mayo Clin Proc 83 : 406-417, 2008 https://doi.org/10.4065/83.4.406
  248. Patel K, Guilfoyle MR, Bulters DO, Kirollos RW, Antoun NM, Higgins JN, et al. : Recovery of oculomotor nerve palsy secondary to posterior communicating artery aneurysms. Br J Neurosurg 28 : 483-487, 2014 https://doi.org/10.3109/02688697.2013.857007
  249. Perry JJ, Stiell IG, Sivilotti ML, Bullard MJ, Hohl CM, Sutherland J, et al. : Clinical decision rules to rule out subarachnoid hemorrhage for acute headache. JAMA 310 : 1248-1255, 2013 https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.278018
  250. Perry JJ, Stiell IG, Sivilotti ML, Bullard MJ, Lee JS, Eisenhauer M, et al. : High risk clinical characteristics for subarachnoid haemorrhage in patients with acute headache: prospective cohort study. BMJ 341 : c5204, 2010 https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.c5204
  251. Pickard JD, Murray GD, Illingworth R, Shaw MD, Teasdale GM, Foy PM, et al. : Effect of oral nimodipine on cerebral infarction and outcome after subarachnoid haemorrhage: British aneurysm nimodipine trial. BMJ 298 : 636-642, 1989 https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.298.6674.636
  252. Pierot L, Cognard C, Anxionnat R, Ricolfi F; CLARITY Investigators : Remodeling technique for endovascular treatment of ruptured intracranial aneurysms had a higher rate of adequate postoperative occlusion than did conventional coil embolization with comparable safety. Radiology 258 : 546-553, 2011 https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.10100894
  253. Pierot L, Cognard C, Spelle L, Moret J : Safety and efficacy of balloon remodeling technique during endovascular treatment of intracranial aneurysms: critical review of the literature. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 33 : 12-15, 2012 https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A2403
  254. Polmear A : Sentinel headaches in aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage: what is the true incidence? A systematic review. Cephalalgia 23 : 935-941, 2003 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1468-2982.2003.00596.x
  255. Powers CJ, Wright DR, McDonagh DL, Borel CO, Zomorodi AR, Britz GW : Transient adenosine-induced asystole during the surgical treatment of anterior circulation cerebral aneurysms: technical note. Neurosurgery 67(2 Suppl Operative) : 461-470, 2010
  256. Proust F, Gerardin E, Derrey S, Lesveque S, Ramos S, Langlois O, et al. : Interdisciplinary treatment of ruptured cerebral aneurysms in elderly patients. J Neurosurg 112 : 1200-1207, 2010 https://doi.org/10.3171/2009.10.JNS08754
  257. Qureshi AI, Suri MF, Khan J, Kim SH, Fessler RD, Ringer AJ, et al. : Endovascular treatment of intracranial aneurysms by using guglielmi detachable coils in awake patients: safety and feasibility. J Neurosurg 94 : 880-885, 2001 https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.2001.94.6.0880
  258. Raaymakers TW : Aneurysms in relatives of patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage: frequency and risk factors. MARS Study Group. Magnetic Resonance Angiography in Relatives of patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurology 53 : 982-988, 1999 https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.53.5.982
  259. Rabinstein AA, Lanzino G, Wijdicks EF : Multidisciplinary management and emerging therapeutic strategies in aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. Lancet Neurol 9 : 504-519, 2010 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(10)70087-9
  260. Raftopoulos C, Mathurin P, Boscherini D, Billa RF, Van Boven M, Hantson P : Prospective analysis of aneurysm treatment in a series of 103 consecutive patients when endovascular embolization is considered the first option. J Neurosurg 93 : 175-182, 2000 https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.2000.93.2.0175
  261. Rah UW, Kim YH, Ohn SH, Chun MH, Kim MW, Yoo WK, et al. : Clinical practice guideline for stroke rehabilitation in Korea 2012. Brain Neurorehabil 7(Suppl 1) : S1-S75, 2014 https://doi.org/10.12786/bn.2014.7.Suppl1.S1
  262. Rahman M, Smietana J, Hauck E, Hoh B, Hopkins N, Siddiqui A, et al. : Size ratio correlates with intracranial aneurysm rupture status: a prospective study. Stroke 41 : 916-920, 2010 https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.109.574244
  263. Rajshekhar V, Harbaugh RE : Results of routine ventriculostomy with external ventricular drainage for acute hydrocephalus following subarachnoid haemorrhage. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 115 : 8-14, 1992 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01400584
  264. Ransom ER, Mocco J, Komotar RJ, Sahni D, Chang J, Hahn DK, et al. : External ventricular drainage response in poor grade aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: effect on preoperative grading and prognosis. Neurocrit Care 6 : 174-180, 2007 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12028-007-0019-7
  265. Raper DM, Starke RM, Komotar RJ, Allan R, Connolly ES Jr : Seizures after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a systematic review of outcomes. World Neurosurg 79 : 682-690, 2013 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2012.08.006
  266. Ray WZ, Moran CJ, Derdeyn CP, Diringer MN, Dacey RG Jr, Zipfel GJ : Near-complete resolution of angiographic cerebral vasospasm after extreme elevation of mean arterial pressure: case report. Surg Neurol 72 : 347-353; discussion 353-354, 2009 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surneu.2008.10.006
  267. Ray WZ, Strom RG, Blackburn SL, Ashley WW, Sicard GA, Rich KM : Incidence of deep venous thrombosis after subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg 110 : 1010-1014, 2009 https://doi.org/10.3171/2008.9.JNS08107
  268. Raya AK, Diringer MN : Treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage. Crit Care Clin 30 : 719-733, 2014 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccc.2014.06.004
  269. Reddy D, Fallah A, Petropoulos JA, Farrokhyar F, Macdonald RL, Jichici D : Prophylactic magnesium sulfate for aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurocrit Care 21 : 356-364, 2014 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12028-014-9964-0
  270. Regli L, Dehdashti AR, Uske A, de Tribolet N : Endovascular coiling compared with surgical clipping for the treatment of unruptured middle cerebral artery aneurysms: an update. Acta Neurochir Suppl 82 : 41-46, 2002
  271. Rhoney DH, Tipps LB, Murry KR, Basham MC, Michael DB, Coplin WM : Anticonvulsant prophylaxis and timing of seizures after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurology 55 : 258-265, 2000 https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.55.2.258
  272. Rinkel GJ, Djibuti M, Algra A, van Gijn J : Prevalence and risk of rupture of intracranial aneurysms: a systematic review. Stroke 29 : 251-256, 1998 https://doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.29.1.251
  273. Rivero Rodriguez D, Scherle Matamoros C, Fernandez Cue L, Miranda Hernandez JL, Pernas Sanchez Y, Perez Nellar J : Factors associated with poor outcome for aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage in a series of 334 patients. Neurologia 32 : 15-21, 2017 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nrl.2014.12.006
  274. United States Agency for health care policy and research : Acute Pain Management: Operative or Medical Procedures and Trauma: Clinical Practice Guideline, ed 1. Rockville : United States Agency for health care policy and research, 1992, pp1-145
  275. Roessler K, Krawagna M, Dorfler A, Buchfelder M, Ganslandt O : Essentials in intraoperative indocyanine green videoangiography assessment for intracranial aneurysm surgery: conclusions from 295 consecutively clipped aneurysms and review of the literature. Neurosurg Focus 36 : E7, 2014
  276. Ronkainen A, Hernesniemi J, Ryynanen M : Familial subarachnoid hemorrhage in east Finland, 1977-1990. Neurosurgery 33 : 787-796; discussion 796-797, 1993
  277. Ronkainen A, Miettinen H, Karkola K, Papinaho S, Vanninen R, Puranen M, et al. : Risk of harboring an unruptured intracranial aneurysm. Stroke 29 : 359-362, 1998 https://doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.29.2.359
  278. Roos YB, Rinkel GJ, Vermeulen M, Algra A, van Gijn J : Antifibrinolytic therapy for aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2) : CD001245, 2003
  279. Rosenberg NF, Koht A, Naidech AM : Anemia and transfusion after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 25 : 66- 74, 2013 https://doi.org/10.1097/ANA.0b013e31826cfc1d
  280. Rosengart AJ, Huo JD, Tolentino J, Novakovic RL, Frank JI, Goldenberg FD, et al. : Outcome in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage treated with antiepileptic drugs. J Neurosurg 107 : 253-260, 2007 https://doi.org/10.3171/JNS-07/08/0253
  281. Rowe AS, Goodwin H, Brophy GM, Bushwitz J, Castle A, Deen D, et al. : Seizure prophylaxis in neurocritical care: a review of evidence-based support. Pharmacotherapy 34 : 396-409, 2014 https://doi.org/10.1002/phar.1374
  282. Royal College of Physicians : National Clinical Guideline for Stroke, ed 4. London : Royal College of Physicians of London, 2012, pp79-123
  283. Ruigrok YM, Buskens E, Rinkel GJ : Attributable risk of common and rare determinants of subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke 32 : 1173-1175, 2001 https://doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.32.5.1173
  284. Ryttlefors M, Enblad P, Kerr RS, Molyneux AJ : International subarachnoid aneurysm trial of neurosurgical clipping versus endovascular coiling: subgroup analysis of 278 elderly patients. Stroke 39 : 2720-2726, 2008 https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.107.506030
  285. Sakurai J, Ushikoshi S, Terasaka S, Kazumata K, Asaoka K, Ajiki M, et al. : The role of endovascular treatment for multiple intracranial aneurysms with subarachnoid hemorrhage. No Shinkei Geka 35 : 143-149, 2007
  286. Sankai T, Iso H, Shimamoto T, Kitamura A, Naito Y, Sato S, et al. : Prospective study on alcohol intake and risk of subarachnoid hemorrhage among Japanese men and women. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 24 : 386-389, 2000 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.2000.tb04628.x
  287. Santillan A, Knopman J, Zink W, Patsalides A, Gobin YP : Transluminal balloon angioplasty for symptomatic distal vasospasm refractory to medical therapy in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurgery 69 : 95-101; discussion 102, 2011 https://doi.org/10.1227/NEU.0b013e31821424f9
  288. Sano H, Satoh A, Murayama Y, Kato Y, Origasa H, Inamasu J, et al. : Modified World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies subarachnoid hemorrhage grading system. World Neurosurg 83 : 801-807, 2015 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2014.12.032
  289. Sarker SJ, Heuschmann PU, Burger I, Wolfe CD, Rudd AG, Smeeton NC, et al. : Predictors of survival after haemorrhagic stroke in a multi-ethnic population: the South London Stroke Register (SLSR). J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 79 : 260-265, 2008 https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.2007.129189
  290. Sayama T, Inamura T, Matsushima T, Inoha S, Inoue T, Fukui M : High incidence of hyponatremia in patients with ruptured anterior communicating artery aneurysms. Neurol Res 22 : 151-155, 2000 https://doi.org/10.1080/01616412.2000.11741052
  291. Schaafsma JD, Sprengers ME, van Rooij WJ, Sluzewski M, Majoie CB, Wermer MJ, et al. : Long-term recurrent subarachnoid hemorrhage after adequate coiling versus clipping of ruptured intracranial aneurysms. Stroke 40 : 1758-1763, 2009 https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.108.524751
  292. Schebesch KM, Proescholdt M, Ullrich OW, Camboni D, Moritz S, Wiesenack C, et al. : Circulatory arrest and deep hypothermia for the treatment of complex intracranial aneurysms--results from a single European center. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 152 : 783-792, 2010 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00701-009-0594-9
  293. Schievink WI, Schaid DJ, Michels VV, Piepgras DG : Familial aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a community-based study. J Neurosurg 83 : 426-429, 1995 https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.1995.83.3.0426
  294. Schmidt JM, Crimmins M, Lantigua H, Fernandez A, Zammit C, Falo C, et al. : Prolonged elevated heart rate is a risk factor for adverse cardiac events and poor outcome after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care 20 : 390-398, 2014 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12028-013-9909-z
  295. Schuss P, Guresir E, Berkefeld J, Seifert V, Vatter H : Influence of surgical or endovascular treatment on visual symptoms caused by intracranial aneurysms: single-center series and systematic review. J Neurosurg 115 : 694-699, 2011 https://doi.org/10.3171/2011.5.JNS101983
  296. Seiler RW, Reulen HJ, Huber P, Grolimund P, Ebeling U, Steiger HJ : Outcome of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage in a hospital population: a prospective study including early operation, intravenous nimodipine, and transcranial doppler ultrasound. Neurosurgery 23 : 598-604, 1988 https://doi.org/10.1227/00006123-198811000-00009
  297. Seo DH, Kang HS, Kim DW, Park SQ, Song Y, Sheen SH, et al. : Guidelines for the management of unruptured intracranial aneurysm. Korean J Cerebrovasc Surg 13 : 279-290, 2011
  298. Shankar JJ, dos Santos MP, Deus-Silva L, Lum C : Angiographic evaluation of the effect of intra-arterial milrinone therapy in patients with vasospasm from aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neuroradiology 53 : 123-128, 2011 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00234-010-0720-7
  299. Shen J, Pan JW, Fan ZX, Xiong XX, Zhan RY : Dissociation of vasospasmrelated morbidity and outcomes in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage treated with clazosentan: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Neurosurg 119 : 180-189, 2013 https://doi.org/10.3171/2013.3.JNS121436
  300. Shen X, Xu T, Ding X, Wang W, Liu Z, Qin H : Multiple intracranial aneurysms: endovascular treatment and complications. Interv Neuroradiol 20 : 442-447, 2014 https://doi.org/10.15274/INR-2014-10037
  301. Shimamura N, Matsuda N, Satou J, Nakano T, Ohkuma H : Early ambulation produces favorable outcome and nondemential state in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage patients older than 70 years of age. World Neurosurg 81 : 330-334, 2014 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2012.12.007
  302. Shimoda M, Hoshikawa K, Shiramizu H, Oda S, Matsumae M : Problems with diagnosis by fluid-attenuated inversion recovery magnetic resonance imaging in patients with acute aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 50 : 530-537, 2010 https://doi.org/10.2176/nmc.50.530
  303. Siironen J, Juvela S, Varis J, Porras M, Poussa K, Ilveskero S, et al. : No effect of enoxaparin on outcome of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Neurosurg 99 : 953-959, 2003 https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.2003.99.6.0953
  304. Smith MJ, Le Roux PD, Elliott JP, Winn HR : Blood transfusion and increased risk for vasospasm and poor outcome after subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg 101 : 1-7, 2004 https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.2004.101.1.0001
  305. Smith WS, Dowd CF, Johnston SC, Ko NU, DeArmond SJ, Dillon WP, et al. : Neurotoxicity of intra-arterial papaverine preserved with chlorobutanol used for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke 35 : 2518-2522, 2004 https://doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.0000144682.00822.83
  306. Solenski NJ, Haley EC Jr, Kassell NF, Kongable G, Germanson T, Truskowski L, et al. : Medical complications of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a report of the multicenter, cooperative aneurysm study. Participants of the multicenter cooperative aneurysm study. Crit Care Med 23 : 1007-1017, 1995 https://doi.org/10.1097/00003246-199506000-00004
  307. Solomon RA, Smith CR, Raps EC, Young WL, Stone JG, Fink ME : Deep hypothermic circulatory arrest for the management of complex anterior and posterior circulation aneurysms. Neurosurgery 29 : 732-737; discussion 737-738, 1991 https://doi.org/10.1227/00006123-199111000-00015
  308. Spetzler RF, Hadley MN, Rigamonti D, Carter LP, Raudzens PA, Shedd SA, et al. : Aneurysms of the basilar artery treated with circulatory arrest, hypothermia, and barbiturate cerebral protection. J Neurosurg 68 : 868-879, 1988 https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.1988.68.6.0868
  309. Spetzler RF, McDougall CG, Albuquerque FC, Zabramski JM, Hills NK, Partovi S, et al. : The Barrow Ruptured Aneurysm Trial: 3-year results. J Neurosurg 119 : 146-157, 2013 https://doi.org/10.3171/2013.3.JNS12683
  310. Starke RM, Kim GH, Fernandez A, Komotar RJ, Hickman ZL, Otten ML, et al. : Impact of a protocol for acute antifibrinolytic therapy on aneurysm rebleeding after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke 39 : 2617-2621, 2008 https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.107.506097
  311. Stein M, Brokmeier L, Herrmann J, Scharbrodt W, Schreiber V, Bender M, et al. : Mean hemoglobin concentration after acute subarachnoid hemorrhage and the relation to outcome, mortality, vasospasm, and brain infarction. J Clin Neurosci 22 : 530-534, 2015 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocn.2014.08.026
  312. Steiner T, Juvela S, Unterberg A, Jung C, Forsting M, Rinkel G, et al. : European Stroke Organization guidelines for the management of intracranial aneurysms and subarachnoid haemorrhage. Cerebrovasc Dis 35 : 93-112, 2012
  313. Sunderland A, Tinson DJ, Bradley EL, Fletcher D, Langton Hewer R, Wade DT : Enhanced physical therapy improves recovery of arm function after stroke: A randomized controlled trial. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 55 : 530-535, 1992 https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.55.7.530
  314. Sundquist J, Li X, Sundquist K, Hemminki K : Risks of subarachnoid hemorrhage in siblings: a nationwide epidemiological study from Sweden. Neuroepidemiology 29 : 178-184, 2007 https://doi.org/10.1159/000111580
  315. Tagami T, Kuwamoto K, Watanabe A, Unemoto K, Yokobori S, Matsumoto G, et al. : Effect of triple-h prophylaxis on global end-diastolic volume and clinical outcomes in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care 21 : 462-469, 2014 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12028-014-9973-z
  316. Tagami T, Kuwamoto K, Watanabe A, Unemoto K, Yokobori S, Matsumoto G, et al. : Optimal range of global end-diastolic volume for fluid management after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a multicenter prospective cohort study. Crit Care Med 42 : 1348-1356, 2014 https://doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0000000000000163
  317. Takebayashi S, Kamiyama H, Takizawa K, Kobayashi T, Saitoh N : The significance of intraoperative monitoring of muscle motor evoked potentials during unruptured large and giant cerebral aneurysm surgery. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 54 : 180-188, 2014 https://doi.org/10.2176/nmc.oa.2013-0001
  318. Takeuchi H, Handa Y, Kobayashi H, Kawano H, Hayashi M : Impairment of cerebral autoregulation during the development of chronic cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage in primates. Neurosurgery 28 : 41-48, 1991 https://doi.org/10.1227/00006123-199101000-00007
  319. Takeuchi S, Mori K, Arimoto H, Fujii K, Nagatani K, Tomura S, et al. : Effects of intravenous infusion of hydrogen-rich fluid combined with intracisternal infusion of magnesium sulfate in severe aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. BMC Neurol 14 : 176, 2014 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12883-014-0176-1
  320. Taylor CJ, Robertson F, Brealey D, O'shea F, Stephen T, Brew S, et al. : Outcome in poor grade subarachnoid hemorrhage patients treated with acute endovascular coiling of aneurysms and aggressive intensive care. Neurocrit Care 14 : 341-347, 2011 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12028-010-9377-7
  321. Terry A, Zipfel G, Milner E, Cross DT 3rd, Moran CJ, Diringer MN, et al. : Safety and technical efficacy of over-the-wire balloons for the treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage-induced cerebral vasospasm. Neurosurg Focus 21 : E14, 2006
  322. Tewari M, Aggarwal A, Mathuriya S, Gupta V : The outcome after aneurysmal sub arachnoid hemorrhage: a study of various factors. Ann Neurosci 22 : 78-80, 2015
  323. Thiele RH, Pouratian N, Zuo Z, Scalzo DC, Dobbs HA, Dumont AS, et al. : Strict glucose control does not affect mortality after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Anesthesiology 110 : 603-610, 2009 https://doi.org/10.1097/ALN.0b013e318198006a
  324. Todd MM, Hindman BJ, Clarke WR, Torner JC; Intraoperative Hypothermia for Aneurysm Surgery Trial (IHAST) Investigators : Mild intraoperative hypothermia during surgery for intracranial aneurysm. N Engl J Med 352 : 135-145, 2005 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa040975
  325. Togashi K, Joffe AM, Sekhar L, Kim L, Lam A, Yanez D, et al. : Randomized pilot trial of intensive management of blood pressure or volume expansion in subarachnoid hemorrhage (IMPROVES). Neurosurgery 76 : 125-134; discussion 134-135; quiz 135, 2015 https://doi.org/10.1227/NEU.0000000000000592
  326. Tseng MY, Al-Rawi PG, Czosnyka M, Hutchinson PJ, Richards H, Pickard JD, et al. : Enhancement of cerebral blood flow using systemic hypertonic saline therapy improves outcome in patients with poor-grade spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg 107 : 274-282, 2007 https://doi.org/10.3171/JNS-07/08/0274
  327. Tseng MY, Al-Rawi PG, Pickard JD, Rasulo FA, Kirkpatrick PJ : Effect of hypertonic saline on cerebral blood flow in poor-grade patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke 34 : 1389-1396, 2003 https://doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.0000071526.45277.44
  328. Tseng MY, Hutchinson PJ, Richards HK, Czosnyka M, Pickard JD, Erber WN, et al. : Acute systemic erythropoietin therapy to reduce delayed ischemic deficits following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a phase II randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Clinical article. J Neurosurg 111 : 171-180, 2009 https://doi.org/10.3171/2009.3.JNS081332
  329. Tsutsumi K, Ueki K, Morita A, Usui M, Kirino T : Risk of aneurysm recurrence in patients with clipped cerebral aneurysms: results of long-term follow-up angiography. Stroke 32 : 1191-1194, 2001 https://doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.32.5.1191
  330. Vale FL, Bradley EL, Fisher WS 3rd : The relationship of subarachnoid hemorrhage and the need for postoperative shunting. J Neurosurg 86 : 462-466, 1997 https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.1997.86.3.0462
  331. van der Bilt IA, Hasan D, Vandertop WP, Wilde AA, Algra A, Visser FC, et al. : Impact of cardiac complications on outcome after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a meta-analysis. Neurology 72 : 635-642, 2009 https://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000342471.07290.07
  332. van der Schaaf I, Wermer MJ, van der Graaf Y, Hoff RG, Rinkel GJ, Velthuis BK : CT after subarachnoid hemorrhage: relation of cerebral perfusion to delayed cerebral ischemia. Neurology 66 : 1533-1538, 2006 https://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000216272.67895.d3
  333. van Heuven AW, Dorhout Mees SM, Algra A, Rinkel GJ : Validation of a prognostic subarachnoid hemorrhage grading scale derived directly from the glasgow coma scale. Stroke 39 : 1347-1348, 2008 https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.107.498345
  334. van Loon J, Waerzeggers Y, Wilms G, Van Calenbergh F, Goffin J, Plets C : Early endovascular treatment of ruptured cerebral aneurysms in patients in very poor neurological condition. Neurosurgery 50 : 457-464; discussion 464-465, 2002
  335. Varelas P, Helms A, Sinson G, Spanaki M, Hacein-Bey L : Clipping or coiling of ruptured cerebral aneurysms and shunt-dependent hydrocephalus. Neurocrit Care 4 : 223-228, 2006 https://doi.org/10.1385/NCC:4:3:223
  336. Varma MK, Price K, Jayakrishnan V, Manickam B, Kessell G : Anaesthetic considerations for interventional neuroradiology. Br J Anaesth 99 : 75-85, 2007 https://doi.org/10.1093/bja/aem122
  337. Veerbeek JM, Koolstra M, Ket JC, van Wegen EE, Kwakkel G : Effects of augmented exercise therapy on outcome of gait and gait-related activities in the first 6 months after stroke: a meta-analysis. Stroke 42 : 3311-3315, 2011 https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.623819
  338. Vergouwen MD, Algra A, Rinkel GJ : Endothelin receptor antagonists for aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a systematic review and metaanalysis update. Stroke 43 : 2671-2676, 2012 https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.112.666693
  339. Vergouwen MD, de Haan RJ, Vermeulen M, Roos YB : Effect of statin treatment on vasospasm, delayed cerebral ischemia, and functional outcome in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a systematic review and meta-analysis update. Stroke 41 : e47-e52, 2010 https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.109.556332
  340. Vergouwen MD, Vermeulen M, van Gijn J, Rinkel GJ, Wijdicks EF, Muizelaar JP, et al. : Definition of delayed cerebral ischemia after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage as an outcome event in clinical trials and observational studies: proposal of a multidisciplinary research group. Stroke 41 : 2391-2395, 2010 https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.110.589275
  341. Vermeij FH, Hasan D, Vermeulen M, Tanghe HL, van Gijn J : Predictive factors for deterioration from hydrocephalus after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurology 44 : 1851-1855, 1994 https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.44.10.1851
  342. Wang PS, Longstreth WT Jr, Koepsell TD : Subarachnoid hemorrhage and family history. A population-based case-control study. Arch Neurol 52 : 202-204, 1995 https://doi.org/10.1001/archneur.1995.00540260108026
  343. Wang X, Li YM, Li WQ, Huang CG, Lu YC, Hou LJ : Effect of clazosentan in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PLoS One 7 : e47778, 2012 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0047778
  344. Wartenberg KE, Parra A : CT and CT-perfusion findings of reversible leukoencephalopathy during triple-H therapy for symptomatic subarachnoid hemorrhage-related vasospasm. J Neuroimaging 16 : 170-175, 2006 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1552-6569.2006.00031.x
  345. Wartenberg KE, Schmidt JM, Claassen J, Temes RE, Frontera JA, Ostapkovich N, et al. : Impact of medical complications on outcome after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Crit Care Med 34 : 617-623; quiz 624, 2006 https://doi.org/10.1097/01.CCM.0000201903.46435.35
  346. Wermer MJ, Koffijberg H, van der Schaaf IC; ASTRA Study Group : Effectiveness and costs of screening for aneurysms every 5 years after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurology 70 : 2053-2062, 2008 https://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000304372.01248.02
  347. Wermer MJ, van der Schaaf IC, Velthuis BK, Algra A, Buskens E, Rinkel GJ, et al. : Follow-up screening after subarachnoid haemorrhage: frequency and determinants of new aneurysms and enlargement of existing aneurysms. Brain 128(Pt 10) : 2421-2429, 2005 https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awh587
  348. Westermaier T, Pham M, Stetter C, Willner N, Solymosi L, Ernestus RI, et al. : Value of transcranial doppler, perfusion-CT and neurological evaluation to forecast secondary ischemia after aneurysmal SAH. Neurocrit Care 20 : 406-412, 2014 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12028-013-9896-0
  349. Wiebers DO, Whisnant JP, Huston J 3rd, Meissner I, Brown RD Jr, Piepgras DG, et al. : Unruptured intracranial aneurysms: natural history, clinical outcome, and risks of surgical and endovascular treatment. Lancet 362 : 103-110, 2003 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(03)13860-3
  350. Willinsky RA, Peltz J, da Costa L, Agid R, Farb RI, terBrugge KG : Clinical and angiographic follow-up of ruptured intracranial aneurysms treated with endovascular embolization. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 30 : 1035-1040, 2009 https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A1488
  351. Winn HR, Richardson AE, Jane JA : The long-term prognosis in untreated cerebral aneurysms: I. The incidence of late hemorrhage in cerebral aneurysm: a 10-year evaluation of 364 patients. Ann Neurol 1 : 358-370, 1977 https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.410010407
  352. Wong GK, Chan DY, Siu DY, Zee BC, Poon WS, Chan MT, et al. : Highdose simvastatin for aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: multicenter randomized controlled double-blinded clinical trial. Stroke 46 : 382-388, 2015 https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.114.007006
  353. Wong GK, Poon WS, Chan MT, Boet R, Gin T, Ng SC, et al. : Intravenous magnesium sulphate for aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (IMASH): a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, multicenter phase III trial. Stroke 41 : 921-926, 2010 https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.109.571125
  354. Yundt KD, Grubb RL Jr, Diringer MN, Powers WJ : Autoregulatory vasodilation of parenchymal vessels is impaired during cerebral vasospasm. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 18 : 419-424, 1998 https://doi.org/10.1097/00004647-199804000-00010
  355. Zhao XD, Zhou YT, Zhang X, Zhuang Z, Shi JX : A meta analysis of treating subarachnoid hemorrhage with magnesium sulfate. J Clin Neurosci 16 : 1394-1397, 2009 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocn.2009.05.001
  356. Zwienenberg-Lee M, Hartman J, Rudisill N, Madden LK, Smith K, Eskridge J, et al. : Effect of prophylactic transluminal balloon angioplasty on cerebral vasospasm and outcome in patients with fisher grade III subarachnoid hemorrhage: results of a phase II multicenter, randomized, clinical trial. Stroke 39 : 1759-1765, 2008 https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.107.502666
  357. Post-stroke rehabilitation: assessment, referral and patient management. Post-stroke rehabilitation guideline panel. Agency for Health Care Policy and Research. Am Fam Physician 52 : 461-470, 1995
  358. Report of World Federation of Neurological Surgeons Committee on a universal subarachnoid hemorrhage grading scale. J Neurosurg 68 : 985-986, 1988

Cited by

  1. Effect of Lumbar Drainage on Incidence of Shunt-Dependent Hydrocephalus in Patients with Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Due to Ruptured Aneurysm Who Underwent Coil Embolization vol.4, pp.2, 2018, https://doi.org/10.21129/nerve.2018.4.2.72
  2. Positive fluid balance is associated with increased in-hospital mortality in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage vol.33, pp.2, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1080/02699052.2018.1539870
  3. Four-Year Experience Using an Advanced Interdisciplinary Hybrid Operating Room : Potentials in Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease vol.62, pp.1, 2018, https://doi.org/10.3340/jkns.2018.0203
  4. A Review of the Management of Cerebral Vasospasm After Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage vol.126, pp.None, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2019.03.083
  5. Characteristics and Treatment Outcome of Intracranial Aneurysms in Children and Adolescents vol.62, pp.5, 2019, https://doi.org/10.3340/jkns.2019.0140
  6. A hybrid operating room for combined surgical and endovascular procedures for cerebrovascular diseases: a clinical experience at a single centre vol.33, pp.5, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1080/02688697.2019.1617403
  7. Korean Clinical Imaging Guidelines for Diagnosis of Headache Based on the 2017 Evidence-Based Clinical Imaging Guidelines vol.80, pp.5, 2018, https://doi.org/10.3348/jksr.2019.80.5.880
  8. Treatment of Spontaneous Subarachnoid Hemorrhage : Guidelines and Gaps vol.51, pp.4, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1161/strokeaha.119.025997
  9. Management of incidentally found unruptured intracranial aneurysms vol.63, pp.5, 2020, https://doi.org/10.5124/jkma.2020.63.5.267
  10. Association of Plasma Glucose to Potassium Ratio and Mortality After Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage vol.12, pp.None, 2018, https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2021.661689
  11. The Fate of Partially Thrombosed Intracranial Aneurysms Treated with Endovascular Intervention vol.64, pp.3, 2021, https://doi.org/10.3340/jkns.2020.0195
  12. Cognitive deficits among patients surviving aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. A contemporary systematic review vol.35, pp.4, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1080/02688697.2020.1859462