DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma in the Era of Precision Oncology: How Imaging Is Helpful

  • Shah, Hina J. (Department of Imaging, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School) ;
  • Keraliya, Abhishek R. (Department of Imaging, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School) ;
  • Jagannathan, Jyothi P. (Department of Imaging, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School) ;
  • Tirumani, Sree Harsha (Department of Imaging, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School) ;
  • Lele, Vikram R. (Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET/CT, Jaslok Hospital and Research Centre) ;
  • DiPiro, Pamela J. (Department of Imaging, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School)
  • 투고 : 2016.08.25
  • 심사 : 2016.08.29
  • 발행 : 2017.01.01

초록

Diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common histological subtype of Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. As treatments continues to evolve, so do imaging strategies, and positron emission tomography (PET) has emerged as the most important imaging tool to guide oncologists in the diagnosis, staging, response assessment, relapse/recurrence detection,and therapeutic decision making of DLBCL. Other imaging modalities including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT), ultrasound, and conventional radiography are also used in the evaluation of lymphoma. MRI is useful for nervous system and musculoskeletal system involvement and is emerging as a radiation free alternative to PET/CT. This article provides a comprehensive review of both the functional and morphological imaging modalities, available in the management of DLBCL.

키워드

참고문헌

  1. Siegel R, Naishadham D, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2013. CA Cancer J Clin 2013;63:11-30 https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21166
  2. Moller MB, Pedersen NT, Christensen BE. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: clinical implications of extranodal versus nodal presentation--a population-based study of 1575 cases. Br J Haematol 2004;124:151-159 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2141.2003.04749.x
  3. Shenoy PJ, Malik N, Nooka A, Sinha R, Ward KC, Brawley OW, et al. Racial differences in the presentation and outcomes of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in the United States. Cancer 2011;117:2530-2540 https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.25765
  4. Lenz G, Wright GW, Emre NC, Kohlhammer H, Dave SS, Davis RE, et al. Molecular subtypes of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma arise by distinct genetic pathways. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008;105:13520-13525 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0804295105
  5. Iqbal J, Sanger WG, Horsman DE, Rosenwald A, Pickering DL, Dave B, et al. BCL2 translocation defines a unique tumor subset within the germinal center B-cell-like diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Am J Pathol 2004;165:159-166 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9440(10)63284-1
  6. Basso K, Dalla-Favera R. BCL6: master regulator of the germinal center reaction and key oncogene in B cell lymphomagenesis. Adv Immunol 2010;105:193-210
  7. Savage KJ, Johnson NA, Ben-Neriah S, Connors JM, Sehn LH, Farinha P, et al. MYC gene rearrangements are associated with a poor prognosis in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma patients treated with R-CHOP chemotherapy. Blood 2009;114:3533-3537 https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2009-05-220095
  8. Davis RE, Brown KD, Siebenlist U, Staudt LM. Constitutive nuclear factor kappaB activity is required for survival of activated B cell-like diffuse large B cell lymphoma cells. J Exp Med 2001;194:1861-1874 https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.194.12.1861
  9. Lenz G, Davis RE, Ngo VN, Lam L, George TC, Wright GW, et al. Oncogenic CARD11 mutations in human diffuse large B cell lymphoma. Science 2008;319:1676-1679 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1153629
  10. Green MR, Monti S, Rodig SJ, Juszczynski P, Currie T, O'Donnell E, et al. Integrative analysis reveals selective 9p24.1 amplification, increased PD-1 ligand expression, and further induction via JAK2 in nodular sclerosing Hodgkin lymphoma and primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma. Blood 2010;116:3268-3277 https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2010-05-282780
  11. Rosenwald A, Wright G, Leroy K, Yu X, Gaulard P, Gascoyne RD, et al. Molecular diagnosis of primary mediastinal B cell lymphoma identifies a clinically favorable subgroup of diffuse large B cell lymphoma related to Hodgkin lymphoma. J Exp Med 2003;198:851-862 https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20031074
  12. Cazals-Hatem D, Lepage E, Brice P, Ferrant A, d'Agay MF, Baumelou E, et al. Primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma. A clinicopathologic study of 141 cases compared with 916 nonmediastinal large B-cell lymphomas, a GELA ("Groupe d'Etude des Lymphomes de l'Adulte") study. Am J Surg Pathol 1996;20:877-888 https://doi.org/10.1097/00000478-199607000-00012
  13. Dunleavy K, Grant C, Eberle FC, Pittaluga S, Jaffe ES, Wilson WH. Gray zone lymphoma: better treated like Hodgkin lymphoma or mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma? Curr Hematol Malig Rep 2012;7:241-247 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11899-012-0130-5
  14. Aukema SM, Siebert R, Schuuring E, van Imhoff GW, Kluin-Nelemans HC, Boerma EJ, et al. Double-hit B-cell lymphomas. Blood 2011;117:2319-2331 https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2010-09-297879
  15. Fisher RI, Gaynor ER, Dahlberg S, Oken MM, Grogan TM, Mize EM, et al. Comparison of a standard regimen (CHOP) with three intensive chemotherapy regimens for advanced non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. N Engl J Med 1993;328:1002-1006 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199304083281404
  16. Coiffier B, Lepage E, Briere J, Herbrecht R, Tilly H, Bouabdallah R, et al. CHOP chemotherapy plus rituximab compared with CHOP alone in elderly patients with diffuse large-B-cell lymphoma. N Engl J Med 2002;346:235-242 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa011795
  17. Coiffier B, Thieblemont C, Van Den Neste E, Lepeu G, Plantier I, Castaigne S, et al. Long-term outcome of patients in the LNH-98.5 trial, the first randomized study comparing rituximab-CHOP to standard CHOP chemotherapy in DLBCL patients: a study by the Groupe d'Etudes des Lymphomes de l'Adulte. Blood 2010;116:2040-2045 https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2010-03-276246
  18. Batlevi CL, Matsuki E, Brentjens RJ, Younes A. Novel immunotherapies in lymphoid malignancies. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2016;13:25-40 https://doi.org/10.1038/nrclinonc.2015.187
  19. Viardot A, Goebeler ME, Hess G, Neumann S, Pfreundschuh M, Adrian N, et al. Phase 2 study of the bispecific T-cell engager (BiTE) antibody blinatumomab in relapsed/refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Blood 2016;127:1410-1416 https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2015-06-651380
  20. Kochenderfer JN, Dudley ME, Kassim SH, Somerville RP, Carpenter RO, Stetler-Stevenson M, et al. Chemotherapyrefractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and indolent B-cell malignancies can be effectively treated with autologous T cells expressing an anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor. J Clin Oncol 2015;33:540-549 https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2014.56.2025
  21. Sanford M. Blinatumomab: first global approval. Drugs 2015;75:321-327 https://doi.org/10.1007/s40265-015-0356-3
  22. Topp MS, Gokbuget N, Stein AS, Zugmaier G, O'Brien S, Bargou RC, et al. Safety and activity of blinatumomab for adult patients with relapsed or refractory B-precursor acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: a multicentre, single-arm, phase 2 study. Lancet Oncol 2015;16:57-66 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(14)71170-2
  23. Buie LW, Pecoraro JJ, Horvat TZ, Daley RJ. Blinatumomab: a first-in-class bispecific T-cell engager for precursor B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Ann Pharmacother 2015;49:1057-1067 https://doi.org/10.1177/1060028015588555
  24. Goebeler ME, Knop S, Viardot A, Kufer P, Topp MS, Einsele H, et al. Bispecific T-cell engager (BiTE) antibody construct blinatumomab for the treatment of patients with relapsed/refractory non-Hodgkin lymphoma: final results from a phase I study. J Clin Oncol 2016;34:1104-1111 https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2014.59.1586
  25. Pardoll DM. The blockade of immune checkpoints in cancer immunotherapy. Nat Rev Cancer 2012;12:252-264 https://doi.org/10.1038/nrc3239
  26. Robert C, Thomas L, Bondarenko I, O'Day S, Weber J, Garbe C, et al. Ipilimumab plus dacarbazine for previously untreated metastatic melanoma. N Engl J Med 2011;364:2517-2526 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1104621
  27. Ansell SM, Lesokhin AM, Borrello I, Halwani A, Scott EC, Gutierrez M, et al. PD-1 blockade with nivolumab in relapsed or refractory Hodgkin's lymphoma. N Engl J Med 2015;372:311-319 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1411087
  28. Armand P, Nagler A, Weller EA, Devine SM, Avigan DE, Chen YB, et al. Disabling immune tolerance by programmed death-1 blockade with pidilizumab after autologous hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: results of an international phase II trial. J Clin Oncol 2013;31:4199-4206 https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2012.48.3685
  29. Friedberg JW. Relapsed/refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program 2011;2011:498-505 https://doi.org/10.1182/asheducation-2011.1.498
  30. Raut LS, Chakrabarti PP. Management of relapsed-refractory diffuse large B cell lymphoma. South Asian J Cancer 2014;3:66-70 https://doi.org/10.4103/2278-330X.126531
  31. Ahuja AT, Ying M, Ho SY, Antonio G, Lee YP, King AD, et al. Ultrasound of malignant cervical lymph nodes. Cancer Imaging 2008;8:48-56 https://doi.org/10.1102/1470-7330.2008.0006
  32. Ahuja AT, Ying M, Yuen HY, Metreweli C. 'Pseudocystic' appearance of non-Hodgkin's lymphomatous nodes: an infrequent finding with high-resolution transducers. Clin Radiol 2001;56:111-115 https://doi.org/10.1053/crad.2000.0642
  33. McInnes MD, Kielar AZ, Macdonald DB. Percutaneous imageguided biopsy of the spleen: systematic review and metaanalysis of the complication rate and diagnostic accuracy. Radiology 2011;260:699-708 https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.11110333
  34. Burke C, Thomas R, Inglis C, Baldwin A, Ramesar K, Grace R, et al. Ultrasound-guided core biopsy in the diagnosis of lymphoma of the head and neck. A 9 year experience. Br J Radiol 2011;84:727-732 https://doi.org/10.1259/bjr/60580076
  35. Larcos G, Farlow DC, Antico VF, Gruenewald SM, Boyages J. The role of high dose 67-gallium scintigraphy in staging untreated patients with lymphoma. Aust N Z J Med 1994;24:5-8 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1445-5994.1994.tb04417.x
  36. Israel O, Front D, Epelbaum R, Ben-Haim S, Jerushalmi J, Kleinhaus U, et al. Residual mass and negative gallium scintigraphy in treated lymphoma. J Nucl Med 1990;31:365-368
  37. Front D, Bar-Shalom R, Epelbaum R, Haim N, Ben-Arush MW, Ben-Shahar M, et al. Early detection of lymphoma recurrence with gallium-67 scintigraphy. J Nucl Med 1993;34:2101-2104
  38. Cheson BD, Fisher RI, Barrington SF, Cavalli F, Schwartz LH, Zucca E, et al. Recommendations for initial evaluation, staging, and response assessment of Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma: the Lugano classification. J Clin Oncol 2014;32:3059-3068 https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2013.54.8800
  39. NCCN. Non-Hodgkin's Lymphomas. Washington, DC: NCCN, 2016.
  40. Zhou Z, Sehn LH, Rademaker AW, Gordon LI, Lacasce AS, Crosby-Thompson A, et al. An enhanced International Prognostic Index (NCCN-IPI) for patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma treated in the rituximab era. Blood 2014;123:837-842 https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2013-09-524108
  41. Cheson BD. Staging and response assessment in lymphomas: the new Lugano classification. Chin Clin Oncol 2015;4:5
  42. Cheson BD. Role of functional imaging in the management of lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 2011;29:1844-1854 https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2010.32.5225
  43. Vriens D, Visser EP, de Geus-Oei LF, Oyen WJ. Methodological considerations in quantification of oncological FDG PET studies. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2010;37:1408-1425 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-009-1306-7
  44. Kostakoglu L, Cheson BD. State-of-the-art research on "Lymphomas: role of molecular imaging for staging, prognostic evaluation, and treatment response". Front Oncol 2013;3:212
  45. Berthet L, Cochet A, Kanoun S, Berriolo-Riedinger A, Humbert O, Toubeau M, et al. In newly diagnosed diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, determination of bone marrow involvement with 18F-FDG PET/CT provides better diagnostic performance and prognostic stratification than does biopsy. J Nucl Med 2013;54:1244-1250 https://doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.112.114710
  46. Adams HJ, Kwee TC, Fijnheer R, Dubois SV, Nievelstein RA, de Klerk JM, et al. Bone marrow 18F-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography cannot replace bone marrow biopsy in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Am J Hematol 2014;89:726-731 https://doi.org/10.1002/ajh.23730
  47. Cerci JJ, Gyorke T, Fanti S, Paez D, Meneghetti JC, Redondo F, et al. Combined PET and biopsy evidence of marrow involvement improves prognostic prediction in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. J Nucl Med 2014;55:1591-1597 https://doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.113.134486
  48. Juweid ME, Stroobants S, Hoekstra OS, Mottaghy FM, Dietlein M, Guermazi A, et al. Use of positron emission tomography for response assessment of lymphoma: consensus of the Imaging Subcommittee of International Harmonization Project in Lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 2007;25:571-578 https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2006.08.2305
  49. Meignan M, Gallamini A, Meignan M, Gallamini A, Haioun C. Report on the first international workshop on interim-PETscan in lymphoma. Leuk Lymphoma 2009;50:1257-1260 https://doi.org/10.1080/10428190903040048
  50. Itti E, Meignan M, Berriolo-Riedinger A, Biggi A, Cashen AF, Vera P, et al. An international confirmatory study of the prognostic value of early PET/CT in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: comparison between Deauville criteria and ${\Delta}SUVmax$. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2013;40:1312-1320 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-013-2435-6
  51. Carr R, Fanti S, Paez D, Cerci J, Gyorke T, Redondo F, et al. Prospective international cohort study demonstrates inability of interim PET to predict treatment failure in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. J Nucl Med 2014;55:1936-1944 https://doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.114.145326
  52. Duhrsen U, Huttmann A, Jockel KH, Muller S. Positron emission tomography guided therapy of aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphomas--the PETAL trial. Leuk Lymphoma 2009;50:1757-1760 https://doi.org/10.3109/10428190903308031
  53. van der Kolk LE, Grillo-Lopez AJ, Baars JW, Hack CE, van Oers MH. Complement activation plays a key role in the sideeffects of rituximab treatment. Br J Haematol 2001;115:807-811 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2141.2001.03166.x
  54. Hadjinicolaou AV, Nisar MK, Parfrey H, Chilvers ER, Ostor AJ. Non-infectious pulmonary toxicity of rituximab: a systematic review. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2012;51:653-662 https://doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/ker290
  55. Adams HJ, Nievelstein RA, Kwee TC. Prognostic value of complete remission status at end-of-treatment FDG-PET in R-CHOP-treated diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Haematol 2015;170:185-191 https://doi.org/10.1111/bjh.13420
  56. Coughlan M, Elstrom R. The use of FDG-PET in diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL): predicting outcome following first line therapy. Cancer Imaging 2014;14:34 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40644-014-0034-9
  57. Cremerius U, Fabry U, Wildberger JE, Zimny M, Reinartz P, Nowak B, et al. Pre-transplant positron emission tomography (PET) using fluorine-18-fluoro-deoxyglucose (FDG) predicts outcome in patients treated with high-dose chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplantation for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Bone Marrow Transplant 2002;30:103-111 https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bmt.1703607
  58. Sauter CS, Matasar MJ, Meikle J, Schoder H, Ulaner GA, Migliacci JC, et al. Prognostic value of FDG-PET prior to autologous stem cell transplantation for relapsed and refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Blood 2015;125:2579-2581 https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2014-10-606939
  59. Brastianos PK, Batchelor TT. Primary central nervous system lymphoma: overview of current treatment strategies. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2012;26:897-916 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hoc.2012.05.003
  60. Korfel A, Schlegel U. Diagnosis and treatment of primary CNS lymphoma. Nat Rev Neurol 2013;9:317-327 https://doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol.2013.83
  61. Mohile NA, Abrey LE. Primary central nervous system lymphoma. Neurol Clin 2007;25:1193-1207, xi https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ncl.2007.07.001
  62. Grisariu S, Avni B, Batchelor TT, van den Bent MJ, Bokstein F, Schiff D, et al. Neurolymphomatosis: an International Primary CNS Lymphoma Collaborative Group report. Blood 2010;115:5005-5011 https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2009-12-258210
  63. Bollen EL, Brouwer RE, Hamers S, Hermans J, Kluin M, Sankatsing SU, et al. Central nervous system relapse in non-Hodgkin lymphoma. A single-center study of 532 patients. Arch Neurol 1997;54:854-859 https://doi.org/10.1001/archneur.1997.00550190044013
  64. Mohile NA, Deangelis LM, Abrey LE. The utility of body FDG PET in staging primary central nervous system lymphoma. Neuro Oncol 2008;10:223-228 https://doi.org/10.1215/15228517-2007-061
  65. Mayerhoefer ME, Karanikas G, Kletter K, Prosch H, Kiesewetter B, Skrabs C, et al. Evaluation of diffusion-weighted MRI for pretherapeutic assessment and staging of lymphoma: results of a prospective study in 140 patients. Clin Cancer Res 2014;20:2984-2993 https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-13-3355
  66. Littooij AS, Kwee TC, Barber I, Granata C, Vermoolen MA, Enriquez G, et al. Whole-body MRI for initial staging of paediatric lymphoma: prospective comparison to an FDG-PET/CT-based reference standard. Eur Radiol 2014;24:1153-1165 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-014-3114-0
  67. Heacock L, Weissbrot J, Raad R, Campbell N, Friedman KP, Ponzo F, et al. PET/MRI for the evaluation of patients with lymphoma: initial observations. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2015;204:842-848 https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.14.13181
  68. Herrmann K, Queiroz M, Huellner MW, de Galiza Barbosa F, Buck A, Schaefer N, et al. Diagnostic performance of FDGPET/MRI and WB-DW-MRI in the evaluation of lymphoma: a prospective comparison to standard FDG-PET/CT. BMC Cancer 2015;15:1002 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-015-2009-z
  69. Riedel DJ, Rositch AF, Redfield RR, Blattner WA. HIV-associated lymphoma sub-type distribution, immunophenotypes and survival in an urban clinic population. Leuk Lymphoma 2016;57:306-312 https://doi.org/10.3109/10428194.2015.1055483
  70. Agarwal PA, Menon S, Smruti BK, Singhal BS. Primary central nervous system lymphoma: a profile of 26 cases from Western India. Neurol India 2009;57:756-763 https://doi.org/10.4103/0028-3886.59472
  71. Bayraktar S, Bayraktar UD, Ramos JC, Stefanovic A, Lossos IS. Primary CNS lymphoma in HIV positive and negative patients: comparison of clinical characteristics, outcome and prognostic factors. J Neurooncol 2011;101:257-265 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11060-010-0252-3
  72. Johnson BA, Fram EK, Johnson PC, Jacobowitz R. The variable MR appearance of primary lymphoma of the central nervous system: comparison with histopathologic features. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1997;18:563-572
  73. Hare SS, Souza CA, Bain G, Seely JM, Frcpc, Gomes MM, et al. The radiological spectrum of pulmonary lymphoproliferative disease. Br J Radiol 2012;85:848-864 https://doi.org/10.1259/bjr/16420165
  74. Anis M, Irshad A. Imaging of abdominal lymphoma. Radiol Clin North Am 2008;46:265-285, viii-ix https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcl.2008.04.001
  75. Shields AF, Grierson JR, Dohmen BM, Machulla HJ, Stayanoff JC, Lawhorn-Crews JM, et al. Imaging proliferation in vivo with [F-18]FLT and positron emission tomography. Nat Med 1998;4:1334-1336 https://doi.org/10.1038/3337
  76. Leng K. Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD) [Internet]. 3'-Deoxy-3'-[$^{18}F$]fluorothymidine. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK23373/. Accessed January 15, 2015
  77. Sherley JL, Kelly TJ. Regulation of human thymidine kinase during the cell cycle. J Biol Chem 1988;263:8350-8358
  78. Tian J, Yang X, Yu L, Chen P, Xin J, Ma L, et al. A multicenter clinical trial on the diagnostic value of dual-tracer PET/CT in pulmonary lesions using 3'-deoxy-3'-18F-fluorothymidine and 18F-FDG. J Nucl Med 2008;49:186-194 https://doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.107.044966
  79. Zhao S, Kuge Y, Kohanawa M, Takahashi T, Zhao Y, Yi M, et al. Usefulness of 11C-methionine for differentiating tumors from granulomas in experimental rat models: a comparison with 18F-FDG and 18F-FLT. J Nucl Med 2008;49:135-141
  80. Troost EG, Vogel WV, Merkx MA, Slootweg PJ, Marres HA, Peeters WJ, et al. 18F-FLT PET does not discriminate between reactive and metastatic lymph nodes in primary head and neck cancer patients. J Nucl Med 2007;48:726-735 https://doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.106.037473
  81. Tadmor T, Shvidel L, Bairey O, Goldschmidt N, Ruchlemer R, Fineman R, et al. Richter's transformation to diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: a retrospective study reporting clinical data, outcome, and the benefit of adding rituximab to chemotherapy, from the Israeli CLL Study Group. Am J Hematol 2014;89:E218-E222 https://doi.org/10.1002/ajh.23826
  82. Giardino AA, O'Regan K, Jagannathan JP, Elco C, Ramaiya N, Lacasce A. Richter's transformation of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. J Clin Oncol 2011;29:e274-e276 https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2010.32.6579
  83. Bruzzi JF, Macapinlac H, Tsimberidou AM, Truong MT, Keating MJ, Marom EM, et al. Detection of Richter's transformation of chronic lymphocytic leukemia by PET/CT. J Nucl Med 2006;47:1267-1273
  84. Falchi L, Keating MJ, Marom EM, Truong MT, Schlette EJ, Sargent RL, et al. Correlation between FDG/PET, histology, characteristics, and survival in 332 patients with chronic lymphoid leukemia. Blood 2014;123:2783-2790 https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2013-11-536169
  85. Jaffe ES. The 2008 WHO classification of lymphomas: implications for clinical practice and translational research. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program 2009:523-531
  86. Zuckerman D, Seliem R, Hochberg E. Intravascular lymphoma: the oncologist's "great imitator". Oncologist 2006;11:496-502 https://doi.org/10.1634/theoncologist.11-5-496
  87. Swerdlow SH, Campo E, Harris NL, Jaffe ES, Pileri SA, Stein H, et al. WHO Classification of Tumours of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissue. 4th ed. Lyon: IARC, 2008
  88. Shimada K, Kinoshita T, Naoe T, Nakamura S. Presentation and management of intravascular large B-cell lymphoma. Lancet Oncol 2009;10:895-902 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(09)70140-8
  89. Yamamoto A, Kikuchi Y, Homma K, O'uchi T, Furui S. Characteristics of intravascular large B-cell lymphoma on cerebral MR imaging. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2012;33:292-296 https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A2770
  90. Huntington SF, Svoboda J, Doshi JA. Cost-effectiveness analysis of routine surveillance imaging of patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in first remission. J Clin Oncol 2015;33:1467-1474 https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2014.58.5729
  91. Thompson CA, Ghesquieres H, Maurer MJ, Cerhan JR, Biron P, Ansell SM, et al. Utility of routine post-therapy surveillance imaging in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 2014;32:3506-3512 https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2014.55.7561

피인용 문헌

  1. Multimodality imaging-based evaluation of Rosai–Dorfman disease in the head and neck : A retrospective observational study vol.96, pp.51, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000009372
  2. Stensen Duct Relapse of Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma: An Unusual Pattern Detected With 18F-FDG PET/CT vol.42, pp.7, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1097/rlu.0000000000001688
  3. Structured reporting adds clinical value in primary CT staging of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma vol.28, pp.9, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-018-5340-3
  4. Multiple primary tumors: Colorectal carcinoma and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma vol.48, pp.None, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijscr.2018.05.010
  5. A Glimpse on Trends and Characteristics of Recent Articles Published in the Korean Journal of Radiology vol.20, pp.12, 2019, https://doi.org/10.3348/kjr.2019.0928
  6. Biomimetic Magnetic Nanostructures: A Theranostic Platform Targeting Lipid Metabolism and Immune Response in Lymphoma vol.13, pp.9, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.9b03727
  7. Characteristics of Recent Articles Published in the Korean Journal of Radiology Based on the Citation Frequency vol.21, pp.12, 2020, https://doi.org/10.3348/kjr.2020.1322
  8. Whole‐body magnetic resonance imaging (WB‐MRI) in lymphoma: State of the art vol.38, pp.1, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1002/hon.2676
  9. Spectrum of imaging findings in AIDS-related diffuse large B cell lymphoma vol.11, pp.1, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1186/s13244-020-00871-w
  10. Whole-Body Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Current Role in Patients with Lymphoma vol.11, pp.6, 2017, https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11061007