DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Source Apportionment Study and Chemical Composition of PM10 and PM2.5 in the Industrial Complex of Busan City, Korea

SEM-EDX 분석법에 의한 부산 S공업단지의 PM10과 PM2.5의 화학적 조성 및 발생원 추정

  • Kim, Yong-Seog (Department of Environmental Engineering, Dong-A University) ;
  • Choi, Kum-Chan (Department of Environmental Engineering, Dong-A University) ;
  • Suh, Jeong-Min (Department of Bioenvironmental Energy, Pusan National University)
  • 김용석 (동아대학교 환경공학과) ;
  • 최금찬 (동아대학교 환경공학과) ;
  • 서정민 (부산대학교 바이오환경에너지학과)
  • Received : 2017.08.18
  • Accepted : 2017.11.10
  • Published : 2017.11.30

Abstract

This study identified physical characteristics and aerosol particle sources of $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ in the industrial complex of Busan Metropolitan City, Korea. Samples of $PM_{10}$, $PM_{2.5}$ and also soil, were collected in several areas during the year of 2012 to investigate elemental composition. A URG cyclone sampler was used for collection. The samples were collected according to each experimental condition, and the analysis method of SEM-EDX was used to determine the concentration of each metallic element. The comparative analysis indicated that their mass concentration ranged from 1% to 3%. The elements in the industrial region that were above 10% were Si, Al, Fe, and Ca. Those below 5% were Na, Mg, and S. The remaining elements (1% of total mass) consisted of elements such as Ni, Co, Br and Pb. Finally, a statistical tool was applied to the elemental results to identify each source for the industrial region. From a principal components analysis (SPSS, Ver 20.0) performed to analyze the possible sources of $PM_{10}$ in the industrial region, five main factors were determined. Factor 1 (Si, Al), which accounted for 15.8% of the total variance, was mostly affected by soil and dust from manufacturing facilities nearby, Factors 2 (Cu, Ni), 3 (Zn, Pb), and 4 (Mn, Fe), which also accounted for some of variance, were mainly related to iron, non-ferrous metals, and other industrial manufacturing sources. Also, five factors determined to access possible sources of $PM_{2.5}$, Factor 1 (Na, S), accounted for 13.5% of the total variance and was affected by sea-salt particles and fuel incineration sources, and Factors 2 (Ti, Mn), 3 (Pb, Cl), 4 (K, Al) also explained significant proportions of the variance. Theses factors mean that the $PM_{2.5}$ emission sources may be considered as sources of incineration, and metals, and non-ferrous manufacturing industries.

Keywords

References

  1. Automatic Weather Station of the National Weather Service, Korea Meteorological Administration.
  2. Chen, D. S., Cheng, S. Y., Li, J. B., Chen, T., Zhao, X. Y., Guo, X. R., Hu, H. L., Yu, T., 2007, Application of LIDAR technique and MM5-CMAQ modeling approach for the assessment of winter $PM_{10}$ air pollution: A Case study in Beijing, China, Water Air Soil Pollution, 181, 409-427. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-006-9314-8
  3. Do, W. G., Jung, W. S., 2015, Estimation of $PM_{10}$ source locations in Busan using PSCF model, J. of Environ. Sci. Int., 24(6), 793-806. https://doi.org/10.5322/JESI.2015.24.6.793
  4. Gu, J., Pitz, M., Kreis, J. S., Diemer, J., Reller, A., Zimmermann, R., Soentgen, J., Stoelzel, M., Wichmann, H.-E., Peters, A., Cyrys, J., 2011, Source apportionment of ambient particle, Atmos. Env., 45(10), 1849-1857. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.01.009
  5. He, B. B., Tian, X., Sun, Y., Yang, C., Zeng, Y. L., Wang, Y. X., Zhang, S. X., Pi, Z. B., 2010, Recovery of iron oxide concentrate from high-sulfur and low-grade pyrite cinder using an innovative beneficiating process, Hydrometallurgy, 104(2), 211-246.
  6. Jeon, B. I., 2015, Characteristics of springtime weekday/ weekend on mass and metallic elements concentrations of $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ in Busan, J. of Environ. Sci. Int., 24(6), 777-784. https://doi.org/10.5322/JESI.2015.24.6.777
  7. Jeon, B. I., 2017, Characteristics of metallic and ionic concentration in fine particle during haze days in Busan, J. of Environ. Sci. Int., 26(6), 767-778. https://doi.org/10.5322/JESI.2017.26.6.767
  8. Jeon, B. I., Hwang, Y. S., 2014, Characteristics of metallic and ionic concentration in $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ in Busan, J. of Environ. Sci. Int., 23(5), 819-827. https://doi.org/10.5322/JESI.2014.5.819
  9. Kang, C. H., Hu, C. G., 2013, Characteristics of the number and the mass concentrations and the elemental compositions of $PM_{10}$ in Jeju area, J. of Environ. Sci. Int., 23(3), 447-457. https://doi.org/10.5322/JESI.2014.23.3.447
  10. Kang, M. S., Kim, Y. G., Kim, T. H., Kang, Y. H., Jeong, J. H., 2016, The analysis of $PM_{10}$ concentration and emission contribution in the major cities of Korea, J. of Environ. Sci. Int., 25(8), 1065-1076. https://doi.org/10.5322/JESI.2016.25.8.1065
  11. Kasahara, M., Choi, K. C., Takahashi, K., 1990, Source contribution of atmospheric aerosols in Japan by chemical mass balance method, Atmos. Env., 24(3), 457-466. https://doi.org/10.1016/0960-1686(90)90002-5
  12. Lee, D. H., Kim, Y. S., Suh, J. M., Choi, K. C., 2013, Aerosol characterization study for individual particle of $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ observed in industrial area, J. of Environ. Sci. Int., 21(1), 7-15.
  13. Li, W., Shao, L., Wang, Z., Shen, W., Yang, S., Tang, U., 2010, Size and mixing state of individual aerosol particles in a South China costal city, J. of Environmental Sciences, 22(4), 561-569. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1001-0742(09)60146-7
  14. Li, Z., Zhao, S., Edwards, R., Wang, W., Zhou, P., 2011, Characteristics of individual aerosol particles over Urumqi Glacier No.1 in eastern Tianshan, central Asia, China, Atmospheric Research, 99(1), 57-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2010.09.001
  15. Micheletti, M. I., Murruni, L. G., Debray, M. E., Rosenbusch, M., Graf, M., Ávila, C. G., Vitale, C. P., Davidson, J., Somacal, H., 2012, Elemental analysis of aerosols collected at the Pierre Auger Cosmic Ray Observatory with PIXE technique complemented with SEM/EDX nuclear instruments and methods in physics research section B, Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, 288, 10-17.
  16. Papanastasiou, D. K., Melas, D., Kioutsioukis, I., 2007, Development and assessment of neural network and multiple regression models in order to predict $PM_{10}$ levels in a medium-sized mediterranean city, Water Air Soil Pollution, 182, 325-334. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-007-9341-0
  17. Park, G. H., 2014, A Study on the chemical composition and health risk assessment of airborne fine particles in Busan, Ph. D. Thesis, Ulsan University, Korea.
  18. Park et al., 2010, Characteristics analysis of deposited particulates using SEM-EDX with coal fired power plant, Proc. of 2010 Annual Fall Meetings of KOSAE, 259.
  19. Park, J. H., Park, G. H., Suh, J. M., 2014, Characterization of $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ mass concentrations in Jinju, J. of Environ. Sci. Int., 23(12), 1963-1970. https://doi.org/10.5322/JESI.2014.23.12.1963
  20. Shi, G., Peng, X., Liu, J., Tian, Y., Song, D., Yu, H., Feng, Y., Russell, A. G., 2016, Quantification of long-term primary and secondary source contributions to carbonaceous aerosols, Environmental Pollution, 219, 897-905. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2016.09.009
  21. Shi, G., Zeng, F., Li, X., Feng, Y. C., Wang, Y. Q., Liu, G. X., Zhu, T., 2011, Estimated contributions and uncertainties of PCA/MLR-CMB results: Source apportionment for synthetic ambient datasets, 45(17), 2811-2819. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.03.007
  22. SPSS Korea, SPSS 20.0, Data Solution Co., Wang, F., Chen, Y., Meng, X., Fu, J., Wang, B., 2015, The contribution of anthropogenic sources to the aerosols over East China Sea, Atmos. Env., 127, 22-33.
  23. Wang, D., Hu, J., Xu, Y., Lv, D., Xie, X., Kleeman, M., Xing, J., Zhang, H., Ying, Q., 2013, Source contributions to primary and secondary inorganic particulate matter during a severe wintertime $PM_{2.5}$ pollution episode in Xi'an, China, Atmos. Env., 97, 182-194.
  24. Williamsonm, B. J., Mikhailova, I., Purvis, O. W., Udachin, V., 2004, SEM-EDX analysis in the source apportionment of particulate matter on Hypogymnia physodes lichen transplants around the Cu smelter and former mining town of Karabash, South Urals, Russia, Science of the Total Environment, 322, 139-154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2003.09.021