Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship (벤처창업연구)

The Korean Society of Business Venturing (한국벤처창업학회)
권호 표지

The Effect of Entrepreneurship Education on Opportunity Recognition and Evaluation: A Focus on Small Business Entrepreneurs

창업교육이 기회인식 및 평가에 미치는 영향: 소상공인을 중심으로

  • Received : 2016.12.13
  • Accepted : 2017.02.15
  • Published : 2017.06.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Entrepreneurship based on valuable opportunities has a positive effect on long-term economic growth. This study examines the entrepreneurship education offered to small business entrepreneurs from the perspective of opportunity-driven entrepreneurship in order to suggest improvements and future direction for small business entrepreneurship education. Also, we tried to investigate entrepreneurial behaviors related to opportunity development more effectively by considering entrepreneurial self-efficacy and regulatory focus that play a crucial role in opportunity development process as mediating variables. Conducted was an online survey of small business owners nationwide who have completed entrepreneurship education provided by the government, and 345 online survey data were used for empirical analysis. The results show that entrepreneurship education for small business entrepreneurs positively influences entrepreneurial self-efficacy. Entrepreneurial self-efficacy is positively related to both opportunity recognition and evaluation as well as the promotion and prevention focus. Entrepreneurship education, which includes theoretically and practically oriented courses, has a positive impact on both the promotion and prevention focus. The promotion focus of small business entrepreneurs was found to have a positive effect on opportunity recognition, but not on opportunity evaluation. Also, the preventive focus of small business entrepreneurs does not have a significant effect on both opportunity recognition and evaluation. The current entrepreneurship education for small business entrepreneurs does not have a significant impact on their opportunity recognition and evaluation. These results suggest that the current entrepreneurship education for small business entrepreneurs needs improvements to promote opportunity-driven entrepreneurship.

가치 있는 기회를 기반으로 한 창업은 국가 경제의 장기적인 성장에 긍정적인 영향을 미친다. 본 연구는 서민경제의 근간을 이루는 소상공인들의 기회형 창업에 대한 정부의 교육적 지원의 개선점과 방향성을 제언하기 위해 현재 소상공인들에게 제공되는 창업교육을 기회형 창업의 관점에서 검증하였다. 본 연구를 위해 정부의 소상공인 창업교육을 수료한 전국의 소상공인들을 대상으로 온라인 설문을 실시하고, 345명의 온라인 설문 데이터를 실증분석에 사용하였다. 연구결과 소상공인들을 위한 창업교육과 지원제도는 창업효능감에 모두 양(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며 창업효능감은 기회인식과 기회평가 역량은 물론 향상초점과 예방초점에도 양(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이론과 실습교육이 포함된 소상공인 창업교육은 향상초점과 예방초점에 모두 양(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 소상공인들의 향상초점은 기회인식에는 양(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났지만 기회평가에는 유의한 영향이 없는 것으로 나타났으며 소상공인들의 예방초점은 기회인식과 기회평가에 유의한 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구결과에 의하면 현 소상공인 창업교육은 소상공인들의 기회인식과 기회평가 역량에 유의한 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타나 소상공인들의 기회형 창업율을 높이기 위해 현 창업교육에 개선이 필요함을 시사한다.

Keywords

References

  1. Anna, A. L., Chandler, G. N., Jansen, E., & Mero, N. P.(2000). Women Business Owners in Traditional and Non-traditional Industries. Journal of Business Venturing, 15(3), 279-303. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(98)00012-3
  2. Ardichvili, A., Cardozo, R., & Ray, S.(2003). A Theory of Entrepreneurial Opportunity Identification and Development. Journal of Business Venturing, 18(1), 105-123. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(01)00068-4
  3. Bandura, A.(1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a Unifying Theory of Behavioral Change. Psychological Review, 84(2), 191-215. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.84.2.191
  4. Bandura, A.(2012). On the Functional Properties of Perceived Self-efficacy Revisited. Journal of Management, 38(1), 9-44. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206311410606
  5. Brockner, J., Higgins, E. T., & Low, M. B.(2004). Regulatory Focus Theory and the Entrepreneurial Process. Journal of Business Venturing, 19(2), 203-220. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(03)00007-7
  6. Bryant, P.(2007). Self-regulation and Decision Heuristics in Entrepreneurial Opportunity Evaluation and Exploitation. Management Decision, 45(40), 732-748. https://doi.org/10.1108/00251740710746006
  7. Chen, C. C., Greene, P. G., & Crick, A.(1998). Does Entrepreneurial Self-efficacy Distinguish Entrepreneurs from Managers?. Journal of Business Venturing, 13(4), 295-316. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(97)00029-3
  8. Christensen, P. S., Madsen, O. O., & Peterson, R.(1989). Opportunity identification: The contribution of entrepreneurship to strategic management. Denmark: Aarhus University Institute of Management.
  9. Cooper, A. C., Woo, C. Y., & Dunkelberg, W. C.(1988). Entrepreneurs' Perceived Chances for Success. Journal of Business Venturing, 3(2), 97-108. https://doi.org/10.1016/0883-9026(88)90020-1
  10. DeTienne, D. R., & Chandler, G. N.(2004). Opportunity Identification and Its Role in the Entrepreneurial Classroom: A Pedagogical Approach and Empirical Test. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 3(3), 242-257. https://doi.org/10.5465/amle.2004.14242103
  11. Dutta, D. K., & Crossan, M. M.(2005). The Nature of Entrepreneurial Opportunities: Understanding the Process Using the 4I Organizational Learning Framework. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 29(4), 425-449. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2005.00092.x
  12. Forster, J., Higgins, E. T., & Bianco, A. T.(2003). Speed/Accuracy Decisions in Task Performance: Built-in Trade-off or Separate Strategic Concerns?. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 90(1), 148-164. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0749-5978(02)00509-5
  13. Gibb, A. A.(2006, June). Entrepreneurship: Unique solutions for unique environments. Is it possible to achieve this with the existing paradigm?. Paper presented at the International Council for Small Business World Conference, Melbourne Australia.
  14. Gist, M. E.(1987). Self-efficacy: Implications for Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management. Academy of Management Review, 12(3), 472-485. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1987.4306562
  15. Higgins, E. T.(1997). Beyond Pleasure and Pain, American Psychologist, 52(12), 1280-1300. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.52.12.1280
  16. Higgins, E. T.(1998). Promotion and prevention: Regulatory focus as a motivational principle, In M. P. Zanna (Ed.). Advances in experimental social psychology 30 (pp. 1-46), San Diego, California: Academic Press.
  17. Higgins, E. T.(2002). How Self-regulation Creates Distinct Values: The Case of Promotion and Prevention Decision Making. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 12(3), 177-191. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327663JCP1203_01
  18. Hmieleski, K. M., & Baron, R. A.(2008). When Does Entrepreneurial Self-efficacy Enhance versus Reduce firm Performance?. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 2(1), 57-72. https://doi.org/10.1002/sej.42
  19. Kim, J. I., & Lee, I. H.(2014). The Impact of Service quality in Entrepreneurial education on the Self-efficacy, the Achievement need and the Satisfaction of Entrepreneurial Education: Focusing on the Entrepreneurial Education of Internet Shopping Mall. Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship, 9(5), 21-31.
  20. Kim, J. M., Oh, S. H., & Yang, J. G.(2007). A study on the entrepreneurship education of Korea: Focusing on the entrepreneurship graduate school. Seoul: Korea Small Business Institute.
  21. Kirzner, I. M.(1973). Competition and entrepreneurship. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
  22. Krueger, N. & Dickson, P. R.(1994). How Believing in Ourselves Increases Risk Taking: Perceived Self-efficacy and Opportunity Recognition, Decision Sciences, 25(3), 385-400. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5915.1994.tb01849.x
  23. Lockwood, P., Jordan, C. H., & Kunda, Z.(2002). Motivation by Positive or Negative Role Models: Regulatory Focus Determines Who Will Best Inspire Us. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83(4), 854-864. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.83.4.854
  24. Lumpkin, G. T., Hills, G. E., & Shrader, R. C.(2004). Opportunity recognition, In H. P. Welsch (Ed.). Entrepreneurship: The way ahead (pp. 73-90), New York, NY: Routledge.
  25. McMullen, J. S., & Shepherd, D. A.(2002). Regulatory focus and entrepreneurial intention: Action bias in the recognition and evaluation of opportunities, Wellesley, MA: Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research, Babson College.
  26. Morris, M. H., Webb, J. W., Fu, J., & Singhal, S.(2013). A Competency-based Perspective on Entrepreneurship Education: Conceptual and Empirical Insights, Journal of Small Business Management, 51(3), 352-369. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsbm.12023
  27. Munoz, C. A., Mosey, S., & Binks, M.(2011). Developing Opportunity-identification Capabilities in the Classroom: Visual Evidence for Changing Mental Frames. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 10(2), 277-295. https://doi.org/10.5465/amle.10.2.zqr277
  28. Neck, C. P., & Manz, C. C.(1996). Thought Self-leadership: The Impact of Mental Strategies Training on Employee Cognition, Behavior, and Affect, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 17(5), 445-467. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1379(199609)17:5<445::AID-JOB770>3.0.CO;2-N
  29. Ozgen, E., & Baron, R. A.(2007). Social Sources of Information in Opportunity Recognition: Effects of Mentors, Industry Networks, and Professional Forums. Journal of Business Venturing, 22(2), 174-192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2005.12.001
  30. Pihie, Z. A. L., & Bagheri, A.(2013). Self-efficacy and Entrepreneurial Intention: The Mediation Effect of Self-regulation, Vocations and Learning, 6(3), 385-401. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12186-013-9101-9
  31. Piperopoulos, P., & Dimov, D. (2015). Burst Bubbles or Build Steam? Entrepreneurship Education, Entrepreneurial Self-efficacy, and Entrepreneurial Intentions, Journal of Small Business Management, 53(4), 970-985. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsbm.12116
  32. Seol, B. M., & Hong, H. S.(2013). A Study on the Business Opportunity Source and Search According to the Characteristic of Entrepreneur. Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship, 8(1), 19-28. https://doi.org/10.16972/apjbve.8.1.201303.19
  33. Shane, S., & Venkataraman, S.(2000). The Promise of Entrepreneurship as a Field of Research. Academy of Management Review, 25(1), 217-226. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2000.2791611
  34. Statistics Korea(2016). The Current Status of Small Business. Retrieved 05.13. from http://www.index.go.kr/potal/main/EachDtlPageDetail.do?idx_cd=1198.
  35. Tumasjan, A., & Braun, R.(2012). In the Eye of the Beholder: How Regulatory Focus and Self-efficacy Interact in Influencing Opportunity Recognition. Journal of Business Venturing, 27(6), 622-636. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2011.08.001
  36. Turker, D., & Selcuk, S. S.(2009). Which Factors Affect Entrepreneurial Intention of University Students?. Journal of European Industrial Training, 33(2), 142-159. https://doi.org/10.1108/03090590910939049
  37. Wennekers, S., Van Stel, A., Thurik, R., & Reynolds, P.(2005). Nascent Entrepreneurship and the Level of Economic Development. Small Business Economics, 24(3), 293-309. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-005-1994-8
  38. Wilson, F., Kickul, J., & Marlino, D.(2007). Gender, Entrepreneurial Self-efficacy, and Entrepreneurial Career Intentions: Implications for Entrepreneurship Education, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 31(3), 387-406. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2007.00179.x
  39. Zhao, H., Seibert, S., & Hills, G. E.(2005). The Mediating Role of Self-efficacy in the Development of Entrepreneurial Intentions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(6), 1265-1272. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.90.6.1265