Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment (생태와환경)

The Korean Society of Limnology (한국수생태학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Recruitment Potential of Cyanobacterial Harmful Algae (Genus Aphanizomenon) in the Winter Season in Boryeong Reservoir, Korea: Link to Water-level Drawdown

동계 보령호에서 수위 강하와 연계된 유해 남조류 Aphanizomenon sp.의 재입 잠재성

  • Shin, Jae-Ki (Office for Southern Region Management of the Nakdong River, Korea Water Resources Corporation (K-water)) ;
  • Jeon, Gyeonghye (Department of Environmental Health Science, Konkuk University) ;
  • Kim, Youngsung (K-water Convergence Institute, Korea Water Resources Corporation (K-water)) ;
  • Kim, Mi-Kyung (Department of Ecology and Environment, Gyeonggi Research Institute) ;
  • Kim, Nan-Young (Department of Environmental Health Science, Konkuk University) ;
  • Hwang, Soon-Jin (Department of Environmental Health Science, Konkuk University)
  • 신재기 (한국수자원공사 낙동강남부권관리단) ;
  • 전경혜 (건국대학교 환경보건과학과) ;
  • 김영성 (한국수자원공사 K-water 융합연구원) ;
  • 김미경 (경기연구원 생태환경연구실) ;
  • 김난영 (건국대학교 환경보건과학과) ;
  • 황순진 (건국대학교 환경보건과학과)
  • Received : 2017.05.15
  • Accepted : 2017.07.01
  • Published : 2017.09.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Cyanobacteria Aphanizomenon population is widely distributed in the world, and well known as harmful algae by producing toxins and off-flavor materials, thus belonging to one of the taxa that became more interested in the field of limnoecology. In this study, the frequency, intensity, and duration of Aphanizomenon occurrence were increased with the abnormal drawdown of water level in the winter in Boryeong Reservoir, and the spatial and temporal characteristics of them are compared with each other in the perspective of hydrometeorology (1998 to 2017) and limnology (2010 to 2017). In Korea, Aphanizomenon flourished mainly in high temperature, and the appearance in the low temperature was rare in total five times. The harmful cyanobacteria Aphanizomenon was observed in the low temperature (December to February) in Boryeong Reservoir from 2014, and then reached a maximum value of $2,160cells\;mL^{-1}$ in January 2017. In addition, the period exceeding $1,000cells\;mL^{-1}$ at this time was more than 3 months. This was simultaneously associated with abnormal water level fluctuation in the low temperature ($<10^{\circ}C$). The large drawdown of water level in the winter season has the potential to promote or amplify the germination and development of harmful algae. Also, subsequent water quality and ecological impacts(e.g., algal toxins and off-flavor substances) need to be considered carefully.

남조류 Aphanizomenon속 개체군은 국내외에 널리 분포하고, 독소와 이취물질을 생산함으로써 유해조류로 잘 알려져 있어 육수생태학 분야에서 많은 관심을 갖게 된 분류군 중 하나에 속한다. 본 연구는 보령호에서 동계에 수위가 급격히 강하되면서 Aphanizomenon의 출현빈도, 강도 및 기간이 커지게 되어 이에 대한 시공간적 특성을 수문기상(1998년~2017년) 육수 (2010년~2017년)학의 관점으로 상호 비교하였다. 국내에서 Aphanizomenon은 고온기에 주로 번성하였으며, 저온기에 출현은 총 5회로서 드물었다. 보령호에서 저온기(12월~2월)에 유해조류 Aphanizomenon이 관찰된 것은 2014년부터이었고, 그 후 2017년에 최대값 $2,160cells\;mL^{-1}$를 기록하였다. 그리고 $>1,000cells\;mL^{-1}$를 초과하는 기간은 약 3개월을 넘기기도 하였다. 이것은 다름 아닌 저수온기 ($<10^{\circ}C$)에 비정상적인 수위 강하와 관련성이 컸다. 동계에 수위 강하는 유해조류의 발아 및 발생을 촉진 또는 증폭시킬 수 있는 잠재적 특성을 가지고 있었다. 따라서 후속 수질 생태학적 영향(예, 조류독소 및 이취물질)도 면밀하게 고려되어야 할 필요성이 있었다.

Keywords

References

  1. Ashby, S. 2009. Impacts of hydrology and hydropower on water quality in reservoir tailwaters. Transactions on Ecology and the Environment 124: 55-66.
  2. Bae, B.U., Y.I. Kim and B.E. Lee. 2001. Monitoring of taste and odor compounds in drinking water supplies using practical taste and odor methods. The Institute of Environmental Studies (Daejeon University) 5: 3-20. (in Korean)
  3. Barbiero, R.P. and E.B. Welch. 1992. Contribution of benthic blue-green algal recruitment to lake populations and phosphorus translocation. Freshwater Biology 27: 249- 260. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.1992.tb00537.x
  4. Barbiero, R.P. and J. Kann. 1994. The importance of benthic recruitment to the population development of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae and internal loading in a shallow lake. Journal of Plankton Research 16: 1581-1588. https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/16.11.1581
  5. Bortleson, G.C. and M.O. Fretwell. 1993. A Review of Possible Causes of Nutrient Enrichment and Decline of Endangered Sucker Populations in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon. U.S. Geological Survey, Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4087. Oregon, USA. 24p.
  6. Bunn, S.E., M.C. Thoms, S.K. Hamilton and S.J. Capon. 2006. Flow variability in dryland rivers: Boom, bust and the bits in between. River Research and Applications 22: 179-186. https://doi.org/10.1002/rra.904
  7. Carey, C.C., K.C. Weathers and K.L. Cottingham. 2008. Gloeotrichia echinulate blooms in an oligotrophic lake: helpful insights from eutrophic lakes. Journal of Plankton Research 30: 893-904. https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/fbn055
  8. Cho, K.S. and K.H. Ra. 1971. Limnological studies of the polluted water in the Uiam Reservoir. Korean Journal of Limnology 4: 35-47. (in Korean)
  9. Choi, C.M., J.H. Kim, W.I. Kim, J.S. Lee, G.B. Jung, J.T. Lee and S.G. Moon. 2007. Phytoplankton flora and community structure in the lower Nakdong River. Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture 26: 159-170. (in Korean) https://doi.org/10.5338/KJEA.2007.26.2.159
  10. Cires, S., L. Wormer, R. Agha and A. Quesada. 2013. Overwintering populations of Anabaena, Aphanizomenon and Microcystis as potential inocula for summer blooms. Journal Plankton Research 35: 1254-1266. https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/fbt081
  11. Evans, R.D. 1994. Empirical evidence of the importance of sediment resuspension in lakes. Hydrobiologia 284: 5-12. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00005727
  12. Faithful, C.L. and C.W. Burns. 2006. Effects of salinity and souece of inocula on germination of Anabaena akinetes from a tidally influenced lake. Freshwater Biology 51: 705-716. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2006.01524.x
  13. Falconer, I.R. 1993. Algal Toxin in Seafood and Drinking Water. Academic Press, San Diego, USA. pp. 176-186.
  14. Ferreira, F.M.B., J.M. Franco Soler, M.L. Fidalgo and P. Fernandez- Vila. 2001. PSP toxin from Aphanizomenon flosaquae (cyanobacteria) collected in the Crestuma-Lever Reservoir (Douro River, Northern Portugal). Toxicon 39: 757-761. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0041-0101(00)00114-8
  15. Geum River Basin Management Commission (GRBMC). 2012. A Study on Control Measures of Algal Bloom for Management of Water Quality in the Daechung and Boryeong Reservoirs (III). Geum River Watershed Environment Office, Daejeon, Korea. 369p.
  16. Graham, J.L., A.C. Ziegler, B.L. Loving and K.L. Loftin. 2012. Fate and Transport of Cyanobacteria and Associated Toxins and Taste-and-Odor Compounds from Upstream Reservoirs in the Kansas River, Kansas, September and October 2011. U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5129. Reston, Virginia, USA. 65p.
  17. Graham, J.L., K.A. Loftin, A.C. Ziegler and M.T. Meyer. 2008. Guidelines for Design and Sampling for Cyanobacterial Toxin and Taste-and-Odor Studies in Lakes and Reservoirs. U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2008-5038. Reston, Virginia, USA. 39p.
  18. Gugger, M., C. Lyra, P. Henriksen, A. Coute, J.F. Humbert and K. Sivonen. 2002. Phylogenetic comparison of the cyanobacterial genera Anabaena and Aphanizomenon. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 52: 1867-1880.
  19. Han, M.S., H.R. Lee, S.S. Hong, Y.O. Kim, K. Lee, Y.K. Choi, S. Kim and K.I. Yoo. 2002. Ecological studies on Togyo Reservoir in Chulwon, Korea. V. Seasonal changes of size-fractionated standing crops and chlorophyll a of phytoplankton in Kyungan Stream of Paldang river-reservoir systems and Togyo Reservoir, Korea. Korean Journal of Environmental Biology 20: 91-99. (in Korean)
  20. Hansson, L.A., L.G. Rudstam, T.B. Johnson, P. Soranno and Y. Allen. 1994. Patterns in algal recruitment from sediment to water in a dimictic, eutrophic lake. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 51: 2825-2833. https://doi.org/10.1139/f94-281
  21. Hwang, S.J., K. Kim, C. Park, W. Seo, B.G. Choi, H.S. Eum, M.H. Park, H.R. Noh, Y.B. Sim and J.K. Shin. 2016. Hydro-meteorological effects on water quality variability in Paldang Reservoir, confluent area of the South-Han River-North-Han River-Gyeongan Stream, Korea. Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment 49: 354-374. (in Korean) https://doi.org/10.11614/KSL.2016.49.4.354
  22. Hwang, S.J., Y.B. Sim, B.G. Choi, K. Kim, C. Park, W. Seo, M.H. Park, S.W. Lee and J.K. Shin. 2017. Rainfall and hydrological comparative analysis of water quality variability in Euiam Reservoir, the North-Han River, Korea. Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment 50: 29-45. (in Korean) https://doi.org/10.11614/KSL.2017.50.1.029
  23. Ishikawa, K., M. Kumagai, W.F. Vincent, S. Tsujimura and H. Nakahara. 2002. Transport and accumulation of bloomforming cyanobacteria in a large, mid-latitude lake: the gyre-Microcystis hypothesis. Limnology 3: 87-96. https://doi.org/10.1007/s102010200010
  24. Jeon, B.S., J. Han, S.K. Kim, J.H. Ahn, H.C. Oh and H.D. Park. 2015. An overview of problems cyanotoxins produced by cyanobacteria and the solutions thereby. Journal of Korean Society of Environment and Engineer 37: 657-667. https://doi.org/10.4491/KSEE.2015.37.12.657
  25. Jeong, I.H. 2016. Identification and Characterization of Environmental Factors that Affect Spatial and Temporal Variation of Phytoplankton Community in Yongdam Reservoir. M.S. Thesis, The Graduate School, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea. 149p. (in Korean)
  26. Jung, J.W. 2007. Relationship between Environmental Parameters and Algal Growth in Daecheong Reservoir. M.S. Thesis, Graduate School, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea. 74p. (in Korean)
  27. Jung, J.M., Y.J. Lee, H.K. Park, E.Y. Jung and G.J. Joo. 2003. The analysis of cyanobacterial neurotoxins by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Algae 18: 233-238. https://doi.org/10.4490/ALGAE.2003.18.3.233
  28. Karlson, A.M.L., F.J.A. nascimento, S. Suikkanen and R. Elmgren. 2012. Benthic fauna affects recruitment from sediments of the harmful cyanobacterium Nodularia spumigena. Harmful Algae 20: 126-131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2012.09.001
  29. Karlsson-Elfgren, I. and A.K. Brunberg. 2004. The importance of shallow sediments in the recruitment of Anabaena and Aphanizomenon (Cyanophyceae). Journal of Phycology 40: 831-836. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8817.2004.04070.x
  30. Kaster, J.L. and G.Z. Jacobi. 1978. Benthic macroinvertebrates of a fluctuating reservoir. Freshwater Biology 8: 283-290. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.1978.tb01449.x
  31. Kim, B.H., W.S. Lee, Y.O. Kim, H.O. Lee and M.S. Han. 2005a. Relationship between akinete germination and vegetative population of Anabaena flos-aquae (Nostocales, Cyanobacteria) in Seokchon Reservoir (Seoul, Korea). Archiv fur Hydrobiologie 163: 49-64. https://doi.org/10.1127/0003-9136/2005/0163-0049
  32. Kim, C.H., J.H. Lee and Y.K. Choi. 1998. The relationship between water-bloom and distribution of microorganisms that inhibit the growth of cyanobacterium (Anabaena cylindrica). The Korean Journal of Microbiology 34: 188- 193. (in Korean)
  33. Kim, D.K., A.R. Choi, H.K. Lee, O.S. Kwon and J. Kim. 2004. Community dynamics of phytoplankton and bacteria as affected by physicochemical environmental factors in Hoeya dam Reservoir. Korean Journal of Limnology 37: 26- 35. (in Korean)
  34. Kim, H.S. and S.J. Hwang. 2004. Effects of nutrients and N/P ratio stoichiometry on phytoplankton growth in an eutrophic reservoir. Korean Journal of Limnology 37: 36-46. (in Korean)
  35. Kim, H.S., D.S. Kong and S.J. Hwang. 2005b. Characteristic community dynamics of phyto- and zooplankton in a shallow eutrophic reservoir. Korean Journal of Limnology 38: 18-29. (in Korean)
  36. Kim, K.Y. 2014. Temporal and Spacial Distribution of Geosmin and 2-MIB in the Daecheong Reservoir. M.S. Thesis, Graduate School, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea. 74p. (in Korean)
  37. Kim, K.Y., J.B. Khan, I.C. Choi, S.H. Hong, J.B. Lee, S.H. Lee and J.J. Lee. 2015. Temporal and spatial distribution of geosmin and 2-MIB in the Daecheong Reservoir. Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture 34: 20-26. (in Korean)
  38. Kim, S.G., S.K. Rhee, C.Y. Ahn, S.R. Ko, G.G. Choi, J.W. Bae, Y.H. Park and H.M. Oh. 2006. Determination of cyanobacterial diversity during algal blooms in Daechung Reservoir, Korea, on the basis of cpcBA intergenic spacer region analysis. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72: 3252-3258. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.72.5.3252-3258.2006
  39. Kim, Y.J., J.S. Baek, S.J. Youn, H.N. Kim, B.C. Lee, G. Kim, S. Park, K.A. You and J.K. Lee. 2016. Cyanobacteria community and growth potential test in sediment of Lake Paldang. Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment 32: 261-270. (in Korean) https://doi.org/10.15681/KSWE.2016.32.3.261
  40. Ko, S.R., C.Y. Ahn, Y.K. Lee and H.M. Oh. 2011. Dynamics of bacterial communities analyzed by DGGE during cyanobacterial bloom in Daechung Reservoir, Korea. Korean Journal of Environmental Biology 29: 225-235. (in Korean)
  41. Ko, S.R., S.J. Park, C.Y. Ahn, A. Choi, J.S. Lee, H.S. Kim, B.D. Yoon and H.M. Oh. 2004. Analysis of microbial communities during cyanobacterial bloom in Daechung Reservoir by DGGE. The Korean Journal of Microbiology 40: 205- 210. (in Korean)
  42. Komarek, J. 1984. Sobre las cyanoficeas de Cuba: (1) Aphanizomenon volzii, (2) especies de Fortiea. Acta Bot. Cubana, La Habana 18. 30p.
  43. Komarek, J. and J. Komarkova. 2006. Diversity of Aphanizomenon-like cyanobacteria. Czech Phycology, Olomouc 6: 1-32.
  44. Komarek, J. and K. Anagnostidis. 1986. Modern approach to the classification system of Cyanophytes 2 Chrococcales. Algological Studies 43: 157-226.
  45. Komarek, J. and K. Anagnostidis. 1989. Modern approach to the classification system of Cyanophytes 4 Nostocales. Algological Studies 56: 247-345.
  46. Korea Meteorological Agency (KMA). 2016. Annual Report of Korean Meteorological Events. Seoul, Korea. (in Korean)
  47. Korea Water Resources Corporation (K-water). 2015. Annual Report of Boryeong Dam Operation and Management. Daejeon, Korea. (in Korean)
  48. Korea Water Resources Corporation (K-water). 2016. Annual Report of Boryeong Dam Operation and Management. Daejeon, Korea. (in Korean)
  49. Kushak, R.I., C. Drapeau, E.M. Van Cott and H.H. Winter. 2000. Favorable effects of blue-green algae Aphanizomenon flos-aquae on rat plasma liquids. Journal of the American Nutraceutical Association 2: 59-65.
  50. Laamanen, M.J., L. Forsstrom and K. Sivonen. 2002. Diversity of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae (cyanobacterium) populations along a Baltic Sea salinity gradient. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 68: 5296-5303. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.68.11.5296-5303.2002
  51. Lee, D.H. 2014. Study on the Analysis of Seasonal Occurring Nature of Algal Bloom in the Keum River Estuary. M.S. Thesis, Graduate School, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea. 69p. (in Korean)
  52. Lee, J.W. 2003. The Vertical Distribution and Succession of Phytoplankton in Sayon Reservoir, Korea. Ph.D. Thesis, Graduate School, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Korea. 201p. (in Korean)
  53. Lee, K.R. 2014. Study on the Growth and Off-flavor Production of Harmful Cyanobacteria. M.S. Thesis, Graduate School of Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea. 89p. (in Korean)
  54. Lee, O.M. 2001. The distribution and standing crop of phytoplankton in the nearby streams of Suwon sewage disposal plant. Korean Journal of Environmental Biology 19: 282- 291. (in Korean)
  55. Lee, Y.J., J.M. Jung, P.S. Shin and G.J. Joo. 2005. Daily variation of phytoplankton and water quality in the lower Nakdong River. Algae 20: 133-140. https://doi.org/10.4490/ALGAE.2005.20.2.133
  56. Lepori, F. and J.J. Roberts. 2017. Effects of internal phosphorus loadings and food-web structure on the recovery of a deep lake from eutrophication. Journal of Great Lakes Research 43: 255-264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2017.01.008
  57. Li, R., W.W. Carmichael and P. Pereira. 2003. Morphological and 16S rRNA gene evidence for reclassification of the paralytic shellfish toxin producing Aphanizomenon flosaquae LMECYA31 as Aphanizomenon issatschenkoi (Cyanophyceae). Journal of Phycology 39: 814-818. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1529-8817.2003.02199.x
  58. Lin, S. and R.L. Evans. 1981. Relationships between Odor and Commonly Measured Water Quality Characteristics in Surface Water Supplies. Illinois State Water Survey, Champaign, Report of Investigation 100. Illinois, USA. 35p.
  59. Mahmood, N.A. and W.W. Carmichael. 1986. Paralytic shellfish poisons producted by the freshwater cyanobacterium Aphanizomenon flos-aquae NH-5. Toxicon 24: 175-186. https://doi.org/10.1016/0041-0101(86)90120-0
  60. Ministry of Environment (MOE). 1999. A White-Paper of Environment. Ministry of Environment, Seoul, Korea. (in Korean)
  61. Ministry of Environment (MOE). 2011. A White-Paper of Environment. Ministry of Environment, Seoul, Korea. (in Korean)
  62. Ministry of Environment (MOE). 2015. A White-Paper of Environment. Ministry of Environment, Seoul, Korea. (in Korean)
  63. Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport (MOLIT). 2012. National List Book of Rivers, Korea, 2011. KGE 11-1611492-000088-01. Seoul, Korea. 767p. (in Korean)
  64. National Institute of Biological Resources (NIBR). 2015. National List of Species of Korea: Blue-green Algae. Incheon, Korea. 75p. (in Korean)
  65. New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services (DESNH). 2010. Lake drawdown for Aquatic plant control. Environmental Fact Sheet WD-BB-12. www.des.nh.gov, USA. 3p.
  66. Ni, Z., S. Wang, Z. Chu and X. Jin. 2015. Historical accumulation of N and P sources of organic matter and N in sediment in an agricultural reservoir in Northern China. Environmental Science Pollution Research 22: 9951-9964. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-4169-4
  67. Noh, S.Y., H.K. Park, H.L. Choi and J.A. Lee. 2014. Effect of climate change for cyanobacteria growth pattern in Chudong station of Lake Daechung. Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment 30: 377-385. (in Korean) https://doi.org/10.15681/KSWE.2014.30.4.377
  68. Oh, J.H. 2007. Analysis of Bacterial Diversity in Cheon-Ho Reservoir by Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis. M.S. Thesis, Graduate School, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea. 73p. (in Korean)
  69. Paerl, H.W. 2014. Mitigating harmful cyanobacterial blooms in a hHuman- and climatically-impacted world. Life 4: 988- 1012. https://doi.org/10.3390/life4040988
  70. Paerl, H.W., W.S. Gardner, K.E. Havens, A.R. Joyner, M.J. Mc- Carthy, S.E. Newell, B. Qin and J.T. Scott. 2016. Mitigating cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms in aquatic ecosystems impacted by climate change and anthropogenic nutrients. Harmful Algae 54: 213-222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2015.09.009
  71. Park, H.K. 2006. Long-term preservation of bloom-forming cyanobacteria by cryopreservation. Algae 21: 125-131. https://doi.org/10.4490/ALGAE.2006.21.1.125
  72. Park, H.K., H. Kim, J.J. Lee, J.A. Lee, H. Lee, J.H. Park, J. Seo, S.J. Youn and J. Moon. 2011. Investigation of criterion on harmful algae alert system using correlation between cell numbers and cellular microcystins content of Korean toxic cyanobacteria. Journal of Korean Society on Water Quality 27: 491-498. (in Korean)
  73. Park, H.K., R.Y. Shin, H. Lee, K.L. Lee and S.U. Cheon. 2015. Spatio-temporal characteristics of cyanobacterial communities in the middle-downstream of Nakdong River and Lake Dukdong. Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment 31: 286-294. (in Korean) https://doi.org/10.15681/KSWE.2015.31.3.286
  74. Park, H.K., Y.C. Seo, I.H. Cho and B.H. Park. 2006a. Effect of chlorination on disinfection byproducts production and release of microcystins from bloom-forming algae. Journal of Korean Society on Water Quality 22: 513-520. (in Korean)
  75. Park, J.C., J.W. Park, J.D. Kim and J.K. Shin. 2005. Spatial and temporal variations of environmental factors and phytoplankton community in Andong Reservoir, Korea. Algae 20: 333-343. (in Korean) https://doi.org/10.4490/ALGAE.2005.20.4.333
  76. Park, J.W., Y.G. Kim, W. Heo, B. Kim and W. Yih. 2006b. Bloom-forming cyanobacteria in Yongdam Lake (1), Nutrient limitation in a laboratory strain of a nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterium, Anabaena spiroides v. crassa. The Sea Journal of the Korean Society of Oceanography 11: 158-164. (in Korean)
  77. Park, Y.C., S.J. Shin, H.Y. Lee, Y.S. Kim, M.R. Kim, S.J. Lee and H.J. Lee. 2013. Development and application of detection method for Aphanizomenon flos-aquae not usable as a food materials in Korea. Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety 28: 188-193. (in Korean) https://doi.org/10.13103/JFHS.2013.28.2.188
  78. Pollingher, U., O. Hadas, Y.Z. Yacobi, T. Zohary and T. Berman. 1998. Aphanizomenon ovalisporum (Forti) in Lake Kinneret, Israel. Journal of Plankton Research 20: 1321- 1339. https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/20.7.1321
  79. Rajaniemi, P., J. Komarek, L. Hoffmann, P. Hrouzek, K. Kastovska and K. Sivonen. 2005a. Taxonomic consequences from the combined molecular and phynotype evaluation of selected Anabaena and Aphanizomenon strains. Archiv fur Hydrobiologie/Algological Studies 117: 371-391.
  80. Rajaniemi, P., P. Hrouzek, K. Kastovska, R. Willame, A. Rantala, L. Hoffmann, J. Komarek and K. Sivonen. 2005b. Phylogenetic and morphological evaluation of genera Anabaena, Aphanizomenon, Trichormus and Nostoc (Nostocales, Cyanobacteria). International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 55: 11-26. https://doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.63276-0
  81. Rapala, J., K. Sivonen, R. Luukkainen and S. Niemela. 1993. Anatoxin-a concentration in Anabaena and Aphanizomenon under different environmental conditions and comparison of growth by toxic and non-toxic Anabaena-strains: A laboratory study. Journal of Applied Phycology 5: 581- 591. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02184637
  82. Rashash, D.M.C., R.C. Hoehn, A.M. Dietrich, T.J. Grizzard and B.C. Parker. 1996. Identification and Control of Odorous Algal Metabolites. AWWA Research Foundation and American Water Works Association Report 0-89867-855-2. USA. 172p.
  83. Reynolds, C.S. 1999. Non-determinism to probability, or N:P in the community ecology of phytoplankton. Archiv fur Hydrobiologie 146: 23-35. https://doi.org/10.1127/archiv-hydrobiol/146/1999/23
  84. Rudi, K., O.M. Skulberg, F. Larsen and K.S. Jakobsen. 1997. Strain characterization and classification of oxyphotobacteria in clone cultures on the basis of 16S rRNA sequence from the variable region V6, V7, and V8. Applied Environmental Microbiology 63: 2593-2599.
  85. Ryder, R.A. 1978. Ecological heterogeneity between north-temperate reservoirs and glacial lake systems due to differing succession rates and cultural uses. Verhandlungen des Internationalen Verein Limnologie 20: 1568-1574.
  86. Ryu, H.S., H.K. Park, H.J. Lee, R.Y. Shin and S.U. Cheon. 2016. Occurrence and succession pattern of cyanobacteria in the upper region of the Nakdong River: Factors influencing Aphanizomenon bloom. Journal of Korewan Society on Water Environment 32: 52-59. (in Korean) https://doi.org/10.15681/KSWE.2016.32.1.52
  87. Ryu, H.S., S.M. An, C.K. Lim, R.Y. Shin, J.G. Park and J.H. Lee. 2017. Analysis of potential toxigenicity and phylogeny using target genes in Aphanizomenon flos-aquae (Cyanophyceae) strains isolated from the Nakdong River. Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment 50: 137-147. (in Korean) https://doi.org/10.11614/KSL.2017.50.1.137
  88. Sanchez-Carrillo, S., L.C. Alatorre, R. Sanchez-Andres and J. Garatuza-Payan. 2007. Eutrophication and sedimentation patterns in complete exploitation of water resources scenarios: An example from northwestern semi-arid Mexico. Environmental Monitoring Assessment 132: 377-393. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-006-9541-x
  89. Shaw, B.H. 1983. Agricultural Runoff and Reservoir Drawdown Effects on a 2760-Hectare Reservoir. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA-600/S3-82-003 (Project Summary). Ohio, USA. 5p.
  90. Shin, J.K. and S.J. Hwang. 2017. Dynamics of phosphorus, turbid water outflow and limno-hydrological effects on hypolimnetic effluents discharging by hydropower electric generation in a large dam reservoir (Daecheong), Korea. Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment 50: 1-15. (in Korean) https://doi.org/10.11614/KSL.2017.50.1.001
  91. Shin, J.K., B.G. Kang and S.J. Hwang. 2016. Water-blooms (Green-tide) dynamics of algae alert system and rainfallhydrological effects in Daecheong Reservoir, Korea. Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment 49: 153-175. (in Korean) https://doi.org/10.11614/KSL.2016.49.3.153
  92. Son, M., J.H. Park, C. Lim, S. Kim and B.J. Lim. 2013. Seasonal change of phytoplankton community and water quality in Yeongsan River watershed. Korean Journal of Environmental Biology 31: 105-112. (in Korean) https://doi.org/10.11626/KJEB.2013.31.2.105
  93. Sondergaard, M., J.P. Jensen and E. Jeppesen. 2001. Retention and internal loading of phosphorus in shallow, eutrophic lakes. The Scientific World 1: 427-442. https://doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2001.72
  94. SPSS. 1998. SYSTAT$^{(R)}$ 8.0 Statistics. SPSS Inc. Chigaco, USA. 1,086p.
  95. Tan, X.T., F.X. Kong, H.S. Cao, Y. Yu and M. Zhang. 2008. Recruitment of bloom-forming cyanobacteria and its driving factors. African Journal of Biotechnology 7: 4726-4731.
  96. Thornton, K.W., B.L. Kimmel and F.E. Payne. 1990. Reservoir Limnology: Ecological Perspectives. A Wiley-Interscience Publication, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, USA. 256p.
  97. Tsujimura, S., K. Ishikawa and H. Tsukada. 2001. Effect of temperature on growth of the cyanobacterium Aphanizomenon flos-aquae in Lake Biwa and Lake Yogo. Phycological Research 49: 275-280. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1835.2001.tb00257.x
  98. Uveges, V., K. Tapolczai, L. Krienitz and J. Padisak. 2012. Photosynthetic characteristics and physiological plasticity of an Aphanizomenon flos-aquae (Cyanobacteria, Nostocaceae) winter bloom in a deep oligo-mesotrophic lake (Lake Stechlin, Germany). Hydrobiologia 698: 263-272. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-012-1103-3
  99. Wantzen, K.M., K.O. Rothhaupt, M. Mortl, M. Cantonati, L.G. Toth and P. Fischer. 2008. Ecological effects of waterlevel fluctuations in lakes: An urgent issue. Hydrobiologia 613: 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-008-9466-1
  100. Watson, S.B., C. Miller, G. Arhonditsis, G.L. Boyer, W. Carmichael, M.N. Charlton, R. Confesor, D.C. Depew, T.O. Hook, S.A. Ludsin, G. matisoff, S.P. McElmurry, M.W. Murray, R.P. Richards, Y.R. Rao, M.M. Steffen and S.W. Wilhelm. 2016. The re-eutrophication of Lake Erie: Harmful algal blooms and hypoxia. Harmful Algae 56: 44-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2016.04.010
  101. Watts, R.J., C. Allan, K.H. Bowmer, K.J. Page, D.S. Ryder and A.L. Wilson. 2009. Pulsed Flows: A Review of Environmental Costs and Benefits and Best Practice. Waterlines Report Series No. 16, The National Water Commission, Canberra, Australia. 147p.
  102. Welch, E.B., J.A. Buckley and R.M. Bush. 1972. Dilution as an algal bloom control. Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation 63: 550-552.
  103. Wetzel, R.G. 2001. Limnology: Lake and River Ecosystems. 3rd ed. Academic Press, California, USA. 1006p.
  104. Yamamoto, Y. 2009a. Effect of temperature on recruitment of cyanobacteria from the sediment and bloom formation in a shallow pond. Plankton Benthos Research 4: 95-103. https://doi.org/10.3800/pbr.4.95
  105. Yamamoto, Y. 2009b. Environmental factors that determine the occurrence and seasonal dynamics of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae. Journal of Limnology 68: 122-132. https://doi.org/10.4081/jlimnol.2009.122
  106. Yamamoto, Y. and H. Nakahara. 2005. The formation and degradation of cyanobacterium Aphanizomenon flos-aquae blooms: the importance of pH, water temperature, and day length. Limnology 6: 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10201-004-0138-1
  107. Yamamoto, Y. and H. Nakahara. 2006. Importance of interspecific competition in the abundance of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae (Cyanophyceae). Limnology 7: 163-170. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10201-005-0189-y
  108. Yamamoto, Y. and H. Nakahara. 2009. Life cycle of cyanobacterium Aphanizomenon flos-aquae. Taiwania 54: 113-117.
  109. Yang, J., H. Lv, J. Yang, L. Liu, X. Yu and H. Chen. 2016. Decline in water level boosts cyanobacteria dominance in subtropical reservoirs. Science of the Total Environment 557-558: 445-452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.03.094
  110. Yih, W., G. Myung, H.S. Kim and H.J. Jeong. 2005a. Semiweekly variation of spring population of a mixotrophic ciliate Myrionecta rubra (=Mesodinium rubrum) in Keum River estuary, Korea. Algae 20: 207-216. (in Korean) https://doi.org/10.4490/ALGAE.2005.20.3.207
  111. Yih, W., G. Myung, Y.D. Yoo, Y.G. Kim and H.J. Jeong. 2005b. Semiweekly variation of phytoplankton community in relation to the freshwater discharges from Keum River estuarine weir, Korea. The Sea Journal of the Korean Society of Oceanography 10: 154-163. (in Korean)
  112. You, K.A., M.A. Song, M.S. Byeon, H.J. Lee and S.J. Hwang. 2014. The calculation method of cell count for the bloomforming (green tide) cyanobacterium using correlation between colony area and cell number in Korea. Korea Journal of Ecology and Environment 47: 350-357. (in Korean) https://doi.org/10.11614/KSL.2014.47.4.350
  113. Yu, J.J., H.J. Lee, K.L. Lee, H.S. Lyu, J.W. Whang, L.Y. Shin and S.U. Chen. 2014. Relationship between distribution of the dominant phytoplankton species and water temperature in the Nakdong River, Korea. Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment 47: 247-257. (in Korean) https://doi.org/10.11614/KSL.2014.47.4.247
  114. Zapomelova, E., P. Hrouzek, K. Rehakova, M. Sabacka, M. Stibal, L. Caisova, J. Komarkova and A. Lukesova. 2008. Morphological variability in selected heterocystous cyanobacterial strains as a response to varied temperature, light intensity and medium composition. Folia Microbiologica 53: 333-341. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12223-008-0052-8
  115. Zhang, M., Q.Q. Lin, L.J. Xiao, S. Wang, X. Qian and B.P. Han. 2013. Effect of intensive epilimnetic withdrawal on the phytoplankton in a (sub)tropical deep reservoir. Journal of Limnology 72: 430-439.
  116. Zhou, J., B. Qin, C. Casenave, X. Han, G. Yang, T. Wu, P.W. and J. Ma. 2015. Effects of wind wave turbulence on the phytoplankton community composition in large, shallow Lake Taihu. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 22: 12737-12746. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-4535-2