Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment (생태와환경)

The Korean Society of Limnology (한국수생태학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Assessment of Ecosystem Health during the Freshwater Discharge in the Youngsan River Estuary

영산강 하구둑 담수 방류에 따른 하구 건강성 평가

  • Lee, Dahye (Department of Ocean System Engineering, Mokpo National Maritime University) ;
  • Park, Gunwoo (Department of Ocean System Engineering, Mokpo National Maritime University) ;
  • Lee, Changhee (Department Environmental Engineering & Energy, Myongji University) ;
  • Shin, Yongsik (Department of Ocean System Engineering, Mokpo National Maritime University)
  • 이다혜 (목포해양대학교 해양시스템공학과) ;
  • 박건우 (목포해양대학교 해양시스템공학과) ;
  • 이창희 (명지대학교 환경에너지공학과) ;
  • 신용식 (목포해양대학교 해양시스템공학과)
  • Received : 2016.11.15
  • Accepted : 2017.02.12
  • Published : 2017.03.31
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

The Youngsan River estuary was physically changed by the construction of a sea embankment at near the mouth of estuary. Weirs were also constructed recently in the freshwater zone and it was reported that algal blooms occur more frequently. The freshwater introduced into saltwater zone from sluice gates of the embankment affects water quality but it has not been addressed that how the freshwater inputs influence the health of marine ecosystem. In this study, we used the data of water properties and phytoplankton communities collected at three stations for 4 days including before the freshwater discharge, during the discharge and after 1 and 2 days of discharge events. WQI(water quality index), TRIX (trophic status index) and P-IBI(phytoplankton index of biotic integrity) were used to evaluate the ecosystem health and long-term data were also utilized to determine the criteria for P-IBI. The results showed that grades of the ecosystem health assessed by the indices were low at the station near the gates and increased as downstream. However, the temporal pattern of grades was different depending on methods. Grades of WQI and TRIX decreased during the discharge and restored after the discharge whereas the grades of P-IBI decreased slightly even after the discharge. This suggests that P-IBI is more applicable to estuarine systems where experience extreme change of water properties than WQI and TRIX since P-IBI includes phytoplankton that can respond quickly to the change.

영산강 하구는 연안지역에 하구언이 축조되어 인공적으로 환경이 변화된 시스템이다. 또한 최근에는 담수역에 보가 건설되었고 담수 조류가 대증식하는 사례가 빈번하게 보고되고 있다. 이러한 담수가 간헐적으로 하구언 수문을 통해 해수역으로 방류되면서 하구의 해수역 수질에 영향을 미치는 것으로 알려져 있지만 아직까지 해양 생태계의 건강성 변화에 대한 평가는 부족한 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 3개 정점을 대상으로 담수 방류 이전과 이후 4일 동안 시행된 해양환경과 식물플랑크톤에 대한 현장조사 자료를 활용하여 수질 및 건강성을 평가하고자 하였다. 건강성 평가를 위해 WQI, TRIX, P-IBI 등의 기법을 활용하였고 P-IBI 기준 설정을 위해 장기간 수집된 자료를 이용하였다. 평가 결과 공간적으로 하구언의 수문과 가까운 정점에서 건강성 등급이 낮았고 외해로 갈수록 등급이 높아지는 것으로 나타났지만 시간적으로는 평가기법에 따라 건강성 지수의 차이를 보였다. WQI와 TRIX는 방류 중에 지수가 증가하였다가 방류 후에 전 상태로 회복되는 경향을 보인 반면 P-IBI는 방류 후에 오히려 증가함으로써 건강성이 악화되는 결과를 보였다. 따라서 하구와 같이 급변하는 환경에서는 변화에 민감하게 반응하는 부유생물인 식물플랑크톤 군집이 지표로 포함된 P-IBI와 같은 기법이 더 적합할 것으로 사료된다.

Keywords

References

  1. Beak, S.H., H.W. Choi and Y.O. Kim. 2010. A Preliminary study for marine ecosystem health assessment using the planktonic organism in Jinhae Bay. Korean Journal of Environmental Biology 28: 125-132.
  2. Borja, A., J. Franco and V. Perez. 2000. A marine biotic index to establish the ecological quality of soft-bottom benthos within European estuarine and coastal environments. Marine Pollution Bulletin 40: 1100-1114. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-326X(00)00061-8
  3. Borja, A., A.B. Josefson, A. Miles, I. Muxika, F. Olsgard, G. Phillips, J.G. Rodriguez and B. Rygg. 2007. An approach to the intercalibration of benthic ecological status assessment in the North Atlantic ecoregion, according to the European water framework directive. Marine Pollution Bulletin 55: 42-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2006.08.018
  4. Carlson, R.E. and J. Simpson. 1996. A Coordinator's Guide to Volunteer Lake Monitoring Methods. North American Lake Management Society. p. 96.
  5. Cho, Y.G. and K.Y. Park. 1998. Heavy metals in surface sediments of the Youngsan Estuary, West Coast of Korea. Journal of the Korean Environmental Sciences Society 7: 549-557.
  6. Costanza, R., R. d’Arge, R. de Groot, S. Faber, M. Grasso, B. Hannon, K. Limburg, S. Naeem, R.V. O’Neill, J. Paruelo, R.G. Raskin, P. Sutton and M. van den Belt. 1997. The value of the world’s ecosystem services and natural capital. Nature 387: 253-260. https://doi.org/10.1038/387253a0
  7. Han, J.H. and K.G. An. 2012. The applications of a multi-metric LEHA model for an environmental impact assessments of lake ecosystems and the ecological health assessments. Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment 21: 483-501.
  8. Humphries, R. and S. Robinson. 1995. Assessment of the success of the Peel-Harvey estuary system management strategy - A Western Australian attempt at integrated catchment management. Water Science and Technology 32: 255-264. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0619
  9. Jeon, D.Y., S.L. Lee, J.W. Son, Y.U. Cha, K.W. Kwon and P.J. Yoo. 2010. Aquatic ecosystem health assessment in middle Reach of Suyoung River using characteristics of benthic macroinvertebrate and fish fauna. Journal of Korean Society on Water Quality 26: 934-942.
  10. Jung, S.W., O.Y. Kwon, S.M. Yun, H.M. Joo, J.H. Kang and J.H. Lee. 2014. Impacts of dam discharge on river environments and phytoplankton communities in a regulated river system, the lower Han River of South Korea. Journal of Ecology and Environment 37: 1-11. https://doi.org/10.5141/ecoenv.2014.001
  11. Karr, J.R. 1981. Assessment of biotic integrity using fish communities. Fisheries 6: 21-27. https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8446(1981)006<0021:AOBIUF>2.0.CO;2
  12. Kauffman, G.J. 2011. Economic value of the Delaware Estuary Watershed. (Institute for public administration).
  13. Kim, Y.O., H.W. Choi, M.C. Jang, P.K. Jang, W.J. Lee, K.S. Shin and M. Jang. 2007. A brief review of approaches using planktonic organisms to assess marine ecosystem health. Ocean and Polar Research 29: 327-337. https://doi.org/10.4217/OPR.2007.29.4.327
  14. Kwon, Y.S. and K.G. An. 2006. Biological stream health and physico-chemical characteristics in the Keum-Ho River watershed. Korean Journal of Limnology 39: 145-156.
  15. Lacouture, R.V., J.M. Johnson, C. Buchanan and H.G. Marshall. 2006. Phytoplankton index of biotic integrity for Chesapeake Bay and its tidal tributaries. Estuaries and Coasts 29: 598-616. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02784285
  16. Li, H.M., H.J. Tang, X.Y. Shi, C.S. Zhang and X.L. Wang. 2014. Increased nutrient loads from the Changjiang (Yangtze) River have led to increased Harmful algal blooms. Harmful Algae 39: 92-101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2014.07.002
  17. Li, J.P., S.K. Dong, S.L. Liu, Z.F. Yang, M.C. Peng and C. Zhao. 2013. Effects of cascading hydropower dams on the composition, biomass and biological integrity of phytoplankton assemblages in the middle Lancang-Mekong River. Ecological Engineering 60: 316-324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2013.07.029
  18. Llanso, R.J. and D.M. Dauer. 2002. Methods for calculating the Chesapeake Bay benthic index of biotic integrity. Final report. Chesapeake Bay Benthic Monitoring Program p. 24.
  19. Ludwig, J.A. and J.F. Reynolds. 1988. Statistical ecology: a primer on methods and computing. Wiley.
  20. Lugoli, F., M. Carmendia, S. Lehtinen, P. Kauppila, S. Moncheva, M. Revilla, L. Roslli, N. Slabakova, V. Valencia, K.M. Dromph and A. Basset. 2012. Application of a new multimetric phytoplankton index to the assessment of ecological status in marine and transitional waters. Ecological Indicators 23: 338-355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2012.03.030
  21. Margalef, R. 1958. Temporal succession and sparial heterogeneity in phytoplankton. pp. 323-347. In: Perspectives in Marine biology (Buzzati-Traverso, ed.). Univ. Calif. Press, Berkeley.
  22. Ministry of Environment. 2004. Development of sustainable estuary management strategy in Korea I (Korea Environment Institute).
  23. Muxika, I., A. Borja and J. Bald. 2007. Using historical data, expert judgement and multivariate analysis in assessing reference conditions and benthic ecological status, according to the European Water Framework Directive. Marine Pollution Bulletin 55: 16-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2006.05.025
  24. Park, H.B., K.R. Kang, G.H. Lee and H.J. Shin. 2012. Distribution of salinity and temperature due to the freshwater discharge in the Yeongsan Estuary in the summer of 2010. Journal of the Korean Society of Oceanography 17: 139-148.
  25. Parsons, T.R., Y. Maita and C.M. Lalli. 1984. A manual of chemical and biological methods for seawater analysis. Pergamon Preess.
  26. Poole, S. 1996. Recent development and announcements - The United State States National Estuary Program. Ocean & Coastal Management 30: 63-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/0964-5691(95)00053-4
  27. Ra, K.T., J.K. Kim, E.S. Kim, K.T. Kim, J.M. Lee, S.K. Kim, E.Y. Kim, S.Y. Lee and E.J. Park. 2013. Evaluation of spatial and temporal variations of water quality in Lake Shihwa and outer sea by using water quality index in Korea: a case study of influence of tidal power plant operation. Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment and Energy 16: 102-114. https://doi.org/10.7846/JKOSMEE.2013.16.2.102
  28. Rapport, D.J. 1998. Dimensions of ecosystem health. pp. 34-40. In: Ecosystem health. Blackwell, Oxford.
  29. Rapport, D.J. 1999. Epidemiology and ecosystem health: Natural bridges. Ecosystem Health 5: 174-180. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1526-0992.1999.09927.x
  30. Rapport, D.J., C. Thorpe and H.A. Regier. 1980. Commentary: Ecosystem medicine. pp. 180-189. In: Perspectives on Adaptation, Environment and Population. Praeger, New York.
  31. Ryther, J.H. 1969. Photosynthesis and fish production in the sea. The production of organic matter and its conversion to higher forms of life vary throughout the world ocean. Science 166: 72-76. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.166.3901.72
  32. Shin, Y.S. and B.B. Yoon. 2011. Change in taxonomic composition of phytoplankton and environmental factors after construction of Dike in Yeongsan River Estuary. Korean Journal of Environmental Biology 29: 212-224.
  33. Shin, Y.S., H.S. Yu, H.Y. Lee, D.H. Lee and G.W. Park. 2015. The change in patterns and conditions of algal blooms resulting from construction of weirs in the Youngsan River: long-term data analysis. Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment 48: 238-252. https://doi.org/10.11614/KSL.2015.48.4.238
  34. Sin, Y.S., B.K. Hyun, B.K. Jeong and H.Y. Soh. 2013. Impacts of eutrophic freshwater inputs on water quality and phytoplankton size structure in a temperate estuary altered by a sea dike. Marine Environmental Research 85: 54-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2013.01.001
  35. Sin, Y.S. and B.K. Jeong. 2015. Short-term variations of phytoplankton communities in response to anthropogenic stressors in a highly altered temperate estuary. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 156: 83-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2014.09.022
  36. Sin, Y.S., E.J. Lee, Y.J. Lee and K.H. Shin. 2015. The riverestuarine continuum of nutrients and phytoplankton communities in an estuary physically divided by a sea dike. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 163: 279-289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2014.12.028
  37. Simpson, E.H. 1949. Measurement of diversity. Nature 163: 688. https://doi.org/10.1038/163688a0
  38. TEP (Thames Estuary Partnership). 1999. Management Guidance for the Thames Estuary (Strategy).
  39. van Niekerk, L., J.B. Adams, G.C. Bate, A.T. Forbes, N.T. Forbes, P. Huizinga, S.J. Lamberth, C.F. Mackay, C. Petersen, S. Taljaard, S.P. Weerts, A.K. Whitfield and T.H. Wooldridge. 2013. Country-wide assessment of estuary health: an approach for integrating pressures and ecosystem response in a data limited environment. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 130: 239-251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2013.05.006
  40. Vollenweider, R.A., F. Giovanardi, G. Montanari and A. Rinaldi. 1998. Characterization of the trophic conditions of marine coastal waters with special reference to the NW Adriatic Sea: proposal for a trophic scale, turbidity and generalized water quality index. Environmetrics 9: 329-357. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-095X(199805/06)9:3<329::AID-ENV308>3.0.CO;2-9
  41. Watanabe, T., K. Asai, A. Houki, S. Tanaka and T. Hizuka. 1986. Saprophilous and eurysaprobic diatom taxa to organic water pollution and diatom assemblage index (DAIpo). Diatom 2: 23-73.
  42. Whittaker, R.H. 1972. Evolution and measurement of species diversity. Taxon 21: 213-251. https://doi.org/10.2307/1218190
  43. Yang, E.R., B.K. Jeong, E.J. Lee, D.K. Ryu and Y.S. Shin. 2014. Size and species composition of phytoplankton related to anthropogenic environmental changes in Doam bay. Journal of Environmental Science International 23: 1183-1197. https://doi.org/10.5322/JESI.2014.23.6.1183
  44. Yoon, B.B., E.J. Lee, T.A. Kang and Y.S. Shin. 2013. Long-term change of phytoplankton biomass (chlorophyll a), environmental factors and freshwater discharge in Youngsan Estuary. Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment 46: 205-214.
  45. Zoriasatein, N., S. Jalili and F. Poor. 2013. Evaluation of ecological quality status with the trophic index (TRIX) values in coastal area of Arvand, Northeastern of Persian Gulf, Iran. World Journal of Fish and Marine Sciences 5: 257-262.