그림 1. ‘권총 든 사람’ 탐지를 위한 기존 객체 탐지 방법의 오 탐지 결과 예 Fig. 1. Examples of false detection in conventional object detection methods for detection of the armed person
그림 3. APDA의 순서도 Fig. 3. A Flowchart of APDA
그림 2. CMU-pose의 인체 특징점 지도 Fig. 2. A Keypoint map of CMU-pose
그림 4. APDA의 두 가지 탐지 모듈 구조 (a) CMU pose, (b) SSD Fig. 4. Two major blocks for object detection in APDA: (a) CMU pose, and (b) SSD
그림 5. APDA 처리 예 Fig. 5. An APDA processing example
그림 6. 훈련에 사용한 두 종류 데이터 예 (a) ‘권총’ 데이터 (b) ‘손에 쥔 권총’ 데이터 Fig. 6. Examples of two kinds of pistol training data in APDA (a) ‘pistol’, and (b) ‘pistol held by hands’
그림 7. APDA를 이용한 실험결과의 예 Fig. 7. An example of experimental result with APDA
그림 8. APDA로 오 탐지된 예 Fig. 8. An example of false detection in APDA
표 1. ‘권총’과 ‘손에 쥔 권총’의 평균 정밀도 Table 1. Average Precision for both ‘pistol’ and ‘pistol held by hands’ data
표 2. ‘손에 쥔 권총’ 학습 시 단계 별 평균 정밀도 Table 2. Average Precision per step in learning for 'pistol held by hands'
표 3. SSD-MobileNet과 APDA에 대한 정밀도와 재현율 Table 3. Precision and recall values for SSD-MobileNet and APDA
참고문헌
- Kwangsoo Kim, Ungtae Kim and Sooyeong Kwak, "Real-time Violence Video Detection based on Movement Change Characteristics" JBE, Vol.22, No. 2, pp. 234-239, March 2017, http://dx.doi.org/ 10.5909/JBE.2017.22.2.234 (accessed Aug. 1, 2018).
- Sanggi Kim and Dongseog Han, "Real Time Traffic Light Detection Algorithm Based on Color Map and Multilayer HOG-SVM" JBE, Vol. 22, No. 1, pp. 62-69, Jenuary 2017, http://dx.doi.org/10.5909/JBE.2017.22.1.62 (accessed Aug. 3, 2018).
- Seulbeen Kim and Wonjun Kim, "User Identification Method using Palm Creases and Veins based on Deep Learning" JBE, Vol. 23, No. 3, pp. 395-402, May 2018, http://dx.doi.org/10.5909/JBE.2018.23.3.395 (accessed Aug. 3, 2018).
- K. He, X. Zhang, S. Ren and J. Sun, "Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognition" In Proceeding of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition(CVPR), pp. 770-778, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1109/cvpr.2016.90 (accessed Aug. 10, 2018).
- J. Hu, L. Shen and G. Sun, "Squeeze-and-Excitation Network" arXiv: 1709.01507, 2017, https://arxiv.org/pdf/1709.01507 (accessed Aug. 10, 2018).
- W. Liu, D. Anguelov, D. Erhan, C. Szegedy, S. Reed, Cheng-Yang Fu and Alexander C. Berg, "SSD: Single Shot MultiBox Detector" In Proceeding of the European Conference on Computer Vision(ECCV), pp.21-37, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-46448-0_2 (accessed Sep 8, 2018).
- A. G. Howard, M. Zhu, B. Chen, D. Kalenichenko, W. Wang, T. Weyand, M. Andreetto and H. Adam, "MobileNets: Efficient Convolutional Neural Network for Mobile Vision Applications" arXiv: 1704.04861, 2017, https://arxiv.org/abs/1704.04861 (accessed Sep 20, 2018).
- J. Redmon, S. Divvala, R. Girshick and A. Farhadi, "You Only Look Once: Unified, Real-Time Object Detection" In Proceeding of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), pp. 779-788, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1109/cvpr.2016.91(accessed Sep 8, 2018).
- Z. Cao, T. Simon, Shih-E. Wei and Y. Sheikh, "Realtime Multi-Person 2D Pose Estimation using Part Affinity Fields" In Proceeding of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), pp.1302-1310, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1109/cvpr.2017.143 (accessed Sep 8, 2018).
- Y. Lecun, B. Boser, J. S. Denker, D. Henderson, R. E. Howard, W. Hubbard and L. D. Jackel, "Backpropagation Applied to Handwritten Zip Code Recognition" Neural Computation, vol. 1, no. 4, pp 541-551, Winter 1989, 10.1162/neco.1989.1.4.541 (accessed Aug. 5, 2018).
- S. Ren, K. He, R. Girshick, and J. Sun, "Faster R-CNN: Towards Real-Time Object Detection with Region Proposal Networks" IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 39, no. 6, June 2017, https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2016.2577031 (accessed Aug. 10, 2018).
- A. Glowacz, M. Kmiec and A. Dziech, "Towards Robust Visual Knife Detection in Images: Active Appearance Models Initialised with Shape-specific Interest Points" In Multimedia Communications, Services and Security : 5th International Conference. vol. 287, pp. 148-158, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-30721-8_15 (accessed Aug 9, 2018).
- L. Malagon-Borja, and O. Fuentes, "Object detection using image reconstruction with PCA" Image and Vision Computing, vol. 27, no. 1-2, pp. 2-9, 2009, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imavis.2007.03.004 (accessed Aug 11, 2018).
- Derpanis KG, "The Harris corner detector" http://www.cse.yorku.ca/-kosta/CompVis_Notes/harris_detector.pdf(accessed Aug. 10, 2018)
- M. Grega, A. Matiolanski, P. Guzik and M. Leszczuk, "Automated Detection of Firearms and Knives in a CCTV Image" Sensors, vol. 16, no. 1. Jan 2016, https://doi.org/10.3390/s16010047 (accessed Aug 2, 2018).
- J. Canny, "A Computational Approach to Edge Detection" In IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal, Machine Intell., vol. PAMI-8, issue 6, pp. 679- 698, Nov 1986, https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-051581-6.50024-6 (accessed Aug 1, 2018).
- B.S. Manjunath, Philippe Salembier and Thomas Sikora, Introduction to MPEG-7, Multimedia Content Description Interface. Wiley, USA, 2002, https://doi.org/10.1007/springerreference_72884 (accessed Aug 15, 2018).
- Gyanendra K. Verma and Anamika Dhillon, "A HandHeld Gun Detection using Faster R-CNN Deep Learning" In Proceeding of the 7th International Conference on Computer and Communication Technology, pp. 84-88, November 2017, https://doi.org/10.1145/ 3154979.3154988 (accessed Aug 8, 2018).
- IMFDB: Internet Movie Firearms Database, http://www.imfdb.org/wiki/Main_Page (accessed Aug.15, 2018).
- J.M. Keller, M.R. Gray and J.A. junior, "A Fuzzy K-Nearest Neighbor Algorithm" In IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Vol. SMC-15, issue 4, pp. 580-585, 1985, https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmc.1985.6313426 (accessed Aug 9, 2018).
- G. Papandreou, T. Zhu, N. Kanazawa, A. Toshev, J. Tompson, C. Bregler and K. Murphy, "Towards Accurate Multi-person Pose Estimation in the Wild" In Proceeding of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition(CVPR), 2017, https://doi.org/10.1109/cvpr.2017.395 (accessed Sep 5, 2018).
- A. Saxena, S. H. Chung and A. Y. Ng, "3-D Depth Reconstruction from a Single Still Image" International Journal of Computer Vision, Vol. 76 Issue 1, pp. 53-69, January 2008, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11263-007-0071-y (accessed Sep 1, 2018).