Fig 1. DCE inhibited tBHP-induced apoptosis in HepG2 cells.
Fig. 2. DCE prevented tBHP-induced oxidative stress.
Fig. 3. DCE protected HepG2 cells from oxidative stress through AMPK activation.
References
- Chandra J, Samali A, Orrenius S. Triggering and modulation of apoptosis by oxidative stress. Free Radical Biol. 2000;29(3-4):323-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0891-5849(00)00302-6
- Sosa V, Moline T, Somoza R, Paciucci R, Kondoh H, LLeonart ME. Oxidative stress and cancer: an overview. Ageing Res Rev. 2013;12(1):376-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2012.10.004
- Li S, Tan HY, Wang N, Zhang ZJ, Lao L, Wong CW, et al. The role of oxidative stress and antioxidants in liver diseases. Int J Mol Sci. 2015;16(11):26087-124. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms161125942
- Park SM, Kim SW, Jung EH, Ko HL, Im CK, Lee JR, et al. Sipjeondaebo-tang alleviates oxidative stress-mediated liver injury through activation of the CaMKK2-AMPK signaling pathway. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2018;2018:8609285.
-
Ko HL, Jung EH, Jung DH, Kim JK, Ku SK, Kim YW, et al. Paeonia japonica root extract protects hepatocytes against oxidative stress through inhibition of AMPK-mediated GSK3
$\beta$ . J Funct Foods. 2016;20:303-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2015.11.006 - Seo HL, Baek SY, Lee EH, Lee JH, Lee SG, Kim KY, et al. Liqustri lucidi Fructus inhibits hepatic injury and functions as an antioxidant by activation of AMP-activated protein kinase in vivo and in vitro. Chem Biol Interact. 2017;262:57-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbi.2016.11.031
- Jung JY, Lee CW, Park SM, Jegal KH, Kim JK, Park CA, et al. Activation of AMPK by Buddleja officinalis Maxim. flower extract contributes to protecting hepatocytes from oxidative stress. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2017;2017:9253462.
- Jung EH, Jung JY, Ko HL, Kim JK, Park SM, Jung DH, et al. Tryptanthrin prevents oxidative stress-mediated apoptosis through AMP-activated protein kinase-dependent p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation. Arch Pharm Res. 2017;40(9):1071-86. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12272-017-0947-5
- Hardi DG, Ross FA, Hawley SA. AMPK:a nutrient and energy sensor that maintains energy homeostasis. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2015;13(4):251-62 https://doi.org/10.1038/nrm3311
- Jeon SM. Regulation and function of AMPK in physiology and diseases. Exp Mol Med. 2016;48(7):e245. https://doi.org/10.1038/emm.2016.81
- Joo MS, Kim WD, Lee KY, Kim JH, Koo JH, Kim SG. AMPK facilitates nuclear accumulation of Nrf2 by phosphorylating at serine 550. Mol Cell Biol. 2016;36(14):1931-42. https://doi.org/10.1128/MCB.00118-16
- Kim CM, Shin MK, Ahn DK, Lee KS. The encyclopedia of oriental herbal medicine. 3rd ed. Seoul:Jungdam Publisher. 2004:4822-3.
- Zhang D, Hamauzu Y. Phenolic compounds and their antioxidant properties in different tissues of carrots (Daucus carota L.). J Food Agric Environ. 2004;2(1):95-100.
- Tavares AC. Goncalves MJ, Cavaleiro C, Cruz MT, Lopes MC, Canhoto J, et al. Essential oil of Daucus carota subsp. halophilus:composition, antifungal activity and cytotoxicity. J Ethnopharmacol. 2008;119(1):129-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2008.06.012
-
Lee HJ, Park YK, Kang MH. The effect of carrot juice,
$\beta$ -carotene supplementation on lymphocyte DNA damage, erythrocyte antioxidant enzymes and plasma lipid profiles in Korean smoker. Nutr Res Pract. 2011;5(6):540-7. https://doi.org/10.4162/nrp.2011.5.6.540 - Han EJ. Cytotoxicity of Daucus carota L. on various cancer cells. J Korean Soc Food Sci Nutr, 2000;29(1):153-60.
- Zaini RG, Brandt K, Clench MR, Le Maitre CL. Effects of bioactive compounds from carrots (Daucus carota L.), polyacetylenes, beta-carotene and lutein on human lymphoid leukaemia cells. Anticancer Agents Med Chem. 2012;12(6):640-52. https://doi.org/10.2174/187152012800617704
- Gilani AH, Shaheen F, Saeed SA, Bibi S, Sadiq M, Faizi S. Hypotensive action of coumarin glycosides from Daucus carota. Phytomedicine. 2000;7(5):423-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0944-7113(00)80064-1
- Lee DJ, Park SM, Hwangbo M, Jung TY, Kim SC, Jee SY. Roots of Daucus carota sativa abrogates acute phase of Inflammation by the Inhibition of NO and Pro-Inflammatory Cytokine Production. J Korean Med Ophthalmol Otolaryngol Dermatol. 2013;26(2):45-57. https://doi.org/10.6114/jkood.2013.26.2.045
-
Kim JA, Kang YS, Kim YO, Lee SH, Lee YS. Role of
$Ca^{2+}$ influx in the tert-butyl hydrogenperoxide-induced apoptosis of HepG2 human hepatoblastoma cells. Exp Mol Med. 1998;30(3):137-44. https://doi.org/10.1038/emm.1998.20 - Moon SY, Lee JH, Choi HY, Cho IJ, Kim SC, Kim YW. Tryptanthrin protects hepatocytes against oxidative stress via activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase/NF-E2-related factor 2 pathway. Biol Pharm Bull. 2014;37(10):1633-40. https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.b14-00363
- Park SM, Lee JR, Ku SK, Cho IJ, Byun SH, Kim SC, et al. Isoliquiritigenin in licorice functions as a hepatic protectant by induction of antioxidant genes through extracellular signal-regulated kinase-mediated NF-E2-related factor-2 signaling pathway. Eur J Nutr. 2016;55(8):2431-44. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-015-1051-6
- Kim SC, Lee JR, Park SJ. Role of 6-shogaol in tert-butyl hydroperoxide-induced apoptosis of HepG2 cells. Pharmacology. 2014;93(3-4):137-44. https://doi.org/10.1159/000360090
- Ksouri A, Dob T, Belkebir A, Krimat S, Chelghoum C. Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of the essential oil and the methanol extract of Algerian wild carrot Daucus carota L. ssp. carota.(L.) Thell. J Mater Environ Sci. 2015;6(3):784-91.
- Lee JM, Shin KS, Lee HJ. Determination of antioxidant vitamins in horticultural foods. J Korean Soc Food Sci Nutr. 1999;14(2):167-75.
- Bishayee A, Sarkar A, Chatterjee M. Hepatoprotective activity of carrot (Daucus carota L.) against carbon tetrachloride intoxication in mouse liver. J Ethnopharmacol. 1995;47(2):69-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(95)01254-B
- Balasubramaniam P, Pari L, Menon VP. Protective effect of carrot (Daucus carota L.) against lindane-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Phytother Res. 1998;12(6):434-6. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1573(199809)12:6<434::AID-PTR310>3.0.CO;2-U
- Shebaby WN, Daher CF, El-Sibai M, Bodman-Smith K, Mansour A, Karam MC, et al. Antioxidant and hepatoprotective activities of the oil fractions from wildcarrot (Daucus carota ssp. carota). Pharm Biol. 2015;53(9):1285-94. https://doi.org/10.3109/13880209.2014.976349
- Jegal KH, Ko HL, Park SM, Byun SH, Kang KW, Cho IJ, et al. Eupatilin induces sestrin2-dependent autophagy to prevent oxidative stress. Apoptosis. 2016;21(5):642-56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10495-016-1233-6