Fig. 1. Climatology of apparent heat source 1> [W m−2] and moisture sink
2> [W m−2] during December-January-February (DJF) for NCEP2 (left panels), ERA-Interim (middle panels), and JRA-55 (right panels).
Fig. 2. Same as Fig. 1, but for during June-July-August (JJA).
Fig. 3. Components of (a) apparent heat source 1> [W m−2] during December-January-February (DJF). Apparent heat source is composed of (b) horizontal advection of temperature [W m−2], (c) vertical advection of temperature [W m−2], (d) vertically integrated radiative heating [W m−2], (e) condensation heat released via precipitation [W m−2], and (f) sensible heat flux per unit area at the surface [W m−2].
Fig. 4. Components of (a) apparent moisture sink 2> [W m−2] during December-January-February (DJF). Apparent moisture sink is composed of (b) horizontal advection of moisture [W m−2], (c) vertical advection of moisture [W m−2], (d) condensation latent heat flux release via precipitation [W m−2], and (e) latent heat flux absorption via evaporation [W m−2].
Fig. 5. Same as Fig. 3, but for during June-July-August (JJA).
Fig. 6. Same as Fig. 4, but for during June-July-August (JJA).
Fig. 7. The area averaged (a) apparent heat source 1> [W m−2] and (b) moisture sink
2> [W m−2], and their ratio (
2>/
1>) in each regional monsoon region.
Fig. 8. Time series of apparent moisture sink 2> deviation among three datasets in (a) Australia, (b) South America, (c) North Africa, (d) North America summer monsoon regions.
Table 1. Datasets used in this study
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