Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology

The Korean Society of Wood Science & Technology (한국목재공학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Nitrogen Adsorption Analysis of Wood Saccharification Residues

  • Yang, Han-Seung (Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota) ;
  • Tze, William Tai Yin (Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota)
  • Received : 2017.02.13
  • Accepted : 2017.03.14
  • Published : 2017.03.25
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

The objective of this study was to examine changes in the porosity and internal structure of wood as it goes through the process of saccharification (extraction of fermentable sugars). This study also examined the use of different drying methods to prepare samples for characterization of internal pores, with particular emphasis on the partially disrupted cell wall. Aspen wood flour samples after dilute acid pretreatment followed by enzymatic hydrolysis were examined for nitrogen adsorption. The resulting isotherms were analyzed for surface area, pore size distribution, and total pore volume. Results showed that freeze drying (with sample pre-freezing) maintains the cell wall structure, allowing for examination of saccharification effects. Acid pretreatment (hemicellulose removal) doubled the surface area and tripled the total volume of pores, which were mostly 10-20 nm wide. Subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis (cellulose removal) caused a 5-fold increase in the surface area and a ~ 11-fold increase in the total volume of pores, which ranged from 5 to 100 nm in width. These results indicate that nitrogen adsorption analysis is a feasible technique to examine the internal pore structure of lignocellulosic residues after saccharification. The information on the pore structure will be useful when considering value-adding options for utilizing the solid waste for biofuel production.

Keywords

References

  1. Alemdar, A., Sain, M. 2008. Biocomposites from wheat straw nanofibers: morphology, thermal and mechanical properties. Composites Science and Technology 68(2): 557-565. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2007.05.044
  2. Ass, B.A.P., Belgacem, M.N., Frollini, E. 2006. Mercerized linters cellulose: characterization and acetylation in N,N-dimethylacetamide/lithium chloride. Carbohydrate Polymers 63(1): 19-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2005.06.010
  3. Barrett, E.P., Joyner, L.G., Halenda, P.P. 1951. The determination of pore volume and area distributions in porous substances. I. Computations from nitrogen isotherms. Journal of the American Chemical Society 73(1): 373-380. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01145a126
  4. Barthel, S., Heinze, T. 2006. Acylation and carbanilation of cellulose in ionic liquids. Green Chemistry 8(3): 301-306. https://doi.org/10.1039/B513157J
  5. Brunauer, S., Emmett, P.H., Teller, E. 1938. Adsorption of Gases in Multimolecular Layers. Journal of the American Chemical Society 60(2): 309-319. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01269a023
  6. Chandra, R., Ewanick, S., Hsieh, C., Saddler, J.N. 2008. The characterization of pretreated lignocellulosic substrates prior to enzymatic hydrolysis, part 1: A modified Simons' staining technique. Biotechnology Progress 24(5): 1178-1185. https://doi.org/10.1002/btpr.33
  7. Dąbrowski, A. 2001. Adsorption - from theory to practice. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science 93(1-3): 135-224. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0001-8686(00)00082-8
  8. Frisoni, G., Baiardo, M., Scandola, M. 2001. Natural cellulose fibers: heterogeneous acetylation kinetics and biodegradation behavior. Biomacromolecules 2(2): 476-482. https://doi.org/10.1021/bm0056409
  9. Hefrén, J., Fujino, T., Itoh, T. 1999. Changes in Cell Wall Architecture of Differentiating Tracheids of Pinus thunbergii during Lignification. Plant and Cell Physiology 40(5): 532-541. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.pcp.a029574
  10. Ishizawa, C.I., Davis, M.F., Schell, D.F., Johnson, D.K. 2007. Porosity and its effect on the digestibility of dilute sulfuric acid pretreated corn stover. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 55(7): 2575-2581. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf062131a
  11. Kimura, M., Qi, Z.-D., Fukuzumi, H., Kuga, S., Isogai, A. 2014. Mesoporous structures in never- dried softwood cellulose fibers investigated by nitrogen adsorption. Cellulose 21(5): 3193-3201. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-014-0342-z
  12. Leofanti, G., Padovan, M., Tozzola, G., Venturelli, B. 1998. Surface area and pore texture of catalysts. Catalysis Today 41(1-3): 207-219. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0920-5861(98)00050-9
  13. Marcovich, N.E., Auad, M.L., Bellesi, N.E., Nutt, S.R., Aranguren, M.I. 2006. Cellulose micro/ nanocrystals reinforced polyurethane. Journal of Materials Research 21(4): 870-881. https://doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2006.0105
  14. Murray, K.L., Seaton, N.A., Day, M.A. 1999. An Adsorption-Based Method for the Characterization of Pore Networks Containing Both Mesopores and Macropores. Langmuir 15(20): 6728-6737. https://doi.org/10.1021/la990159t
  15. Rahman, M.S. 2001. Toward prediction of porosity in foods during drying: A brief review. Drying Technology 19(1): 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1081/DRT-100001349
  16. Rouquerol, J., Avnir, D., Fairbridge, C.W., Everett, D.H., Haynes, J.H., Pernicone, N., Ramsay, J.D.F., Sing, K.S.W., Unger, K.K. 1994. Recommendations for the characterization of porous solids. Pure and Applied Chemistry 66(8): 1739-1758. https://doi.org/10.1351/pac199466081739
  17. Schilling, J.S., Tewalt, J.P., Duncan, S.M. 2009. Synergy between pretreatment lignocellulose modifications and saccharification efficiency in two brown rot fungal systems. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 84(3): 465-475. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-009-1979-7
  18. Sing, K.S.W., Everett, D.H., Haul, R.A.W, Moscou, L., Pierotti, R.A., Rouquerol, J., Siemieniewska, T. 1985. Reporting physisorption data for gas/solid systems with special reference to the determination of surface area and porosity. Pure and Applied Chemistry 57(4): 603-619. https://doi.org/10.1351/pac198557040603
  19. Sluiter, J.B., Ruiz, R.O., Sarlata, C.J., Sluiter, A.D., Templeton, D.W. 2010. Compositional Analysis of Lignocellulosic Feedstocks. 1. Review and Description of Methods. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 58(16): 9043-9053. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf1008023
  20. Thommes, M., Kaneko, K., Neimark, A.V., Olivier, J.P., Rodriguez-Reinoso, F., Rouquerol, J., Sing, K.S.W. 2015. Physisorption of gases, with special reference to the evaluation of surface area and pore size distribution (IUPAC Technical Report). Pure and Applied Chemistry 87(9-10): 1051-1069(${(C}$ IUPAC, De Gruyter, 2015).
  21. Yin, D., Jing, Q., AlDajani, W.W., Duncan, S., Tschirner, U., Schilling, J., Kazlauskas, R.J. 2011. Improved pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass using enzymatically-generated peracetic acid. Bioresource Technology 102(8): 5183-5192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2011.01.079