Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences

Asian Australasian Association of Animal Production Societies (아세아태평양축산학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Integrating market chain assessments with zoonoses risk analysis in two cross-border pig value chains in Lao PDR

  • Okello, Anna L (CSIRO, Australian Animal Health Laboratory (AAHL)) ;
  • Tiemann, Tassilo T (Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT in Asia)) ;
  • Inthavong, Phouth (National Animal Health Laboratory (NAHL), Department of Livestock and Fisheries) ;
  • Khamlome, Boualam (Department of Hygiene and Prevention, Ministry of Health) ;
  • Phengvilaysouk, Ammaly (National Agricultural and Forestry Research Centre, Livestock Research Center) ;
  • Keonouchanh, Soukanh (National Agricultural and Forestry Research Centre, Livestock Research Center) ;
  • Keokhamphet, Chattouphone (National Animal Health Laboratory (NAHL), Department of Livestock and Fisheries) ;
  • Somoulay, Virasack (National Centre for Laboratory and Epidemiology (NCLE), Ministry of Health) ;
  • Blaszak, Kate (Independent consultant) ;
  • Blacksell, Stuart D (Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University) ;
  • Okello, Walter O (Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT in Asia)) ;
  • Allen, John (CSIRO, Australian Animal Health Laboratory (AAHL))
  • Received : 2016.11.21
  • Accepted : 2017.03.21
  • Published : 2017.11.01
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Objective: Lao PDR's recent accession to the World Trade Organization necessitates a greater understanding of the patterns and risk of livestock production in order to better align national policy with the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures. This eco-health study was conducted to improve understanding of the interrelations between market chains and zoonotic infection risks at two strategic cross border points between Lao PDR, Thailand and Viet Nam. Methods: Information gained from smallholder farmer/trader interviews was integrated with serological surveys for pig-associated zoonoses-including hepatitis E virus (HEV), Taenia solium (T. solium) and trichinella-to identify potential linkages between disease risk and pig production and slaughter in low input systems common across the country. Results: Trichinella and HEV exposure was high in both humans and pigs in both study areas, significantly associated with pig slaughter and the subsequent consumption and handling of raw pork products. T. solium demonstrated a strong geographical and ethnic association with the northern study area bordering Vietnam. With the right knowledge and accessible, affordable inputs, the majority of smallholder farmers indicated a willingness to invest more in pig production, which could simultaneously improve livelihoods and decrease exposure to HEV, Trichinella, and T. solium through increased access to formal markets and an improved slaughter processes. Conclusion: The linkages identified when assessing disease risk in the context of potential economic and cultural drivers of transmission highlight the importance of a systems-based approach for the detection and control of zoonotic disease, and contributes to an improved understanding of the Lao PDR livestock sector.

Keywords

References

  1. AusAID. Mekong Connectivity statement 2008-2009. Australian Agency for International Development (AusAID), Canberra, Australia; October 2009. Available from: https://dfat.gov.au/about-us/publications/Documents/mekong-connectivity-statement-0809.pdf
  2. ACIAR. Animal biosecurity in the Mekong: future directions for research and development. In: Adams LB, Gray GD, Murray G, editors. Proceedings of an international workshop held in Siem Reap 2010; 2010 Aug 10-13: Cambodia. ACIAR proceedings; 2010. p. 137.
  3. Cocks P, Abila R, Bouchot A, et al. FAO ADB and OIE SEAFMD study on cross border movement and market chains of large ruminants and pigs in the Greater Mekong sub-region. Bangkok, Thailand: 2009 [cited 2015 Apr 9]. Available from: http://ulm.animalhealthresearch.asia/newsletters/FAO_ADB_OIE_Cross-Border%20movement%20study_Final%20Report.pdf
  4. Kerr J, Hawkins C, Davun H, et al. Understanding livestock movement and the risk of spread of transboundary animal diseases. Canberra, Australia: Final Report AH/2006/025 Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Australian government; 2012.
  5. Slorach SA. Assuring food safety: the complementary tasks and standards of the World Organisation for Animal Health and the Codex Alimentarius Commission. OIE Scientific and Technical Review 2006;25: 813-21. https://doi.org/10.20506/rst.25.2.1699
  6. Government of Lao PDR. Decree on the control of the movement of animal and animal products. c2014. [cited 2015 Apr 9]. Available from: http://www.laotradeportal.gov.la/index.php?r=site/display&id=276
  7. Van der Meer K and Rasphone. Implementing SPS measures to facilitate safe trade in Lao PDR. The Standards and Trade Development Facility (STDF); 2014.
  8. Blacksell SD, Myint KSA, Khounsy S, et al. Prevalence of hepatitis E virus antibodies in pigs: implications for human infections in villagebased subsistence pig farming in the Lao PDR. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2007;101:305-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trstmh.2006.05.003
  9. Conlan JV, Sripa B, Attwood S, Newton PN. A review of parasitic zoonoses in Southeast Asia. Vet Parasitol 2011;182:22-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.07.013
  10. Conlan JV, Vongxay K, Khamlome B, et al. Patterns and risks of trichinella infection in humans and pigs in northern laos. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014;8:e3034. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0003034
  11. Lao Social Indicators Survey (LSIS) 2011-2012. Phongsaly provincial profile, Lao Statistics Bureau [cited 2015 Apr]. Available from: http://laoinfo.gov.la/profiles/files/profiles/2/ASILAO002_LSIS.pdf
  12. Okello AL, Burniston S, Conlan JV. Prevalence of Endemic pigassociated zoonoses in Southeast Asia: A review of findings from the Lao People's Democratic Republic. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2015;92:1059-66. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.14-0551
  13. Wandschneider TS, Ngo TKY, Ferris S, Tran VO. A guide to rapid market appraisal (RMA) for agricultural products [cited 2015 Feb 16]. Available from: http://www.crsprogramquality.org/publications/2012/9/24/a-guide-to-rapid-market-appraisal-rma-for-agriculturalprodu.html
  14. Conlan JV, Vongxay K, Khamlome B, et al. A cross-sectional study of Taenia solium in a multiple taeniid-endemic region reveals competition may be protective. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2012;87:281-91. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2012.11-0106
  15. Meng XJ. Hepatitis E virus: animal reservoirs and zoonotic risk. Vet Microb 2010;140:256-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.03.017
  16. AusVet Animal Health Services, EpiTool epidemiological calculators; c2011 [cited 2015 Dec 9]. Available from: http://epitools.ausvet.com.au/content.php?page=home
  17. Phengsavanh P, Ogle B, Stur W, Frankow-Lindberg BE, Lindberg JE. Smallholder pig rearing systems in northern Lao PDR. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci 2011;24:867-74. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2011.10289
  18. Sayasone S, Odermatt P, Vongphrachanh P, et al. A trichinellosis outbreak in Borikhamxay Province, Lao PDR. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2006;100:1126-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trstmh.2006.01.010
  19. Vu Thi N, Dorny P, La Rosa G, et al. High prevalence of anti-Trichinella IgG in domestic pigs of the Son La province, Vietnam. Vet Parasitol 2010;168:136-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.10.024
  20. Suwansrinon K, Wilde H, Burford B, Hanvesakul R, Sitprija V. Human trichinellosis from Laos. J Travel Med 2007;14:274-7. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1708-8305.2007.00136.x
  21. Bardosh K, Inthavong P, Xayaheuang S, Okello AL. Controlling parasites, understanding practices: The biosocial complexity of a One Health intervention for neglected zoonotic helminths in northern Lao PDR. Soc Sci Med 2014;120C:215-23.
  22. Ricklin ME, Garcia-Nicolas O, Brechbuhl D, et al. Vector-free transmission and persistence of Japanese encephalitis virus in pigs. Nat Commun 2016;7:10832. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms10832
  23. Jones B, Grace D, Kock R, et al. Zoonosis emergence linked to agricultural intensification and environmental change. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2013;110:8399-404. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1208059110
  24. Costales A. Pig Systems, livelihoods and poverty in southeast Asia: Current status, emerging issues and ways forward; February 2007. FAO Pro-poor Livestock Policy Initiative, Research Report 07-03.
  25. Tiemann TT, Phengvilaysouk A, Keonouchanh S. Herd dynamics reflect constraints for pig production and farmer attitudes in smallholder systems in Lao PDR. Anim Prod Sci https://doi.org/10.1071/AN16730
  26. Kongkaew W. Characterisation of factors influencing trichinellosis in humans and pigs in Nan Province, Northern Thailand [Doctoral Thesis]. Edinburgh, UK: University of Edinburgh; 2011.
  27. Pozio E. The domestic, synanthropic and sylvatic cycles of Trichinella and the flow among them. Vet Parasitol 2000;241-62.
  28. Azim S, Dojki F, Ahmad SS, Beg MA. Role of human behaviour and parasitic diseases. Infect Dis J Pakistan 2008;17:128-34.
  29. Wibawa IDN, Muljono DH, Mulyanto, et al. Prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis E virus among apparently healthy humans and pigs in Bali, Indonesia: Identification of a pig infected with a genotype 4 hepatitis E virus. J Med Virol 2004;73:38-44. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.20059
  30. Lapar ML, Vu TB, Ehui S. Identifying barriers to entry to livestock input and output markets in South-East Asia: The Case of Vietnam. Socioeconomics and Policy Research Working Paper 56. Nairobi, Kenya: International Livestock Research Institute; 2003.
  31. Joshi DD, Maharjan M, Johansen MVJ, Willingham AL, Sharma M. Improving meat inspection and control in resource-poor communities: the Nepal example. Act Trop 2003;87:119-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0001-706X(03)00028-7
  32. Lao DECIDE info; Informing decisions for sustainable development. Decide Toolbox. http://www.decide.la/en/mapviewer

Cited by

  1. Molecular evidence for cross boundary spread of Salmonella spp. in meat sold at retail markets in the middle Mekong basin area vol.9, pp.None, 2021, https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11255
  2. Seroprevalence of Taenia solium and Trichinella spiralis among Humans and Pigs in Ghana vol.2021, pp.None, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/1031965
  3. Reproductive performance of indigenous Lao pigs reared by small-scale farmers in northern provinces of Laos vol.64, pp.2, 2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/aab-64-365-2021