Computers and Concrete

Techno-Press (테크노프레스)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Estimating properties of reactive powder concrete containing hybrid fibers using UPV

  • Received : 2017.02.27
  • Accepted : 2017.06.27
  • Published : 2017.10.25
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

In this research, the application of ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) test as a nondestructive method for estimating some of the mechanical and dynamic properties of reactive powder concrete (RPC) containing steel and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fibers, as well as their combination was explored. In doing so, ten different mix designs were prepared in 19 experimental groups of specimens containing three different volume contents of steel fibers (i.e., 1, 2, and 3 %) and PVA fibers (i.e., 0.25, 0.5, and 0.75 %), as well as hybrid fibers (i.e., 0.25-0.75, 0.5-0.5, and 0.75-0.25 %). The specimens in these groups were prepared under the two curing regimes of normal and heat treatment. Moreover, the UPV test results were employed to estimate the compressive strength, dynamic modulus, shear modulus, and Poisson's ratio of the RPC concrete and to investigate the quality level of the used concrete. At the end, the effect of the specimen shape and in fact the measuring distance length on the UPV results was explored. The results of this research suggest that the steel fiber-containing RPC specimens demonstrate the highest level of ultrasonic pulse velocity as well as the highest values of the mechanical and dynamic properties. Moreover, heat treatment has a positive effect on the density, UPV, dynamic modulus, Poisson's ratio, and compressive strength of the RPC specimens, whereas it leads to a negligible increase or decrease in the shear modulus and static modulus of elasticity. Furthermore, the specimen shape affects the UPV of fiber-lacking specimens while negligibly affecting that of fiber-reinforced specimens.

Keywords

References

  1. ACI Committee 228 (1998), Nondestructive Test Methods for Evaluation of Concrete in Structures (ACI 228.2R-98), American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, Michigan, U.S.A.
  2. ACI Committee 228 (2003), In-Place Methods to Estimate Concrete Strength (ACI 228.1R-03), American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, Michigan, U.S.A.
  3. Albano, C., Camacho, N., Hernandez, M., Matheus, A. and Gutierrez, A. (2009), "Influence of content and particle size of waste pet bottles on concrete behavior at different w/c ratios", Waste Manage., 29(10), 2707-2716. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2009.05.007
  4. Anugonda, P., Wiehn, J.S. and Turner, J.A. (2001), "Diffusion of ultrasound in concrete", Ultrason., 39(6), 429-435. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0041-624X(01)00077-4
  5. ASTM C1074 (2011), Standard Practice for Estimating Concrete Strength by the Maturity Method, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
  6. ASTM C1240 (2015), Standard Specification for Silica Fume Used in Cementitious Mixtures, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
  7. ASTM C1437 (2015), Standard Test Method for Flow of Hydraulic Cement Mortar, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
  8. ASTM C150 (2016), Standard Specification for Portland Cement, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
  9. ASTM C192 (2016), Standard Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test Specimens in the Laboratory, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
  10. ASTM C39 (2016), Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
  11. ASTM C469 (2014), Standard Test Method for Static Modulus of Elasticity and Poisson's Ratio of Concrete in Compression, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
  12. ASTM C494 (2016), Standard Specification for Chemical Admixtures for Concrete, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
  13. ASTM C597 (2016), Standard Test Method for Pulse Velocity through Concrete, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
  14. ASTM C803 (2010), Standard Test Method for Penetration Resistance of Hardened Concrete, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
  15. ASTM C805 (2013), Standard Test Method for Rebound Number of Hardened Concrete, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
  16. Bin Ibrahim, A.N., Bin Ismail, P., Forde, M., Gilmour, R., Kato, K., Khan, A.A. and Wiggenhauser, H. (2002), Guidebook on Non-Destructive Testing of Concrete Structures, International Atomic Energy.
  17. Bungey, J.H., Millard, S.G. and Grantham, M. (2006), Testing of Concrete in Structures, CRC Press, New York, U.S.A.
  18. Cwirzen, A. (2007), "The effect of the heat-treatment regime on the properties of reactive powder concrete", Adv. Cement Res., 19(1), 25-34. https://doi.org/10.1680/adcr.2007.19.1.25
  19. Cwirzen, A., Penttala, V. and Vornanen, C. (2008), "Reactive powder based concretes: Mechanical properties, durability and hybrid use with OPC", Cement Concrete Res., 38(10), 1217-1226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2008.03.013
  20. Demirboga, R., Turkmen, I. and Karakoc, M.B. (2004), "Relationship between ultrasonic velocity and compressive strength for high-volume mineral-admixtured concrete", Cement Concrete Res., 34(12), 2329-2336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.04.017
  21. DIN/IS0 8047 (Entwurf), Hardened Concrete-Determination of Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity.
  22. EN, B. (1986), Recommendations for Measurement of Velocity of Ultrasonic Pulses in Concrete, Part 203, Testing Concrete, British Standard Institution, London, U.K.
  23. EN, B. (2009), Testing Hardened Concrete-Part 3: Compressive Strength of Test Specimens, British Standard Institution, London, U.K.
  24. EN, C. (2007), 13791: Assessment of In-Situ Compressive Strength in Structures and Precast Concrete Components, European Committee for Standardization, Brussels, Belgium.
  25. Fallah, S. and Nematzadeh, M. (2017), "Mechanical properties and durability of high-strength concrete containing macro-polymeric and polypropylene fibers with nano-silica and silica fume", Constr. Build. Mater., 132, 170-187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.11.100
  26. Green, R.E. (1973), Ultrasonic Investigation of Mechanical Properties, Academic Press.
  27. Hasan-Nattaj, F. and Nematzadeh, M. (2017), "The effect of forta-ferro and steel fibers on mechanical properties of high-strength concrete with and without silica fume and nano-silica", Constr. Build. Mater., 137, 557-572. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.01.078
  28. Hassan, A.M.T. and Jones, S.W. (2012), "Non-destructive testing of ultra high performance fibre reinforced concrete (UHPFRC): A feasibility study for using ultrasonic and resonant frequency testing techniques", Constr. Build. Mater., 35, 361-367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.04.047
  29. IS (1992), Method of Non-destructive Testing of Concrete Part 1: Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Bureau of Indian Standard, New Delhi, India.
  30. Jones, R. (1962), Non-Destructive Testing of Concrete, University Press.
  31. Krautkramer, J. and Krautkramer, H. (2013), Ultrasonic Testing of Materials, Springer Science & Business Media.
  32. Lai, J. and Sun, W. (2010), "Dynamic tensile behaviour of reactive powder concrete by Hopkinson bar experiments and numerical simulation", Compute. Concrete, 7(1), 83-86. https://doi.org/10.12989/cac.2010.7.1.083
  33. Lin, Y., Kuo, S.F., Hsiao, C. and Lai, C.P. (2007), "Investigation of pulse velocity-strength relationship of hardened concrete", ACI Mater. J., 104(4), 344-350.
  34. Malhotra, V.M. (1976), Testing Hardened Concrete: Nondestructive Methods, Iowa State Press.
  35. Malhotra, V.M. and Carino, N.J. (2003), Handbook on Nondestructive Testing of Concrete Second Edition, CRC Press.
  36. Mohseni, E., Ranjbar, M.M. and Tsavdaridis, K.D. (2015), "Durability properties of high-performance concrete incorporating nano-TiO^ sub 2^ and fly ash", Am. J. Eng. Appl. Sci., 8(4), 519. https://doi.org/10.3844/ajeassp.2015.519.526
  37. Nazarian, S., Baker, M. and Crain, K. (1997), "Assessing quality of concrete with wave propagation techniques", ACI Mater. J., 94(4), 296-305.
  38. Nematzadeh, M. and Hasan-Nattaj, F. (2017), "Compressive stress-strain model for high-strength concrete reinforced with forta-ferro and steel fibers", J. Mater. Civil Eng., 29(10), 04017152. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001990
  39. Neville, A.M. (1995), Properties of Concrete.
  40. Popovics, S. and Popovics, J.S. (1997), "A critique of the ultrasonic pulse velocity method for testing concrete", NDT E Int., 4(30), 260.
  41. Rahdar, H.A. and Ghalehnovi, M. (2016), "Post-cracking behavior of UHPC on the concrete members reinforced by steel rebar", Comput. Concrete, 18(1), 139-154. https://doi.org/10.12989/cac.2016.18.1.139
  42. Sansalone, M.J. and Streett, W.B. (1997), Impact-Echo, Nondestructive Evaluation of Concrete and Masonry.
  43. Shaheen, E. and Shrive, N.G. (2006), "Optimization of mechanical properties and durability of reactive powder concrete", ACI Mater. J., 103(6), 444-451.
  44. Solis-Carcano, R. and Moreno, E.I. (2008), "Evaluation of concrete made with crushed limestone aggregate based on ultrasonic pulse velocity", Constr. Build. Mater., 22(6), 1225-1231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2007.01.014
  45. Tam, C.M., Tam, V.W. and Ng, K.M. (2010), "Optimal conditions for producing reactive powder concrete", Mag. Concrete Res., 62(10), 701-716. https://doi.org/10.1680/macr.2010.62.10.701
  46. Trtnik, G., Kavcic, F. and Turk, G. (2009), "Prediction of concrete strength using ultrasonic pulse velocity and artificial neural networks", Ultrason., 49(1), 53-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultras.2008.05.001
  47. Wang, H.Y., Li, L.S., Chen, S.H. and Weng, C.F. (2009), "Homogeneity of lightweight aggregate concrete assessed using ultrasonic-echo sensing", Comput. Concrete, 6(3), 225-234. https://doi.org/10.12989/cac.2009.6.3.225
  48. Washer, G., Fuchs, P., Graybeal, B.A. and Hartmann, J.L. (2004), "Ultrasonic testing of reactive powder concrete", IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Contr., 51(2), 193-201. https://doi.org/10.1109/TUFFC.2004.1320767
  49. Washer, G., Fuchs, P., Rezai, A. and Ghasemi, H. (2005), Ultrasonic Measurement of the Elastic Properties of Ultra-High Performance Concrete (UHPC), Nondestructive Evaulation for Health Monitoring and Diagnostics, International Society for Optics and Photonics, 416-422.
  50. Whitehurst, E.A. (1951), "Soniscope tests concrete structures", J. Proc., 47(2), 433-444.
  51. Williams, E.M., Graham, S.S., Akers, S.A., Reed, P.A. and Rushing, T.S. (2010), "Constitutive property behavior of an ultra-high-performance concrete with and without steel fibers", Comput. Concrete, 7(2), 191-202. https://doi.org/10.12989/cac.2010.7.2.191
  52. Yazici, H., Yardimci, M.Y., Yigiter, H., Aydin, S. and Turkel, S. (2010), "Mechanical properties of reactive powder concrete containing high volumes of ground granulated blast furnace slag", Cement Concrete Compos., 32(8), 639-648. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2010.07.005
  53. Zong-Cai, D., Daud, J.R. and Chang-Xing, Y. (2014), "Bonding between high strength rebar and reactive powder concrete", Comput. Concrete, 13(3), 411-421. https://doi.org/10.12989/cac.2014.13.3.411