DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

A Study on the Formation Process and the Settling Period of the Gwandong-Palkyung by the Thematic Exploration of Joseon Landscape Poetry and Paintings

옛 시문과 그림으로 살핀 관동팔경(關東八景)의 형상화 및 정착시기

  • Rho, Jae-Hyun (Dept. of Landscape Architecture, Woosuk University) ;
  • Son, Hee-Kyung (Dept. of Landscape Architecture and Civil Engineering, Graduate School, Woosuk University)
  • 노재현 (우석대학교 조경학과) ;
  • 손희경 (우석대학교대학원 조경토목공학과)
  • Received : 2017.02.09
  • Accepted : 2017.03.22
  • Published : 2017.03.31

Abstract

The research takes note of the formation process and settling period of Gwandong-Palkyung(關東八景, Eight Sites of Eastern Korea), the representative palgyeong(prominent eight sites) and jipgyeong(集景, landscape collection of scenic beauty), and investigates the time of formation regarding the palkyung and jipgeyong of Gwandong's scenic beauty through the analysis and interpretation of bibliographic data, and reference data. The result of the study is as follows. As the first document that records the terminology of "Gwandong-Palkyung" is "Daphongeunggil(答洪應吉)" of Yi, Hwang(李滉), Gwandong-Palkyung is inferred to be settled within the recognition of the people even before the 16th century. The geographic analysis result including "Sinjeung Donggukyeojiseungram(新增東國輿地勝覽)", Gwandong-Palkyung expanded as Gwandong-Sipkyung in early to middle of the 16th century. The first confirmed landscape collection regarding Gwandong-Palkyung in this study is confirmed in Shin Zup(申楫)'s "Yeonggwandong-Palkyung(詠關東八景)", thus, the terminology of Gwandong-Palkyung existed before 16th century at the latest. The settlement time of current "Palkyung" collection is estimated to be early 17th century at the latest. Poetries regarding Gwandong-Palkyung, and the frequency on the appearance of Gwandong scenic beauties are analyzed as making clear of the concentrated phenomenon on the sceneries of Gwandong-Palkyung. On the other hand, the collection of Gwandong-Palkyung in the domain of arts is confirmed initially in the ${\ll}$Gwandongpalkyungdobyeong(關東八景圖屛)${\gg}$ of Heo, Pil(許泌). Gwandong-Palkyung, expressed as the actual scene landscape painting shows similar tendencies of the conditions in the jipgyeong from the poetry, but the appearance rate of the painting subject was more prominent in visual solidarity and cohesion due to the reflection of the importance on icon(圖像) of the art works produced with particular meaning in the case of fixed ideal system. From late Joseon to modern times, ${\ll}$palpokbyeongpung(八幅屛風)${\gg}$ of various forms of folk painting is a corroborative evidence notifying that the cultural phenomenon of Gwandong-Palkyung has entered the universal period of embrace. Also, the 13 scenic beauties of Gangwon-Do appearing in the games of Namseungdo and Myeongseungyuramdo include Gwandong-Palkyung, which confirms the settlement of Gwandog-Palkyung even within the culture of games in late Joseon. Such results demonstrate the existence of awareness regarding Gwandong-Palkyung from the first half of the 15th century, which is presumed to have completely settled in the 17th century through the continuous development of formative process in the 16th century. Ultimately, Gwandong-Palkyung is the concrete formation of regional scenic beauties that individually gained its reputations as scenery from the Koryo Dynasty to late 17th century. Gwandong-Palkyung of the scenic beauty of Gwandong is a unique cultural scenery of the region that have germinated and formed through the process of cutting and polishing of long time to collect the best eight of scenic beauty from the many participation of sightseeing culture.

관동팔경의 형성과정에 주목하여, 문헌 및 도상자료의 분석과 해석을 통해 관동 명승의 집경에 따른 팔경 형상화 및 정착시기를 탐색한 본 연구의 결론은 다음과 같다. '관동팔경(關東八景)'이란 최초 용례(用例)는 이황의 "답홍응길(答洪應吉)"로 볼 때, 관동팔경은 이미 16세기 이전 당시 인들의 인식 속에 존재하였을 것으로 추론된다. "신증동국여지승람"을 비롯한 지리지 분석 결과, 관동팔경은 16세기 초 중반에 관동십경으로의 확장 또한 이루어졌다. 최초의 관동팔경에 대한 집경은 신즙의 "영관동팔경(詠關東八景)"으로 확인됨에 따라 관동팔경이라는 용어는 문학 분야에서는 최소한 16세기 이전부터 존재하였으며 현재의 세트화된 관동팔경으로 정착된 시기는 늦어도 17세기 초반이라 추정된다. 관동 명승의 출현빈도 분석 결과, 시문에 등장한 관동 명승은 관동팔경 경물에 대한 집중현상이 뚜렷하였다. 한편 회화 분야에서 오로지 관동팔경만을 모은 그림은 허필의 "관동팔경도병(關東八景圖屛)"에서 최초로 확인되는데 실경산수화에서 표현된 관동팔경은 시문에서의 집경 양상과 유사한 경향을 보이지만 화제 출현률 순위로 볼 때 시각적 결속력과 응집성이 더욱 강하게 드러났다 이는 일정한 관념체계 상 특정 의의를 지닌 회화의 도상(圖像)을 중요시하는 특성이 반영된 결과로 판단된다. 더불어 조선 후기에서 근대에 들어 제작된 다수의 민화 형식의 팔폭병풍(八幅屛風)은 관동팔경의 문화현상이 보편적 수용기에 접어들었음을 알리는 증좌이다. 또한 조선후기 성행한 남승도놀이 등 명승유람놀이에 등장하는 강원도내 13개의 명승에는 관동팔경이 오롯이 나타나고 있음을 볼 때 조선 말기 관동팔경은 놀이문화 속에서도 확고하게 정착된 것으로 보인다. 이와 같은 결과를 종합할 때, 관동팔경의 인식은 15세기 전반 이전부터 있어 온 것으로 보이고, 16세기 형상화 과정의 지속적 전개를 통해 17세기 정착되었으며 18세기에 들어 관습화 보편화 된 것으로 추정된다. 궁극적으로 관동팔경은 고려시대부터 별개의 경물로 명성을 얻은 지역 명승이 17세기 후반 구체적으로 형상화되었음을 알 수 있다. 관동 명승 중에 관동팔경은 오랜 기간 여러 사람의 탐승과 유람문화 향유(享有)를 통해 오직 여덟 개의 최상의 명소만을 추리기 위한 절차탁마(切磋琢磨)의 과정을 거쳐 형성되고 배태된 국내 대표적 팔경임을 일깨워준다.

Keywords

References

  1. Jun, K. W.(2007). A Study on Figuration Aspect and Meaning Coherence of Sosangpalkyung Poetry. The Dissertations of Ph. D. Degrees of Konkuk University Graduate School.
  2. Lee, S. K.(2013). A Study on the Travel Culture in the Joseon Dynasty. The Dissertations of Ph. D. Degrees of Kangwon National University Graduate School.
  3. Lee, B. R.(2007). The Eight-view of Gwandong in the Joseon Dynasty. Chungbooksahak. 18: 431-453.
  4. Choe, G. S.(1990). The Interpretation of Structure of the Korean Traditional Landscape Expressed in Gok and Kyoung. The Dissertations of Ph. D. Degrees of Hanyang University Graduate School.
  5. Kim, S. I.(1992). A Study on Landscape Characteristics of Kwandong PalKyoung. The Dissertations of Ph. D. Degrees of M. A. The University of Seoul Graduate School.
  6. Yong, H. J.(2004). A Study on the Characteristics of Scenery of Kwandongpalgyeong. Journal of Korean Classical Chinese Literature. 9: 83-144.
  7. Son, H. K. and Rho, J. H.(2016). A Study on the Extend and the Figuration of the Gwandong-Palkyung by the Thematic Exploration of Joseon Landscape Poem and Paintings. Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture Workshop Presentation File in Spring. 6(1): 32-37.
  8. Jeong, E. D.(1999). A Study on Poems about Pavilions of the Eight Scenic Places in Kwandong. The Dissertations of Ph. D. Degrees of M. A. The Gangneung-Wonju National University.
  9. Park, Y. J.(2001). A Study on the Eight Scenic Places in Kwandong and Inheritance of Nujeong Literature. Donamhakbo(陶南學報). 19: 159-199.
  10. Kim, N. K.(2006). A Study of Kwandongsipkyung Production and Poetic World. Journal of Cino-Korean Poetry. 14: 303-330.
  11. Lee, B. R.(2005). The Eight-view of Gwandong in the Choson Dynesty. The Dissertations of of M. A. The University of Hongikl Graduate School.
  12. Jo, S. H.(2006). Gwandong-Palkyung in Paintings of 18C-19C, Press of Hanseo University.
  13. Choi, Y. C.(2007). Eight Scenic Places in Kwandong, Finding for the Aesthetics in History. Research Institute for Future of Gangwon.
  14. Shin, J. I. and Jeong, E. S.(2008). A Study on Establishment of Value for Tourism Resources and Storytelling. The Tourism Sciences Society of Korea. Workshop Presentation File; 55-70.
  15. Lee, S. K.(2011). Background Research of Joseon Dynasty Gwandong Travel Prevalence. Research Institute for Human Sciences. 31: 167-196.
  16. Jo, Y. N.(2016). A Change of Enjoyment Method of Scenic Site in a Seaside District of Kwandong, The Dissertations of M.A. Korea National University of Education Graduate School.
  17. An, J. L.(2002). Palkyung Culture of Korea. Seoul Jipmoondang.
  18. http://e-kyujanggak.snu.ac.kr
  19. http://db.itkc.or.kr
  20. Sejongsillokjiriji(世宗實錄地理志)
  21. Sinjeungdonggukyeojiseungram(新增東國輿地勝覽)
  22. Yeojidoseo(輿地圖書)
  23. Taidongjiji(大東地志)
  24. Jeungbomunheonbigo(增補文獻備考)
  25. Eym Young Chronicle(臨瀛誌)
  26. Gangwondoji(江原道誌)
  27. Son, H. K., Rho, J. H., Shin, S. S. and Kim, G. S.(2016). Diachronic Study on Cheongganjeong of Gosung for Searching Original Landscape. Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture Workshop Presentation File in Autumn: 23-28.
  28. Jung C. Y., Park, J. H. and Kim, J. H.(2016). The Scenic Site of Joseon. The Academy of Korean Studies.
  29. Choe, W. S.(2006). Regional Landscape Representation in Maps of the Late Joseon Period. The Nammyonghak Study. 49: 243-276.
  30. Oh, S. H.(2005). The Cultural Characteristics of Mapmaking in the Joseon Dynasty. National Institute of Korean History a Collection of Treatises of Guksagwan(國史館論叢). 107: 1-34.
  31. T'oegye Work Collection(退溪集)
  32. Taechon Work Collection(苔泉集)
  33. Nooljae Work Collection(訥齋集)
  34. Haum Work Collection(河陰集)
  35. Kho, Y. H.(2002). A Study on the Art of Record of Trip to Mountain and Water in the Late Joseon Period. Iljisa.
  36. Gieun(記言)
  37. T'aengniji(擇里志)
  38. Myeongam Work Collection(明庵集)
  39. Dukbong Work Collection(德峯集)
  40. Lee, B. R.(2010). Eight Views of Gwandong: A Thematic Exploration of Joseon Landscape Paintings. Korean Journal of Art History. 266: 157-188. https://doi.org/10.31065/ahak.266.266.201006.006
  41. Ryu, H. J.(2014). A Study on the Literature and the Game through the Board Game in Joseon Dynasty: Focused on Shang-Young-Do. The Dissertations of Ph. D. Degrees of The Korea University Graduate School.
  42. Rho, J. H. and Park, T. H.(2015). A Study on the Scenic Sites of the Joseon Period in Myeongseungyuramdo: Focusing on Cheonggu Namseungdo. Journal of East Asian Landscape Studies. 9(1): 39-51.
  43. Kang, Y. J. and Kim, Y. R.(1991). A Study on the Type and the Spatial Location of Pal-Kyong(eight scenery) in Korea. Journal of Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture. 9(2): 27-36.
  44. Chungchundang Work Collection(聽天堂集)
  45. Jeochonyoogo(樗村遺稿)
  46. Beonam Work Collection(樊巖集)
  47. Gwanamjeonseo(冠巖全書)
  48. Replacement of Samyeon Work Collection(三淵集拾遺)
  49. http://www.heo.or.kr
  50. Myeonggo Work Collection(鳴皐集)
  51. Shin, Y. J.(2005). Shidafu's Living and Culture Mentioned in I-un-ji. Han Mun Hak Bo(漢文學報). 13: 387-414.