Computers and Concrete

  • 제19권5호
  • /
  • Pages.509-514
  • /
  • 2017
  • /
  • 1598-8198(pISSN)
  • /
  • 1598-818X(eISSN)
테크노프레스 (Techno-Press)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Computer modeling of crack propagation in concrete retaining walls: A case study

  • Azarafza, Mehdi (Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Tabriz) ;
  • Feizi-Derakhshi, Mohammad-Reza (Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Tabriz) ;
  • Azarafza, Mohammad (Department of Geology, University of Isfahan)
  • 투고 : 2016.11.25
  • 심사 : 2017.01.20
  • 발행 : 2017.05.25
⟨ 이전 논문 다음 논문 ⟩

초록

Concrete retaining walls are the most common types of geotechnical structures for controlling instable slopes resulting from lateral pressure. In analytical stability, calculation of the concrete retaining walls is regarded as a rigid mass when its safety is required. When cracks in these structures are created, the stability may be enforced and causes to defeat. Therefore, identification, creation and propagation of cracks are among the important steps in control of lacks and stabilization. Using the numerical methods for simulation of crack propagation in concrete retaining walls bodies are among the new aspects of geotechnical analysis. Among the considered analytical methods in geotechnical appraisal, the boundary element method (BEM) for simulation of crack propagation in concrete retaining walls is very convenient. Considered concrete retaining wall of this paper is Pars Power Plant structured in south side in Assalouyeh, SW of Iran. This wall's type is RW6 with 11 m height and 440 m length and endurance of refinery construction lateral forces. To evaluate displacement and stress distributions (${\sigma}_{1,max}/{\sigma}_{3,min}$), the surrounding, especially in tip and its opening crack BEM, is considered an appropriate method. By considering the result of this study, with accurate simulation of crack propagation, it is possible to determine the final status of progressive failure in concrete retaining walls and anticipate the suitable stabilization method.

키워드

참고문헌

  1. Anderson, T.L. (2004), Fracture Mechanics: Fundamentals and Applications, 3rd Edition, CRC Press.
  2. Azarafza, M. (2013), "Geotechnical site investigation gas flares site of phase 6, 7 and 8 in south pars gas complex", M.S. Dissertation, University of Yazd, Yazd, Iran.
  3. Azarafza, M. and Asghari-Kaljahi, E. (2016), Applied Geotechnical Engineering, Negarkhane Publication.
  4. Azarafza, M., Asghari-Kaljahi, E. and Akgun, H. (2016), "Numerical modeling of discontinuous rock slope utilizing the 3DDGM (three dimensional discontinuity geometrical modeling) method", Bull. Eng. Geol. Environ., 1-19.
  5. Azarafza, M., Asghari-Kaljahi, E. and Moshrefy-Far, M.R. (2014a), "Numerical modeling and stability analysis of shallow foundations located near slopes (case study: phase 8 gas flare foundations of south pars gas complex)", J. Geotechnol. Geol., 10(2), 92-99.
  6. Azarafza, M., Asghari-Kaljahi, E. and Moshrefy-Far, M.R. (2015), "Dynamic stability analysis of jointed rock slopes under earthquake condition (case study: gas flare site of phase 7 in south pars gas complex-assalouyeh)", J. Iran. Assoc. Eng. Geol., 8(1-2), 67-78.
  7. Azarafza, M., Nikoobakht, S., Asghari-Kaljahi, E. and Moshrefy-Far, M.R. (2014b), "Stability analysis of jointed rock slopes using the block theory (case study: gas flare site in phase 7 of south pars gas complex)", Proceedings of the 32nd National and 1st International Geosciences Congress, Sari, Iran, February.
  8. Azarafza, M., Nikoobakht, S., Asghari-Kaljahi, E. and Moshrefy-Far, M.R. (2014c), "Geotechnical modeling of semicontinuance jointed rock slopes (case study: gas flare site in phase 6 of south pars gas complex)", Proceedings of the 32nd National and 1st International Geosciences Congress, Sari, Iran, February.
  9. Azarafza, M., Yarahmadi-Bafghi, A.R., Asghari-Kaljahi, E., Bahmannia, G.R. and Moshrefy-Far, M.R. (2013), "Stability analysis of jointed rock slopes using key block method (case study: gas flare site in 6, 7 and 8 phases of south pars gas complex)", J. Geotechnol. Geol., 9(3), 169-185.
  10. Bower, A.F. (2010), Applied Mechanics of Solids, CRC Press.
  11. Broek, D. (2008), Elementary Engineering Fracture Mechanics, 4th Edition, Springer.
  12. Brooks, H. (2010), Basics of Retaining Wall Design, 8th Edition, HBA Publications Inc.
  13. Cheng, Y.M. and Lau, C.K. (2014), Slope Stability Analysis and Stabilization: New Methods and Insight, 2nd Edition, CRC Press.
  14. Chu, S.C. (1991), "Rankine's analysis of active and passive pressures in dry sands", Soil. Found, 31(4), 115-120. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf1972.31.4_115
  15. Clayton, C.R.I., Woods, R.I., Bond, A.J. and Milititsky, J. (2014), Earth Pressure and Earth-Retaining Structures, 3rd Edition, CRC Press.
  16. Coleman, T.E. (2015), Retaining Walls: In Theory and Practice, Create Space Independent Publishing Platform.
  17. Cotterell, B. and Rice, J.R. (1980), "Slightly curved or kinked cracks", J. Fract. Mech., 16(2), 155-169. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00012619
  18. Crouch, S.L. and Starfield, A.M. (1983), Boundary Element Methods in Solid Mechanics: With Applications in Rock Mechanics and Geological Engineering, George Allen & Unwin.
  19. Evangelista, A., Santolo, A.S. and Simonelli, A.L. (2010), "Evaluation of pseudo-static active earth pressure coefficient of cantilever retaining walls", Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng., 30(11), 1119-1128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2010.06.018
  20. Felekoglu, B. and Keskinates, M. (2016), "Multiple cracking analysis of HTPP-ECC by digital image correlation method", Comput. Concrete, 17(6), 831-848. https://doi.org/10.12989/cac.2016.17.6.831
  21. Ge, L., Liu, J., Ni, J.C. and Yi, H.Z. (2009), "Slope stability, retaining walls, and foundations", Am. Soc. Civil Eng., 265.
  22. Haeri, H. and Sarfarazi, V. (2016), "Numerical simulation of tensile failure of concrete using particle flow code (PFC)", Comput. Concrete, 18(1), 53-68. https://doi.org/10.12989/cac.2016.18.1.053
  23. Irwin, G.R. (1957), "Analysis of stress and strain near the end of a crack traversing a plate", J. Appl. Mech., 79, 361-364.
  24. Iskandern, M., Chen, Z.C., Omidvar, M., Guzman, I. and Elsherif, O. (2013), "Active static and seismic earth pressure for c-$\varphi$ soils", Soil. Found, 53(5), 639-652. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2013.08.003
  25. Lutz, E.D., Ingraffea, A.R. and Gray, L.J. (1992), "Use of „simple solutions' for boundary integral methods in elasticity and fracture analysis", J. Numer. Meth. Eng., 35(9), 1737-1751. https://doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620350902
  26. Marji, M.F. (2013), "On the use of power series solution method in the crack analysis of brittle materials by indirect boundary element method", Eng. Fract. Mech., 98, 365-382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2012.11.015
  27. Marji, M.F. (2014), Rock Fracture Mechanics with Displacement Discontinuity Method: Numerical Rock Fracture Mechanics, Higher Order Displacement Discontinuity Method, Crack Initiation and Propagation, Lap Lambert Academic Publishing.
  28. Marji, M.F. and Dehghani, I. (2010), "Kinked crack analysis by a hybridized boundary element/boundary collocation method", J. Sol. Struct., 47(7), 922-933. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2009.12.008
  29. Marji, M.F., Hosseini-Nasab, H. and Kohsary, A.H. (2006), "On the uses of special crack tip elements in numerical rock fracture mechanics", J. Sol. Struct., 43(6), 1669-1692. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2005.04.042
  30. Mogi, K. (2006), Experimental Rock Mechanics, CRC Press.
  31. Mukherjee, S. (2000), "Finite parts of singular and hyper singular integrals with irregular boundary source points", Eng. Anal. Bound. Elem., 24(10), 767-776. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0955-7997(00)00059-X
  32. Mukherjee, S. (2001), "On boundary integral equations for cracked and for thin bodies", Math. Mech. Sol., 6(1), 47-64. https://doi.org/10.1177/108128650100600103
  33. Mukherjee, S., Shi, X. and Mukherjee, Y.X. (2000), "Internal variables and their sensitivities in three-dimensional linear elasticity by the boundary contour method", Comput. Meth. Appl. Mech. Eng., 187(1), 289-306. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-7825(99)00136-X
  34. Paik, K.H. and Salgado, R. (2003), "Estimation of active earth pressure against rigid retaining walls considering arching effects", Geotech., 53(7), 643-653. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.2003.53.7.643
  35. Perez, N. (2016), Fracture Mechanics, 2nd Edition, Springer.
  36. Prelini, C. (2015), Graphical Determinations of Earth Slope, Retaining Walls and Dams, CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform.
  37. Rahardjo, H. and Fredlund, D.G. (1984), "General limit equilibrium method for lateral earth force", Can. Geotech. J., 21(1), 166-175. https://doi.org/10.1139/t84-013
  38. Rizzo, F.J. (1967), "An integral equation approach to boundary value problems of classical elastostatics", Q Appl. Math., 25(1), 83-95. https://doi.org/10.1090/qam/99907
  39. Rossi, P. and Richer, S. (1987), "Numerical modelling of concrete cracking based on a stochastic approach", Mater. Struct., 20(5), 334-337. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02472579
  40. Rossi, P. and Wu, X. (1992), "A probabilistic model for material behaviour analysis and appraisement of the concrete structures", Mag. Concrete Res., 44(161), 271-280. https://doi.org/10.1680/macr.1992.44.161.271
  41. Sanford, R.J. (2002), Principles of Fracture Mechanics, 1st Editon, Pearson.
  42. Sarfarazi, V. and Haeri, H. (2016), "A review of experimental and numerical investigations about crack propagation", Comput. Concrete, 18(2), 235-266. https://doi.org/10.12989/cac.2016.18.2.235
  43. Scavia, C. (1990), "Fracture mechanics approach to stability analysis of crack slopes", Eng. Fract. Mech., 35(4-5), 889-910. https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-7944(90)90173-E
  44. Setareh, M. and Darvas, R.M. (2006), Concrete Structures, Prentice Hall.
  45. Shamsabadi, A., Xu, S.Y. and Taciroglu, E. (2013), "A generalized log-spiral-Rankine limit equilibrium model for seismic earth pressure analysis", Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng., 49, 197-209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2013.02.020
  46. Shaowei, H., Aiqing, H., Xin, H. and Yangyang, Y. (2016), "Study on fracture characteristics of reinforced concrete wedge splitting tests", Comput. Concrete, 18(3), 337-354. https://doi.org/10.12989/cac.2016.18.3.337
  47. Shou, K.J. and Crouch, S.L. (1995), "A higher order displacement discontinuity method for analysis of crack problems", J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. Geomech. Abstr., 32(1), 49-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(94)00016-V
  48. Srinath, L.S. (2009), Advanced Mechanics of Solids, Tata McGraw-Hill.
  49. Tailhan, J.L., Dal Pont, S. and Rossi, P. (2010), "From local to global probabilistic modelling of concrete cracking", Ann. Sol. Struct. Mech., 1(2), 103-115. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12356-010-0008-y

피인용 문헌

  1. Development of a 2D and 3D computational algorithm for discontinuity structural geometry identification by artificial intelligence based on image processing techniques pp.1435-9537, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-018-1298-2
  2. Real-time comprehensive image processing system for detecting concrete bridges crack vol.23, pp.6, 2017, https://doi.org/10.12989/cac.2019.23.6.445
  3. Optimization of Reinforced Concrete Retaining Walls Designed According to European Provisions vol.5, pp.6, 2020, https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures5060046
  4. Prediction of compressive strength and ultrasonic pulse velocity of admixtured concrete using tree model M5P vol.22, pp.suppl1, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1002/suco.202000061
  5. Embodied Energy Optimization of Buttressed Earth-Retaining Walls with Hybrid Simulated Annealing vol.11, pp.4, 2017, https://doi.org/10.3390/app11041800
  6. Pozzolanicity identification in mortars by computational analysis of micrographs vol.27, pp.2, 2021, https://doi.org/10.12989/cac.2021.27.2.175