Journal of the Korea Convergence Society (한국융합학회논문지)

Korea Convergence Society (한국융합학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

An Investigation of a Way of Career Education: How is the Dream of the Best Field Experts Achieved?

진로 교육 방안 모색: 분야 최고 전문가의 꿈은 어떻게 이루어지는가?

  • Song, Kwang-Han (Dept. of Secondary Special Education, Wonkwang University)
  • 송광한 (원광대학교 중등특수교육과)
  • Received : 2017.11.13
  • Accepted : 2018.01.20
  • Published : 2018.01.28
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

This paper was carried out to provide basic data for career search of the free school system. Putting the goal of career education into cultivating expertise, the review was made on the results of the previous studies on the requirements of professional practice. However, As the controversy over the requirements of professional practice has not been solved, so the core elements related to expert performance were examined as a whole through a fundamental cognitive mechanism from which diverse human cognitive characteristics appear. The results show that expert domains consists of content and representation that can exist in an integrated to a great variety of combinations between the two or independent manner, and each domain or field expert performance require different levels of the elements such as intelligence, internal thinking, curiosity (motivation), and obsession (task commitment); and the birth of 1% experts in a domain or field is determined by the obsession. Based on the results, this paper discusses issues related to professionalism and provides a concrete approach to career search during the free semester.

본 논문은 자유학기제 진로탐색을 위한 기초 자료 제공의 차원에서 시행되었다. 진로교육의 목적을 전문가 양성에 두고 전문가 수행 요건에 대한 선행 연구 결과들을 기초로 진로탐색을 위한 구체적인 접근 방법을 도출하려 하였으나 전문가 수행 요건에 대한 논쟁들이 해결이 되지 않고 있는 상황이어서 전문성 핵심 요소들을 인간의 다양한 인지 현상들이 형성되어 나오는 근원적 인지 메커니즘을 통해 전체적으로 확인하였다. 그 결과 전문가 영역은 내용 전문성과 표현 전문성으로 구분되는데 내용과 표현이 다양한 통합 비율로 결합되어 있는 전문성과 내용이나 표현이 독립적으로 구성된 전문성으로 다시 다양하게 구분되며, 각 영역에 따라 전문가 수행에 요구되는 조건들이 다양하다. 한편 분야 최고 전문가는 지능, 내적사고, 호기심, 집착력 등의 수준이 특정 전문성이 요구하는 수준과 일치될 때 탄생할 수 있고, 특히 집착력이 결정적 역할을 하는 것으로 나타났다. 본 논문은 이런 결과를 바탕으로 전문성과 관련된 쟁점들에 대해 논의하고 자유학기제 진로 탐색을 위한 구체적인 접근법을 제공하고 있다.

Keywords

References

  1. H. J. Shin, "Need to supplement the free semester issue" News1 news (2016.11.1.). http://news1.kr/articles/?2818875 (2017. 11. 27. reading).
  2. S. K. Lee, "[Morning Forum] To the developmental reflection for the liberal school system." Kyongnam Daily (2017. 11. 12). http://www.gnnews.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=312679 (2017. 11. 27. Reading)
  3. K. A. Ericsson, R. T. Krampe, & C. Tesch-Romer, The role of deliberate practice in the acquisition of expert performance. Pychological Review, 100, 363-406, 1993. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.100.3.363
  4. B. N. Macnamara, D. Z. Hambrick, & F. L. Oswald, Deliberate practice and performance in music, games, sports, education, and profession: A Meta-Anaysis, 2014. Psychological Science Online 1, DOI: 10.1177/0956797614535810.
  5. J. B. Watson, Behaviorism. New York, NY: W. W. Norton, 1930.
  6. F. Galton, Hereditary Genius. London, England: Macmillan, 1869.
  7. K. A. Ericsson, Deliberate practice and modifiability of the body and mind: Toward a science of the structure and acquisition of expert and elite performance. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 38, 4-34, 2007.
  8. K. A., Ecisson, & J. H. Moxley, The elite performance approach and deliberate practice: Some potential implications for studying creative performance in organizations. In M. D. Mumford (Ed.), The handbook of organizational creativity (p. 141-167). London, England: Academic Press, 2007.
  9. P. Chassy, & F. Gobet, Speed of expertise acquisition depends on inherited factors. Talent Development and Excellence, 2, 17-27, 2010.
  10. R. Tucker, & R. Collins, What makes champions? The review of the relative contribution of genes and training to sporting success. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 46, 555-561, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2011-090548
  11. A. B. H. De Bruin, E. M. Kok, J. Leppink, & G. Camp, Practice, intelligence, and enjoyment in novice chess player: A prospective study at the earliest stage of chess career. Intelligence, 45, 18-25, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2013.07.004
  12. D. K. Detterman, Introduction to the intelligence special issue on the development of expertise: Is ability necessary? Intelligence, 45, 1-5, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2014.02.004
  13. R. H. Grabner, The role of intelligence for performance in the prototypical expertise domain of chess. Intelligence, 45, 26-33, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2013.07.023
  14. J. Ruthsatz, K. Ruthsatz, & K. R. Stephens, Putting practice into perspective: Child prodigies as evidence of innate talent. Intelligence, 45, 60-65, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2013.08.003
  15. L. V. Shavinina, What does research on child prodigies tell us about talent development and expertise acquisition? Talent Development & Excellence, 2, 29-49, 2010.
  16. J. Wai, Expert are born, then made: Combining prospective and retrospective longitudinal data shows that cognitive ability matters. Intelligence, 45, 74-80, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2013.08.009
  17. J. Wai, What does it mean to be an expert? Intelligence, 45, 122-123, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2014.02.001
  18. L. E. Brody, & C, J. Mills, Gifted children with learning disabilities: A review of the issues. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 30, 282-296, 1997. https://doi.org/10.1177/002221949703000304
  19. H. Gardner, Multiple intelligences after twenty years. Paper presented at the American Educational Research Association. Chicago, Illinois, April, 21, 2003.
  20. P. L. Ackerman, A theory of adult intellectual development: Process, personality, interests, and knowledge. Intelligence, 22, 229-259, 1996.
  21. R. B. Cattell, Abilities: Their structure, growth and action. Revised and reprinted as intelligence: Its structure, growth and action. Amsterdam: North- Holland, 1987.
  22. K. J. Hayes, Genes, drives, and intellect. Psychological Reports, 10. 299-342, 1962. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1962.10.2.299
  23. W. McDougall, The energies of man: A study of the fundamentals of dynamic psychology. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1933.
  24. R. J. Sternberg, The costs of expertise. In K. A. Ericsson (Ed.), The road to excellence: The acquisition of expert performance in the arts and sciences, sports, and games (p. 347-354). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 1996.
  25. E. Winner, Gifted children. New York: Basic Books, 1996.
  26. K. H. Song, & M. Porath, Common and domain-specific cognitive characteristics of gifted students: An integrated model of human abilities. High Ability Studies, 16, 229-246, 2006. https://doi.org/10.1080/13598130600618256
  27. K. H. Song, How does giftedness coexist with autism spectrum disorders(ASD)? Understanding the cognitive mechanism of gifted ASD. Journal of Gifted/Talented Education, 21, 595-610, 2011. https://doi.org/10.9722/JGTE.2011.21.3.595
  28. K. H. Song, A Revision of autistic spectrum disorder(ASD) on the basis of a cognitive mechanism: Its Nature and Subtypes. Journal of Emotional & Behavioral Disorders, 29, 183-216, 2013.
  29. K. H. Song, How does the human mind change from it first state? An investigation of the first and the last human mind through cognitive mechanism in the brain. The Society of Digital Policy & Management, 11, 753-766, 2013.
  30. K. H. Song, An investigation of the relationship between autism spectrum disorder, and emotional and behavioral disorders through an original cognitive mechanism. Journal of Emotional & Behavioral Disorders, 31, 245-268, 2015.
  31. K. H. Song, Understanding autism in a cognitive mechanism: Why and how the characteristics of autism appear. Korean Journal of Special Education, 45, 115-130, 2010.
  32. K. H. Song, General and domain specific cognitive abilities of gifted students with learning disabilities (GLD): Understanding GLD in an integrated model of human abilities. The Journal of the Korean Society for the Gifted and Talented, 10, 161-188, 2011.
  33. The Ministry of Education. Free semester. http://www.ggoomggi.go.kr/page/new/notice/introduce/page_new_introduce (2017. 9. 9 reading)
  34. C. K. Shin, E. H. Hwang, & E. Y. Kim, (An) Analytical Study on the Operation and Actual State of the Free-Semester Program, Asian Journal of Education, 16, 3, 27-55, 2015. https://doi.org/10.15753/aje.2015.09.16.3.27
  35. C. H. Lee, Two worries about free school semester. Korea Education Newspaper (2016.5.4.) http://www.hangyo.com/news/article.html?no=46313 (2017. 12. 2 열람)
  36. R. Sternberg, Intelligence. In R. L. Gregory (ed.), The Oxford Companion to the Mind (pp. 375-379). Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987.
  37. S. Legg, & M. Hutter, A collection of definitions of intelligence. Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications, 157, 17-24, 2007.
  38. W. V. Bingham, Aptitudes and aptitude testing. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1937.
  39. H. Gardner, Frames of mind: The theory of multiple intelligences. New York: Basic Books, 1983.
  40. J. Guilford, The Nature of Human Intelligence. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1967.
  41. J. Guilford, Way beyond the IQ. Buffalo, New York: Creative Education Formation, 1977.
  42. R. J. Sternberg, Handbook of intelligence (ed.). Cambridge University Press, 2000.
  43. L. L. Thurstone, The nature of intelligence. London: Routledge, 1924.
  44. Elizabeth, S. K. New Methods for the Diagnosis of the Intellectual Level of Subnormals, 1916. From http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Binet/binet1.htm.
  45. J. Piaget, The origins of intelligence in children. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc, 1963.
  46. D. Wechsler, The measurement and appraisal of adult intelligence (4th edition). Baltimore: Williams & Wilkinds, 1958.
  47. L. S. Gottfredson, g: Highly general and highly practical. In R. Sternberg (Ed.), The general factor of intelligence: Howgeneral is it? (pp. 331-380). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2002.
  48. B. Cramond, Can we, should we, need we agree on a definition of giftedness? Roeper Review, 27, 15-16, 2004. https://doi.org/10.1080/02783190409554282
  49. N. Humphrey, Consciousness: The Achilles heel of Darwinism? Thank god, not quite. In J. Brockman (Ed.)(2006). Intelligent though: Science versus the intelligent design movement (pp. 50-64). New York: Random House, Inc, 2006.
  50. S. Pinker, Evolution and ethics. In J. Brockman (Ed.)(2006). Intelligent though: Science versus the intelligent design movement (pp. 142-152). New York: Random House, Inc, 2006.
  51. C. Spearman, The nature of intelligence and the principles of cognition. London: MacMillan, 1923.
  52. L. S. Gottfredson, The general intelligence factor. Scientific American, Inc, 1998.
  53. J. B. Carroll, Human cognitive abilities: A survey of factor-analytic studies. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993.
  54. L. L. Thurstone, Multiple-factor analysis: A development and expansion of "the vectors of the mind." Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1947.
  55. H. Gardner, Intelligence reframed: multiple intelligences for the 21st Century. New York: Basic Books, 1999.
  56. A. Demetriou, Tracing psychology's invisible giant and its visible guards. In R. Sternberg (Ed.), The general factor of intelligence: How general is it? (pp. 3-18). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2002.
  57. H. Morgan, An analysis of Gardner's theory of Multiple Intelligence. Roeper Review, 18, 263-269, 1996. https://doi.org/10.1080/02783199609553756
  58. P. D. Klein, Multiplying the problems of intelligence by eight: A critique of Gardner's theory. Canadian Journal of Education, 22, 377-394, 1997. https://doi.org/10.2307/1585790
  59. R. Case, A. Demetriou, M. Platsidou, & S. Kazi, Integrating concepts and tests of intelligence from the differential and developmental traditions. Intelligence, 29, 307-336, 2001. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-2896(00)00057-X
  60. R. Case (Ed.), The mind's staircase. Exploring the conceptual underpinnings of children's thought and knowledge. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1992.
  61. R. Sternberg, Beyond IQ: A triarchic theory of human intelligence. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 1988.
  62. R. Case, Intellectual development: A systematic reinterpretation. New York: Academic Press, 1985.
  63. K. H. Song, Understanding giftedness in a cognitive mechanism: A candidate for a universally agreed definition of giftedness. Journal of Gifted/Talented Education, 19, 261-277, 2009.
  64. K. H. Song, Defining the levels of intelligence through the nature. The preceedings of the Korean Educational Psychology Association conference. 4, 121-128, 2014.
  65. J. Munro, Understanding and identifying gifted learning disabled students. Australian Journal of Learning Disabilities, 7. 20-30, 2002.
  66. L. K. Silverman, Invisible gifts, invisible handicaps. Roeper Review, 12, 37-42, 1989. https://doi.org/10.1080/02783198909553228
  67. M. Fitzgerald, Autism and creativity: is there a link between autism in men and exceptional ability? East Sussex: Brunner-Routledge, 2004.
  68. M. Fitzgerald, The genesis of artistic creativity: Asperger's syndrome and the arts. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers, 2005.
  69. M. Fitzgerald, & B. O'Brien, Genius Genes: How Asperger Talents Changed the World. Kansas: Autism Asperger Publishing Company, 2007
  70. J. S. Renzulli, The three-ring conception of giftedness: A developmental model for creative productivity. In R. J. Sternberg & J. E. Davidson, Conceptions of Giftedness. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1986.
  71. M. Csikszentmihalyi, Flow: The psychology of optimal experience. New York, NY: Harper and Row, 1990.