Korean Journal of Agricultural Science (농업과학연구)

Institute of Agricultural Science, CNU (충남대학교 농업과학연구소)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Alternanthera mosaic virus - an alternative 'model' potexvirus of broad relevance

  • Hammond, John (Floral and Nursery Plants Research Unit, US National Arboretum, USDA-ARS) ;
  • Kim, Ik-Hyun (Department of Applied Biology, Chungnam National University) ;
  • Lim, Hyoun-Sub (Department of Applied Biology, Chungnam National University)
  • Received : 2017.06.01
  • Accepted : 2017.06.19
  • Published : 2017.06.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Alternanthera mosaic virus (AltMV) is a member of the genus Potexvirus which has been known for less than twenty years, and has been detected in Australasia, Europe, North and South America, and Asia. The natural host range to date includes species in at least twenty-four taxonomically diverse plant families, with species in at least four other families known to be infected experimentally. AltMV has been shown to differ from Potato virus X (PVX), the type member of the genus Potexvirus, in a number of ways, including the subcellular localization of the Triple Gene Block 3 (TGB3) protein and apparent absence of interactions between TGB3 and TGB2. Differences between AltMV variants have allowed identification of viral determinants of pathogenicity, and identification of residues involved in interactions with host proteins. Infectious clones of AltMV differing significantly in symptom severity and efficiency of RNA silencing suppression have been produced, suitable either for high level protein expression (with efficient RNA silencing suppression) or for Virus-Induced Gene Silencing (VIGS; with weaker RNA silencing suppression), demonstrating a range of utility not available with most other plant viral vectors. The difference in silencing suppression efficiency was shown to be due to a single amino acid residue substitution in TGB1, and to differences in subcellular localization of TGB1 to the nucleus and nucleolus. The current state of knowledge of AltMV biology, including host range, strain differentiation, host interactions, and utility as a plant viral vector for both protein expression and VIGS are summarized.

Keywords

References

  1. Abbink TE, Peart JR, Mos TN, Baulcombe DC, Bol JF, Linthorst HJ. 2002. Silencing of a gene encoding a protein component of the oxygen-evolving complex of photosystem II enhances virus replication in plants. Virology 295:307-319. https://doi.org/10.1006/viro.2002.1332
  2. Avesani L, Marconi G, Morandini F, Albertini E, Bruschetta M, Bortesi L, Pezzotti M, Porceddu A. 2007. Stability of Potato virus X expression vectors is related to insert size: Implications for replication models and risk assessment. Transgenic research 16:587-597. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11248-006-9051-1
  3. Azevedo C, Betsuyaku S, Peart J, Takahashi A, Noël L, Sadanandom A, Casais C, Parker J, Shirasu K. 2002. Role of SGT1 in resistance protein accumulation in plant immunity. The EMBO Journal 25:2007-2016.
  4. Baker CA, Breman L, Jones L. 2006. Alternanthera mosaic virus found in Scutellaria, Crossandra, and Portulaca spp. in Florida. Plant Disease 90:833.
  5. Baures I, Candresse T, Leveau A, Bendahmane A, Sturbois B. 2008. The Rx gene confers resistance to a range of potexviruses in transgenic Nicotiana plants. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions 21:1154-1164. https://doi.org/10.1094/MPMI-21-9-1154
  6. Bayne EH, Rakitina DV, Morozov SY, Baulcombe DC. 2005. Cell-to-cell movement of potato potexvirus X is dependent on suppression of RNA silencing. The Plant Journal 44:471-482. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-313X.2005.02539.x
  7. Beck DL, Guilford PJ, Voot DM, Andersen MT, Forster RL. 1991. Triple gene block proteins of white clover mosaic potexvirus are required for transport. Virology 183:695-702. https://doi.org/10.1016/0042-6822(91)90998-Q
  8. Bhat S, Folimonova SY, Cole AB, Ballard KD, Lei Z, Watson BS, Sumner LW, Nelson RS. 2013. Influence of host chloroplast proteins on tobacco mosaic virus accumulation and intercellular movement. Plant Physiology 161:134-147. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.112.207860
  9. Brunkard JO, Runkel AM, Zambryski PC. 2015. Chloroplasts extend stromules independently and in response to internal redox signals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 112:10044-10049. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1511570112
  10. Buchen-Osmond C, Hiebert E. 1988. Papaya mosaic potexvirus. Plant viruses online. Descriptions and lists from the VIDE database. Accessed in http://sdb.im.ac.cn/vide/descr548.htm on 16 January 1997.
  11. Cakmak I, Romheld V. 1997. Boron deficiency-induced impairments of cellular functions in plants. Plant and Soil 193:71-83. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1004259808322
  12. Candresse T, Marais A, Faure C, Dubrana, MP, Gombert J, Bendahmane A. 2010. Multiple coat protein mutations abolish recognition of pepino mosaic potexvirus (PepMV) by the potato Rx resistance gene in transgenic tomatoes. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions 23:376-383. https://doi.org/10.1094/MPMI-23-4-0376
  13. Caplan J L, Kumar AS, Park E, Padmanabhan MS, Hoban K , Modla S, Czymmek K, Dinesh-Kumar SP. 2015. Chloroplast stromules function during innate immunity. Developmental cell 34:45-57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.devcel.2015.05.011
  14. Caplan JL, Mamillapalli P, Burch-Smith TM, Czymmek K, Dinesh-Kumar SP. 2008. Chloroplastic protein NRIP1 mediates innate immune receptor recognition of a viral effector. Cell 132:449-462. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2007.12.031
  15. Chalcroft J, Matthews REF. 1966. Cytological changes induced by turnip yellow mosaic virus in Chinese cabbage leaves. Virology 28:555-562. https://doi.org/10.1016/0042-6822(66)90240-6
  16. Chellappan P, Vanitharani R, Ogbe F, Fauquet CM. 2005. Effect of temperature on geminivirus-induced RNA silencing in plants. Plant Physiology 138:1828-1841. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.105.066563
  17. Ciuffo M, Turina M. 2004. A potexvirus related to papaya mosaic virus isolated from moss rose (Portulaca grandiflora) in Italy. Plant Pathology 53:515. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2004.01040.x
  18. Dardick C. 2007. Comparative expression profiling of Nicotiana benthamiana leaves systemically infected with three fruit tree viruses. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions 20:1004-1017. https://doi.org/10.1094/MPMI-20-8-1004
  19. Duarte LML, Toscano AN, Alexandre MAV, Rivas EB, Harakava R. 2008. Identification and control of alternanthera mosaic virus isolated from Torenia sp. (Scrophulariaceae). Revista Brasileira de Horticultura Ornamental 14:59-66.
  20. Erickson JW, Bancroft JB, Horne RW. 1976. The assembly of papaya mosaic virus protein. Virology 72:514-517. https://doi.org/10.1016/0042-6822(76)90180-X
  21. Fridborg I, Grainger J, Page A, Coleman M, Findlay K, Angell S. 2003. TIP, a novel host factor linking callose degradation with the cell-to-cell movement of Potato virus X. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions 16:132-140. https://doi.org/10.1094/MPMI.2003.16.2.132
  22. Geering ADW, Thomas JE. 1999. Characterisation of a virus from Australia that is closely related to papaya mosaic potexvirus. Archives of Virology 144:577-592. https://doi.org/10.1007/s007050050526
  23. Gleba Y, Marillonnet S, Klimyuk V. 2004. Engineering viral expression vectors for plants: The ‘full virus' and the ‘deconstructed virus' strategies. Current Opinion in Plant Biology 7:182-188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbi.2004.01.003
  24. Goulden MG, Kohm BA, Santa Cruz S, Kavanagh TA, Baulcombe DC. 1993. A feature of the coat protein of potato virus X affects both induced virus resistance in potato and viral fitness. Virology 197:293-302. https://doi.org/10.1006/viro.1993.1590
  25. Groth G, Strotmann H. 1999. New results about structure, function and regulation of the chloroplast ATP synthase (CF0CF1). Physiologia Plantarum 106:142-148. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1399-3054.1999.106120.x
  26. Gu Y, Dong X. 2015. Stromules: Signal conduits for plant immunity. Developmental Cell 34:3-4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.devcel.2015.06.018
  27. Hammond J, Hull R. 1981. Plantain virus X: A new potexvirus from Plantago lanceolata. Journal of General Virology 54:75-90. https://doi.org/10.1099/0022-1317-54-1-75
  28. Hammond J, Lawson RH. 1988. An improved purification procedure for preparing potyviruses and cytoplasmic inclusions from the same tissue. Journal of Virological Methods 20:203-217. https://doi.org/10.1016/0166-0934(88)90124-3
  29. Hammond J, Reinsel MD, Maroon-Lango CJ. 2006a. Identification and full sequence of an isolate of alternanthera mosaic potexvirus infecting Phlox stolonifera. Archives of Virology 151:477-493. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-005-0646-2
  30. Hammond J, Reinsel MD, Maroon-Lango CJ. 2006b. Identification of potexvirus isolates from creeping phlox and trailing portulaca as strains of alternanthera mosaic virus, and comparison of the 3-terminal portion of the viral genomes. Acta Horticulturae 722:71-78.
  31. Hammond J, Reinsel MD. 2011. Mixed infections and novel viruses in various species of Phlox. Acta Horticulturae 901:119-126.
  32. Hammond J, Reinsel MD. 2015. Variability in alternanthera mosaic virus isolates from different hosts. Acta Horticulturae 1072:47-53.
  33. Hashimoto M, Komatsu K, Maejima K, Okano Y, Shiraishi T, Ishikawa K, Takinami Y, Yamaji, Y, Namba S. 2012. Identification of three MAPKKKs forming a linear signaling pathway leading to programmed cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana. BMC Plant Biology 12:103. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2229-12-103
  34. Henderson DC, Reinsel MD, F ischer KF, Hammond J . 2014. F irst Detection of ligustrum necrotic ringspot v irus, cucumber mosaic virus, and alternanthera mosaic virus in Mazus reptans in the United States. Plant Disease 98:1446.
  35. Ivanov PA, Mukhamedzhanova AA, Smirnov AA, Rodionova NP, Karpova OV, Atabekov JG. 2011. The complete nucleotide sequence of alternanthera mosaic virus infecting Portulaca grandiflora represents a new strain distinct from phlox isolates. Virus Genes 42:268-271. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11262-010-0556-6
  36. Iwabuchi N, Yoshida T, Yusa A, Nishida S, Tanno K, Keima T, Nijo T, Yamaji Y, Namba S. 2016. Complete genome sequence of alternanthera mosaic virus, isolated from Achyranthes bidentata in Asia. Genome Announcements 4:e00020-16.
  37. Jang C, Seo EY, Nam J, Bae H, Gim YG, Kim HG, Cho IS, Lee ZW, Bauchan GR, Hammond J, Lim HS. 2013. Insights into alternanthera mosaic virus TGB3 functions: Interactions with Nicotiana benthamiana PsbO correlate with chloroplast vesiculation and veinal necrosis caused by TGB3 over-expression. Frontiers in Plant Science 4:5.
  38. Jovel J, Walker M, Sanfaçon H. 2007. Recovery of Nicotiana benthamiana plants from a necrotic response induced by a nepovirus is associated with RNA silencing but not with reduced virus titer. Journal of Virology 81:12285-12297. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.01192-07
  39. Ju HJ, Samuels TD, Wang YS, Blancaflor E, Payton M, Mitra R, Krishnamurthy K, Nelson RS, Verchot-Lubicz J. 2005. The potato virus X TGBp2 movement protein associates with endoplasmic reticulum-derived vesicles during virus infection. Plant Physiology 138:1877-1895. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.105.066019
  40. Ko NY, Kim HS, Kim JK, Cho S, Seo EY, Kwon HR, Yu YM, Gotoh T, Hammond J, Youn YN, Lim HS. 2015. Developing an alternanthera mosaic virus vector for efficient cloning of whitefly cDNA RNAi to screen gene function. Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University. 60:139-149.
  41. Koenig R, Lesemann DE, Loss S, Engelmann J, Commandeur U, Deml G, Schiemann J, Aust H, Burgermeister W. 2006. Zygocactus virus X-based expression vectors and formation of rod-shaped virus-like particles in plants by the expressed coat proteins of Beet necrotic yellow vein virus and Soil-borne cereal mosaic virus. Journal of General Virology 87:439-443. https://doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.81477-0
  42. Komatsu K, Hashimoto M, Maejima K, Shiraishi T, Neriya Y, Miura C, Minato N, Okano Y, Sugawara K, Yamaji Y, Namba S. 2011. A necrosis-inducing elicitor domain encoded by both symptomatic and asymptomatic Plantago asiatica mosaic virus isolates, whose expression is modulated by virus replication. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions 24:408-420. https://doi.org/10.1094/MPMI-12-10-0279
  43. Komatsu K, Hashimoto M, Ozeki J, Yamaji Y, Maejima K, Senshu H, Himeno M, Okano Y, Kagiwada S, Namba S. 2010. Viral-induced systemic necrosis in plants involves both programmed cell death and the inhibition of viral multiplication, which are regulated by independent pathways. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions 23:283-293. https://doi.org/10.1094/MPMI-23-3-0283
  44. Krishnamurthy K, Mitra R, Payton ME, Verchot-Lubicz J. 2002. Cell-to-cell movement of the PVX 12K, 8K, or coat proteins may depend on the host, leaf developmental stage, and the PVX 25K protein. Virology 300:269-281. https://doi.org/10.1006/viro.2002.1506
  45. Laliberte Gagne ME, Lecours K, Gagne S, Leclerc D. 2008. The F13 residue is critical for interaction among the coat protein subunits of papaya mosaic virus. The FEBS Journal 275:1474-1484. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-4658.2008.06306.x
  46. Lee YS, Hsu YH, Lin NS. 2000. Generation of subgenomic RNA directed by a satellite RNA associated with bamboo mosaic potexvirus: Analyses of potexvirus subgenomic RNA promoter. Journal of Virology 74:10341-10348. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.74.22.10341-10348.2000
  47. Leshchiner AD, Solovyev AG, Morozov SY, Kalinina NO. 2006. A minimal region in the NTPase/helicase domain of the TGBp1 plant virus movement protein is responsible for ATPase activity and cooperative RNA binding. Journal of General Virology 87:3087-3095. https://doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.81971-0
  48. Lim HS, Bragg JN, Ganesan U, Ruzin S, Schichnes D, Lee MY, Vaira AM, Ryu KH, Hammond J, Jackson AO. 2009. Subcellular localization of the barley stripe mosaic virus triple gene block proteins. Journal of Virology 83:9432-9448. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00739-09
  49. Lim HS, Nam J, Seo EY, Nam M, Vaira AM, Bae H, Jang CY, Lee CH, Kim HG, Roh M, Hammond J. 2014. The coat protein of alternanthera mosaic virus is the elicitor of a temperature-sensitive systemic necrosis in Nicotiana benthamiana, and interacts with a host boron transporter protein. Virology 452:264-278.
  50. Lim HS, Vaira AM, Bae H, Bragg JN, Ruzin SE, Bauchan GR, Dienelt MM, Owens RA, Hammond J. 2010b. Mutation of a chloroplast-targeting signal in alternanthera mosaic virus TGB3 impairs cell-to-cell movement and eliminates long-distance virus movement. Journal of General Virology 91:2102-2115. https://doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.019448-0
  51. Lim HS, Vaira AM, Domier LL, Lee SC, Kim HG, Hammond J. 2010c. Efficiency of VIGS and gene expression in a novel bipartite potexvirus vector delivery system as a function of strength of TGB1 silencing suppression. Virology 402:149-163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2010.03.022
  52. Lim HS, Vaira AM, Reinsel MD, Bae H, Bailey BA, Domier LL, Hammond J. 2010a. Pathogenicity of alternanthera mosaic virus is affected by determinants in RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and by reduced efficacy of silencing suppression in a movement-competent TGB1. Journal of General Virology 91:277-287. https://doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.014977-0
  53. Lin MK, Hu CC, Lin NS, Chang BY, Hsu YH. 2006. Movement of potexviruses requires species-specific interactions among the cognate triple gene block proteins, as revealed by a trans-complementation assay based on the bamboo mosaic virus satellite RNA-mediated expression system. Journal of General Virology 87:1357-1367. https://doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.81625-0
  54. Lockhart BE, Daughtrey ML. 2008. First report of alternanthera mosaic virus infection in angelonia in the United States. Plant Disease 92:1473.
  55. Lough TJ, Netzler NE, Emerson SJ, Sutherland P, Carr F, Beck DL, Lucas WJ, Forster RL. 2000. Cell-to-cell movement of potexviruses: Evidence for a ribonucleoprotein complex involving the coat protein and first triple gene block protein. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions 13:962-974. https://doi.org/10.1094/MPMI.2000.13.9.962
  56. Lough TJ, Shash K, Xoconostle-Cazares B, Hofstra KR, Beck DL, Balmori E, Forster RL, Lucas WJ. 1998. Molecular dissection of the mechanism by which potexvirus triple gene block proteins mediate cell-to-cell transport of infectious RNA. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions 11:801-814. https://doi.org/10.1094/MPMI.1998.11.8.801
  57. Lukashina E, Ksenofontov A, Fedorova N, Badun G, Mukhamedzhanova A, Karpova O, Rodionova N, Baratova L, Dobrov E. 2012. Analysis of the role of the coat protein N-terminal segment in Potato virus X virion stability and functional activity. Molecular Plant Pathology 13:38-45. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1364-3703.2011.00725.x
  58. Mathioudakis MM, Veiga RS, Canto T, Medina V, Mossialos D, Makris AM, Livieratos I. 2013. Pepino mosaic virus triple gene block protein 1 (TGBp1) interacts with and increases tomato catalase 1 activity to enhance virus accumulation. Molecular Plant Pathology 14:589-601. https://doi.org/10.1111/mpp.12034
  59. Mitra R, Krishnamurthy K, Blancaflor E, Payton M, Nelson RS, Verchot-Lubicz J. 2003. The Potato virus X TGBp2 protein association with the endoplasmic reticulum plays a role in but is not sufficient for viral cell-to-cell movement. Virology 312:35-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0042-6822(03)00180-6
  60. Morozov SY, Solovyev AG, Kalinina NO, Fedorkin ON, Samuilova OV, Schiemann J, Atabekov JG. 1999. Evidence for two nonoverlapping functional domains in the potato virus X 25K movement protein. Virology 260:55-63. https://doi.org/10.1006/viro.1999.9788
  61. Mukhamedzhanova AA, Smirnov AA, Arkhipenko MV, Ivanov PA, Chirkov SN, Rodionova NP, Karpova OV, Atabekov JG. 2011. Characterization of alternanthera mosaic virus and its coat protein. The Open Virology Journal 5:136-140. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874357901105010136
  62. Nable RO, Banuelos GS, Paull JG. 1997. Boron toxicity. Plant and Soil 193:181-198. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1004272227886
  63. Nam J, Nam M, Bae H, Lee C, Lee BC, Hammond J, Lim HS. 2013. AltMV TGB1 nucleolar localization requires homologous interaction and correlates with cell wall localization associated with cell-to-cell movement. The Plant Pathology Journal. 29:454-459. https://doi.org/10.5423/PPJ.NT.04.2013.0045
  64. Noa-Carrazana JC, Gonzalez-de-León D, Ruiz-Castro BS, Pinero D, Silva-Rosales L. 2006. Distribution of papaya ringspot virus and papaya mosaic virus in papaya plants (Carica papaya) in Mexico. Plant Disease 90:1004-1011. https://doi.org/10.1094/PD-90-1004
  65. Peart JR, Lu R, Sadanandom A, Malcuit I, Moffett P, Brice DC, Schauser L, Jaggard DAW, Xiao S, Coleman MJ, Dow M, Jones JDG, Shirasu K, Baulcombe DC. 2002. Ubiquitin ligase-associated protein SGT1 is required for host and nonhost disease resistance in plants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 99:10865-10869. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.152330599
  66. Prod'homme D, Jakubiec A, Tournier V, Drugeon G, Jupin I. 2003. Targeting of the turnip yellow mosaic virus 66K replication protein to the chloroplast envelope is mediated by the 140K protein. Journal of Virology 77:9124-9135. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.77.17.9124-9135.2003
  67. Purcifull DE, Hiebert E. 1971. Papaya mosaic virus. CMI/AAB Descriptions of Plant Viruses. No. 56. Accessed in http://www.dpvweb.net/dpv/showdpv.php?dpvno=056 on June 1971.
  68. Putlyaev EV, Smirnov AA, Karpova OV, Atabekov JG. 2015. Double subgenomic promoter control for a target gene superexpression by a plant viral vector. Biochemistry (Moscow) 80:1039-1046. https://doi.org/10.1134/S000629791508009X
  69. Qiao Y, Li HF, Wong SM, Fan ZF. 2009. Plastocyanin transit peptide interacts with potato virus X coat protein, while silencing of plastocyanin reduces coat protein accumulation in chloroplasts and symptom severity in host plants. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions 22:1523-1534. https://doi.org/10.1094/MPMI-22-12-1523
  70. Qu F, Ye X, Hou G, Sato S, Clemente TE, Morris TJ. 2005. RDR6 has a broad-spectrum but temperature-dependent antiviral defense role in Nicotiana benthamiana. Journal of Virology 79:15209-15217. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.79.24.15209-15217.2005
  71. Rubino L, Russo M. 1998. Membrane targeting sequences in tombusvirus infections. Virology 252:431-437. https://doi.org/10.1006/viro.1998.9490
  72. Samuels TD, Ju HJ, Ye CM, Motes CM, Blancaflor EB, Verchot-Lubicz J. 2007. Subcellular targeting and interactions among the Potato virus X TGB proteins. Virology 367:375-389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2007.05.022
  73. Schepetilnikov MV, Manske U, Solovyev AG, Zamyatnin AA Jr, Schiemann J, Morozov SY. 2005. The hydrophobic segment of Potato virus X TGBp3 is a major determinant of the protein intracellular trafficking. Journal of General Virology 86:2379-2391. https://doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.80865-0
  74. Seo EY, Nam J, Kim HS, Park YH, Hong SM, Lakshman D, Bae H, Hammond J, Lim HS. 2014. Selective interaction between chloroplast ${\beta}$-ATPase and TGB1L88 retards severe symptoms caused by alternanthera mosaic virus infection. The Plant Pathology Journal 30:58-67. https://doi.org/10.5423/PPJ.OA.09.2013.0097
  75. Shivprasad S, Pogue GP, Lewandowski DJ, Hidalgo J, Donson J, Grill LK, Dawson WO. 1999. Heterologous sequences greatly affect foreign gene expression in tobacco mosaic virus-based vectors. Virology 255:312-323. https://doi.org/10.1006/viro.1998.9579
  76. Siddiqui SA, Sarmiento C, Kiisma M, Koivumaki S, Lemmetty A, Truve E, Lehto K. 2008. Effects of viral silencing suppressors on tobacco ringspot virus infection in two Nicotiana species. Journal of General Virology 89:1502-1508. https://doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.83621-0
  77. Skryabin KG, Morozov SY, Kraev AS, Rozanov MN, Chernov BK, Lukasheva LI, Atabekov JG. 1988. Conserved and variable elements in RNA genomes of potexviruses. FEBS Letters 240:33-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-5793(88)80335-1
  78. Solovyev AG, Makarova SS, Remizowa MV, Lim HS, Hammond J, Owens RA, Kopertekh L, Schiemann J, Morozov SY. 2013. Possible role of the Nt-4/1 protein in macromolecular transport in vascular tissue. Plant Signaling & Behavior 8:e25784. https://doi.org/10.4161/psb.25784
  79. Sturbois B, Dubrana-Ourabah MP, Gombert J, Lasseur B, Macquet A, Faure C, Bendahmane A, Baures I, Candresse T. 2012. Identification and characterization of tomato mutants affected in the Rx-mediated resistance to PVX isolates. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions 25:341-354. https://doi.org/10.1094/MPMI-07-11-0181
  80. Takano J, Miwa K, Yuan L, von Wiren N, Fujiwara T. 2005. Endocytosis and degradation of BOR1, a boron transporter of Arabidopsis thaliana, regulated by boron availability. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102:12276-12281. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0502060102
  81. Takano J, Noguchi K, Yasumori M, Kobayashi M, Gajdos Z, Miwa K, Hayashi H, Yoneyama T, Fujiwara T. 2002. Arabidopsis boron transporter for xylem loading. Nature 420:337-340. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01139
  82. Tang J, Olson JD, Ochoa-Corona FM, Clover GRG. 2010. Nandina domestica, a new host of apple stem grooving virus and alternanthera mosaic virus. Australasian Plant Disease Notes 5:25-27. https://doi.org/10.1071/DN10010
  83. Torrance L, Cowan GH, Gillespie T, Ziegler A, Lacomme C. 2006. Barley stripe mosaic virus-encoded proteins triple-gene block 2 and ${\gamma}b$ localize to chloroplasts in virus-infected monocot and dicot plants, revealing hitherto-unknown roles in virus replication. Journal of General Virology 87:2403-2411. https://doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.81975-0
  84. Tremblay MH, Majeau N, Gagne MEL, Lecours K, Morin H, Duvignaud JB, Bolduc M, Chouinard N, Pare C, Gagne S. 2006. Effect of mutations K97A and E128A on RNA binding and self assembly of papaya mosaic potexvirus coat protein. The FEBS Journal 273:14-25. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-4658.2005.05033.x
  85. Tyagi A, Hermans J, Steppuhn J, Jansson C, Vater F, Herrmann RG. 1987. Nucleotide sequence of cDNA clones encoding the complete "33 kDa" precursor protein associated with the photosynthetic oxygen-evolving complex from spinach. Molecular and General Genetics MGG 207:288-293. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00331591
  86. Ushiyama R, Matthews REF. 1970. The significance of chloroplast abnormalities associated with infection by turnip yellow mosaic virus. Virology 42:293-303. https://doi.org/10.1016/0042-6822(70)90273-4
  87. Vaira AM, Maroon-Lango CJ, Hammond J. 2008. Molecular characterization of Lolium latent virus, proposed type member of a new genus in the family Flexiviridae. Archives of Virology 153:1263-1270. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-008-0108-8
  88. Verchot-Lubicz J. 2005. A new cell-to-cell transport model for potexviruses. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions 18:283-290. https://doi.org/10.1094/MPMI-18-0283
  89. Vitoreli A, Baker CA, Harmon CL. 2011. Alternanthera Mosaic Virus identified in clock vine in Florida. Phytopathology 101:S183.
  90. von Bargen S, Salchert K, Paape M, Piechulla B, Kellmann JW. 2001. Interactions between the tomato spotted wilt virus movement protein and plant proteins showing homologies to myosin, kinesin and DnaJ-like chaperones. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 39:1083-1093. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0981-9428(01)01331-6
  91. Yang S, Wang T, Bohon J, Gagne MeL, Bolduc M, Leclerc D, Li H. 2012. Crystal structure of the coat protein of the flexible filamentous papaya mosaic virus. Journal of Molecular Biology 422:263-273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmb.2012.05.032

Cited by

  1. Plant Virus-Derived Vectors: Applications in Agricultural and Medical Biotechnology vol.7, pp.1, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-virology-010720-054958