Smart Structures and Systems

Techno-Press (테크노프레스)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Aeroelastic-aerodynamic analysis and bio-inspired flow sensor design for boundary layer velocity profiles of wind turbine blades with active external flaps

  • Sun, Xiao (Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan Technological University) ;
  • Tao, Junliang (Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Akron) ;
  • Li, Jiale (Department of Civil Engineering, Case Western Reserve University) ;
  • Dai, Qingli (Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan Technological University) ;
  • Yu, Xiong (Department of Civil Engineering, Case Western Reserve University)
  • Received : 2016.05.05
  • Accepted : 2017.07.17
  • Published : 2017.09.25
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

The characteristics of boundary layers have significant effects on the aerodynamic forces and vibration of the wind turbine blade. The incorporation of active trailing edge flaps (ATEF) into wind turbine blades has been proven as an effective control approach for alleviation of load and vibration. This paper is aimed at investigating the effects of external trailing edge flaps on the flow pattern and velocity distribution within a boundary layer of a NREL 5MW reference wind turbine, as well as designing a new type of velocity sensors for future validation measurements. An aeroelastic-aerodynamic simulation with FAST-AeroDyn code was conducted on the entire wind turbine structure and the modifications were made on turbine blade sections with ATEF. The results of aeroelastic-aerodynamic simulations were combined with the results of two-dimensional computational fluid dynamic simulations. From these, the velocity profile of the boundary layer as well as the thickness variation with time under the influence of a simplified load case was calculated for four different blade-flap combinations (without flap, with $-5^{\circ}$, $0^{\circ}$, and $+5^{\circ}$ flap). In conjunction with the computational modeling of the characteristics of boundary layers, a bio-inspired hair flow sensor was designed for sensing the boundary flow field surrounding the turbine blades, which ultimately aims to provide real time data to design the control scheme of the flap structure. The sensor element design and performance were analyzed using both theoretical model and finite element method. A prototype sensor element with desired bio-mimicry responses was fabricated and validated, which will be further refined for integration with the turbine blade structures.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

Supported by : National Science Foundation

References

  1. Abbott, I.H. and Von Doenhoff, A.E. (1959), Theory of wing sections, including a summary of airfoil data, Moneola, NY: Dover Publications, Inc.
  2. ANSYS(R) Academic Research. (2014), ANSYS FLUENT Theory Guide (Release 14.5). ANSYS, Inc.
  3. Barlas, A. and Van Kuik, G. (2009), "Aeroelastic modelling and comparison of advanced active flap control concepts for load reduction on the upwind 5MW wind turbine", Proceedings of the 2009 European Wind Energy conference & Exhibition, Marseille, France.
  4. Barlas, T. and Van Kuik, G. (2010), "Review of state of the art in smart rotor control research for wind turbines", Prog. Aerosp. Sci., 46(1), 1-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paerosci.2009.08.002
  5. Basualdo, S. (2005), "Load alleviation on wind turbine blades using variable airfoil geometry", Wind Eng., 29, 169-182. https://doi.org/10.1260/0309524054797122
  6. Berg, J., Barone, M. and Resor, B. (2013), "Field test results from the Sandia SMART rotor", Proceedings of the 51st AIAA aerospace sciences meeting. Grapevine, TX.
  7. Bergami, L., Gaunaa, M., Poulsen, N.K. and Buhl, T. (2013), Adaptive trailing edge flaps for active load alleviation in a smart rotor configuration, DTU Wind Energy, DTU Wind Energy.
  8. Bermudez, L., Velazquez, A. and Matesanz, A. (2002), "Viscous-inviscid method for the simulation of turbulent unsteady wind turbine airfoil flow", J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod., 90(6), 643-661. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-6105(01)00220-3
  9. Bleckmann, H. (1994), Reception of Hydrodynamic Stimuli in Aquatic and Semiaquatic Animals, Stuttgart: Gustav Fischer.
  10. Bleckmann, H. (2008), "Peripheral and central processing of lateral line information", J. Comp. Physiol. A, 194(2), 145-158. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00359-007-0282-2
  11. Bossanyi, E. (1996), GH Bladed theory and user manuals. England: Garrad Hassan and Partners Limited.
  12. Bredberg, J. (2000), On the wall boundary condition for turbulence models. Report 00/4, Dept. of Thermo and Fluid Dynamics, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg. Also available at www.tfd.chalmers.se/lada.
  13. Brendel, M. and Mueller, T.J. (1988), "Boundary-layer measurements on an airfoil at low Reynolds numbers", J. Aircraft, 25(7), 612-617. https://doi.org/10.2514/3.45631
  14. Brucker, C., Spatz, J. and Schroder, W. (2005), "Feasibility study of wall shear stress imaging using microstructured surfaces with flexible micropillars", Exp. Fluids, 39(2), 464-474. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-005-1003-7
  15. Buhl, T., Bak, C., Gaunaa, M. and Andersen, P.B. (2007), "Load alleviation through adaptive trailing edge control surfaces: ADAPWING overview", Proceedings of the 2007 European Wind Energy Conference and Exhibition. Milan, Italy: European Wind Energy Association.
  16. Buhl, T., Gaunaa, M. and Bak, C. (2005a), "Load reduction potential using airfoils with variable trailing edge geometry", Proceedings of the 43th AIAA/ASME, Reno, NV, USA.
  17. Buhl, T., Gaunaa, M. and Bak, C. (2005b), "Potential load reduction using airfoils with variable trailing edge geometry", J. Solar Energy Eng., 127(4), 503-516. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.2037094
  18. Castaignet, D., Barlas, T., Buhl, T., Poulsen, N.K., Wedel-Heinen, J.J., Olesen, N.A., Bak, C. and Kim, T. (2014), "Full- scale test of trailing edge flaps on a Vestas V27 wind turbine: active load reduction and system identification", Wind Energy, 17(4), 549-564. https://doi.org/10.1002/we.1589
  19. Chagnaud, B.P., Bleckmann, H. and Hofmann, M.H. (2008a), "Lateral line nerve fibers do not code bulk water flow direction in turbulent flow", Zoology, 111(3), 204-217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.zool.2007.07.009
  20. Chagnaud, B.P., Brucker, C., Hofmann, M.H. and Bleckmann H. (2008c), "Measuring flow velocity and flow direction by spatial and temporal analysis of flow fluctuations", J. Neurosci., 28(17), 4479-4487. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4959-07.2008
  21. Coombs, S. (2001), "Smart skins: information processing by lateral line flow sensors", Auton. Robot., 11(3), 255-261. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1012491007495
  22. Coombs, S. and Fay, R.R. (1989), "The temporal evolution of masking and frequency selectivity in the goldfish", J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 86, 925-933. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.398727
  23. Daynes, S. and Weaver, P.M. (2012), "A morphing trailing edge device for a wind turbine", J. Intel. Mat. Syst. Str., 1-11.
  24. Devinant, P., Laverne, T. and Hureau, J. (2002), "Experimental study of wind-turbine airfoil aerodynamics in high turbulence", J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerod., 90, 689-707. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-6105(02)00162-9
  25. Du, Z. and Selig, M.S. (1998), A 3-D stall-delay model for horizontal axis wind turbine performance prediction, AIAA Paper 21.
  26. Fisher, D.F. and Meyer, Jr., R.R. (1988), Flow visualization techniques for flight research. NASA Technical Memorandum 100455. Edwards, California: National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
  27. Flock, A. (1965), "Transducing mechanisms in the lateral line canal organ receptors", Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 133-145.
  28. Garcia-Sagrado, A. and Hynes, T. (2012), "Wall pressure sources near an airfoil trailing edge under turbulent boundary layers", J. Fluid. Struct., 30, 3-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfluidstructs.2011.12.007
  29. Ge, M., Fang, L. and Tian, D. (2015), "Influence of reynolds number on multi-objective aerodynamic design of a wind turbine blade", PloS one 10, e0141848. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0141848
  30. Gillebaart, T., Bernhammer, L., Van Zuijlen, A. and Van Kuik, G. (2014), "Active flap control on an aeroelastic wind turbine airfoil in gust conditions using both a CFD and an engineering model. J. Physics: Conference Series. IOP Publishing, 012060.
  31. Glassmaker, N.J., Jagota, A., Hui, C.Y. and Van Kuik, G (2004), J. Royal Soc. Interface 1.
  32. Gleyzes, C. and Capbern, P. (2003), "Experimental study of two AIRBUS/ONERA airfoils in near stall conditions. Part I: Boundary layers", Aerosp. Sci. Technol., 7(6), 439-449. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1270-9638(03)00045-2
  33. Hansen, A.C. (2014), AirfoilPrep: An Excel workbook for generating airfoil tables for AeroDyn and WT_Perf. v2.02.03 ed. NWTC Information Portal (AirfoilPrep). https://nwtc.nrel.gov/AirFoilPrep. Last modified 19-December-2014 ; Accessed 03-April-2015: National Renewable Energy Laboratory.
  34. Henderson, A. (2007), ParaView Guide, A Parallel Visualization Application. http://www.paraview.org/: Kitware Inc.
  35. Henriksen, L.C., Bergami, L. and Andersen, P.B. (2013), "A model based control methodology combining blade pitch and adaptive trailing edge flaps in a common framework", Proceedings of the European Wind Energy Association 2013, Vienna, Austria.
  36. Jonkman, J.M. (to be published) FAST theory Manual. Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory.
  37. Jonkman, J.M. and Buhl, Jr., M.L. (2005), FAST user's guide. Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory.
  38. Jonkman, J.M., Butterfield, S., Musial, W. and Scott, G. (2009), Definition of a 5-MW reference wind turbine for offshore system development (NREL/TP-500-38060), Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Lab.
  39. Jurgen, B. (1998), "Cover image: Cluster of superficial sensory hair cells at the surface of the skin of a larval zebrafish", Neuron 20.
  40. Kooijman, H., Lindenburg, C., Winkelaar, D. (2003), "DOWEC 6 MW Pre-Design: Aero-elastic modeling of the DOWEC 6 MW pre-design in PHATAS. DOWEC Dutch Offshore Wind Energy Converter 1997-2003 Public Reports. Petten, Netherlands: Energy Research Center of the Netherlands (ECN).
  41. Lackner, M.A. and van Kuik, G. (2010), "A comparison of smart rotor control approaches using trailing edge flaps and individual pitch control", Wind Energy, 13(2-3), 117-134. https://doi.org/10.1002/we.353
  42. Laino, D.J. and Hansen, A.C. (2002), User's guide to the wind turbine aerodynamics computer software AeroDyn. Windward Engineering, LC, Salt Lake City, UT.
  43. Larsen, T.J. and Hansen, A.M. (2007), How 2 HAWC2, the user's manual: Riso National Laboratory.
  44. Leishman, J. and Beddoes, T. (1989), "A semi- empirical model for dynamic stall", J. Am. Helicopter Soc., 34, 3-17. https://doi.org/10.4050/JAHS.34.3
  45. Logstrup Andersen, T., Aagaard Madsen, H., Barlas, T.K., Mortensen, U.A. and Andersen, P.B. (2015), Design, manufacturing and testing of Controllable Rubber Trailing Edge Flaps (DTU Vindenergi-E-0076): DTU Wind Energy.
  46. Manwell, J.F., McGowan, J.G. and Rogers, A.L. (2010), Wind energy explained: theory, design and application: John Wiley & Sons.
  47. Marrant, B. and Van Holten, T. (2006), "Comparison of smart rotor blade concepts for large offshore wind turbines", Offshore Wind Energy and Other Renewable Energies in Mediterranean and European Seas.
  48. Menon, M., Ponta, F., Sun, X. and Dai, Q. (2016), "Aerodynamic analysis of flow-control devices for wind turbine applications based on the trailing edge slotted flap concept", J. Aerospace Eng., 29(5).
  49. Menter, F.R. (1994), "Two-equation eddy-viscosity turbulence models for engineering applications", AIAA J., 32, 1598-1605. https://doi.org/10.2514/3.12149
  50. Michael, S., Robert, D. and Gregory, W. (2011), "Wind tunnel testing airfoils at low reynolds numbers", Proceedings of the 49th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting including the New Horizons Forum and Aerospace Exposition. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.
  51. Montgomery, J., Baker, C.F. and Carton, A.G. (1997), "The lateral line can mediate rheotaxis in fish", Nature, 389, 960-963. https://doi.org/10.1038/40135
  52. Moriarty, P.J. and Hansen, A.C. (2005), AeroDyn theory manual. Golden, Colorado, USA: National Renewable Energy Laboratory
  53. Ng, B.F., Hesse, H., Kerrigan, E.C., Palacios, R. and Graham, J.M.R. (2014), "Efficient aeroservoelastic modeling and control using trailing-edge flaps of wind turbines", Proceedings of the Control (CONTROL), 2014 UKACC International Conference on. Loughborough, UK: IEEE.
  54. Oye, S. (1999), FLEX5 user manual. Danske Techniske Hogskole.
  55. Sun, X., Dai, Q., Menon, M. and Ponta, F. (2017), "Design and simulation of active external trailing edge flaps for wind turbine blades on load reduction", J. Aerosp. Eng.- ASCE, 30(5).
  56. Tao, J., Sun, Y., Wu, G. and Yu, X. (2013), "Emulating the directional sensitivity of fish hair cell sensor", J. Intel. Mat. Syst. Str., 24, 1484-1493. https://doi.org/10.1177/1045389X12473378
  57. Timmer, W. and Schaffarczyk, A. (2004), "The effect of roughness at high Reynolds numbers on the performance of aerofoil DU 97-W-300Mod", Wind Energy, 7(4), 295-307. https://doi.org/10.1002/we.136
  58. van Netten, S.M. (2006), "Hydrodynamic detection by cupulae in a lateral line canal: functional relations between physics and physiology", Biological Cybernetics, 94(1), 67-85. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00422-005-0032-x
  59. van Wingerden, J.W., Hulskamp, A.W., Barlas, T., Marrant, B., van Kuik, G.A.M., Molenaar, D.P. and Verhaegen, M. (2008), "On the proof of concept of a 'Smart' wind turbine rotor blade for load alleviation", Wind Energy, 11(3), 265-280. https://doi.org/10.1002/we.264
  60. Viterna, L.A. and Janetzke, D.C. (1982), Theoretical and experimental power from large horizontal-axis wind turbines. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Cleveland, OH (USA). Lewis Research Center.
  61. Wilson, D.G., Berg, D.E., Barone, M.F., Berg, J.C., Resor, B.R. and Lobitz, D.W. (2009), "Active aerodynamic blade control design for load reduction on large wind turbines", Proceedings of the European Wind Energy Conference, Marseille, France. 643-678.
  62. Wilson, D.G., Resor, B.R., Berg, D.E., Barlas, T.K. and Van Kuik, G.A. (2010), "Active aerodynamic blade distributed flap control design procedure for load reduction on the UpWind 5MW wind turbine", Proceedings of the 48th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting. Orlando, FL, USA.
  63. Yu, X., Tao, J. and Berilla, J. (2010), "A bio-inspired flow sensor. SPIE Smart Structures and Materials+ Nondestructive Evaluation and Health Monitoring. International Society for Optics and Photonics, 764618-764618-764617.

Cited by

  1. Effect of external force on buckling of cytoskeleton intermediate filaments within viscoelastic media vol.25, pp.3, 2020, https://doi.org/10.12989/cac.2020.25.3.205