Fig. 1. (a) Complete view of the accident site; (b) Outside the trench; (c) Inside the trench where the ignition occurred; (d) Place where the torch was found inside the trench; (e) Welding and cutting rods, LPG, and oxygen tanks; (f) Welding and cutting torch.
Fig. 4. (a) Damage to Building No. 1, disassembled ceiling; (b) Damage to Building No. 2, broken door and window; (c) Damage to Building No. 3, distortion of frame (beam); (d) Damage to Building No. 4, broken door and window.
Fig. 5. Space for blocking foreign substances from the outside of the trench.
Fig. 6. Simulation design for trench structure. (a) Trench structure illustration (Front); (b) Trench structure illustration (Side); (c) Trench structure illustration (Side); (d Trench structure illustration (Top).
Fig. 7. LPG leakage analysis simulation according to heights in trench.
Fig. 8. LPG concentration and accumulation height change in trench over time.
Fig. 9. Warehouse damage.
Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of the accident site.
Fig. 3. Locations of four damaged facilities relative to the explosion.
Table 1. Accident timeline
Table 2. Details of facility damage by estimated explosion period (7:10–7:27)
Table 3. Simulation input data conditions
Table 4. Results Summary of explosion power by DDESB (TNT equivalent mass of 13.23 kg)
Table 5. Results Summary of explosion power by DDESB (TNT equivalent mass of 64.96 kg)
References
- Ministry of Public Safety and Security, Fire statistical yearbook, 25-30 (2016). http://nfds.go.kr/ebook/2016/all/2016.html. Accessed on: 2 May 2017.
- Korea Joongang Daily Social affairs Section. https://news.joins.com/article/20113708, Accessed on: (2016).
- Bubbico, Marchini, "Assessment of an explosive LPG release accident A case study," J. of Hazardous Materials, 155, 558-565 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.11.097
- Giovanni, C., Overpressure calculation for unvented partial volume deflagrations. J. of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 44, 323-333(2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2016.09.009
- Lee, I. J. and Kim, R. H., "Safety Enhancement of LPG Terminal by LOPA & SIF Method," Korean Chem. Eng. Res., 53(4), 431-439(2015). https://doi.org/10.9713/kcer.2015.53.4.431
- Tamil Selvan. R., "Fire, Explosion and Dispersion Modelling of Automatic LPG Distribution System of High Rise Building Apartment," International J. of Science Technology & Engineering, 2(4), 276-277(2015).
- Boult, M., "Risk Management of LPG Transport Activities in Hong Kong," J. of Hazardous Materials, 71, 85-100(2000). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3894(99)00073-4
- Roberts, A. F., "Thermal Radiation Hazards from Releases of LPG from Pressurised Storage," Fire Safety J., 4, 197-212(1981/82).
- Paki Turgut, "LPG explosion damage of a reinforced concrete building: A case study in Sanliurfa, Turkey," Engineering Fail-ure Analysis, 32, 220-235 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2013.04.004
- Cocchi, "Overpressure calculation for unvented partial volume deflagrations," J. of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 44, 323-333(2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2016.09.009
- Khan, Abbasi, "Major Accidents in Process Industries and an Analysis of Causes and Consequences," J. of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 12, 361-378(1999). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0950-4230(98)00062-X
- Khan, F. I. and Abbasi, S. A., "An Assessment of the Likelihood of Occurrence, and the Damage Potential of Domino Effect (chain of accidents) in a Ty," J. of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 14, 283-306(2001). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0950-4230(00)00048-6
- Zhang Licong, "A Numerical Simulation of Shock Wave Structure in Gas Explosion," Procedia Engineering, 26, 1322-1329 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2011.11.2307
- Yang Lizhong, "Analysis of fire and explosion hazards of some hydrocarbon-air mixtures," J. of Hazardous Materials, A84, 123-131(2001).
- Ha, D. M., "Prediction of the Detonation Limit of the Flammable Gas and Vapor," Proceedings of the Korea Institute of Fire Science and Engineering Conference, 131-134(2008).
- Crowl, D. A. and Louvar, J. F., Chemical Process Safety: Fundamentals with application, Prentice Hall: New Jersey, 6-15(2002).
- Dadashzadeh, M., Khan, F., Hawboldt, K. and Amyotte, P., "An Integrated Approach for Fire and Explosion Consequence Modelling," Fire Safety J., 61, 324-337(2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2013.09.015