Geomechanics and Engineering

Techno-Press (테크노프레스)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Bearing capacity of footing supported by geogrid encased stone columns on soft soil

  • Demir, Ahmet (Department of Civil Engineering, Osmaniye Korkut Ata University) ;
  • Sarici, Talha (Department of Civil Engineering, Inonu University)
  • Received : 2016.02.25
  • Accepted : 2016.11.15
  • Published : 2017.03.30
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

The stone columns are increasingly being used as a soil improvement method for supporting a wide variety of structures (such as road embankment, buildings, storage tanks etc.) especially built on soft soil. Soil improvement by the stone column method overcomes the settlement problem and low stability. Nevertheless, stone column in very soft soils may not be functional due to insufficient lateral confinement. The required lateral confinement can be overcome by encasing the stone column with a suitable geosynthetic. Encasement of stone columns with geogrid is one of the ideal forms of improving the performance of stone columns. This paper presents the results of a series of experimental tests and numerical analysis to investigate the behavior of stone columns with and without geogrid encasement in soft clay deposits. A total of six small scale laboratory tests were carried out using circular footing with diameters of 0.05 m and 0.1 m. In addition, a well-known available software program called PLAXIS was used to numerical analysis, which was validated by the experimental tests. After good validation, detailed of parametric studies were performed. Different parameters such as bearing capacity of stone columns with and without geogrid encasement, stiffness of geogrid encasement, depth of encasement from ground level, diameter of stone columns, internal friction angle of crushed stone and lateral bulging of stone columns were analyzed. As a result of this study, stone column method can be used in the improvement of soft ground and clear development in the bearing capacity of the stone column occurs due to geogrid encasement. Moreover, the bearing capacity is effected from the diameter of the stone column, the angle of internal friction, rigidity of the encasement, and depth of encasement. Lateral bulging is minimized by geogrid encasement and effected from geogrid rigidity, depth of encasement and diameter of the stone column.

Keywords

References

  1. Adalier, K., Elgamal, A., Meneses, J. and Baez, J.I. (2003), "Stone columns as liquefaction countermeasure in non-plastic silty soils", Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng., 23(7), 571-584. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0267-7261(03)00070-8
  2. Adayat, T. and Hanna, T.H. (1991), "Performance of vibro-columns in collapsible soils", Proceedings of Indian Geotechnical Conference on Geotechnical Analysis, Practice and Performance, Surat, India, December, pp. 383-386.
  3. Ambily, A.P. and Gandhi, S.R. (2007), "Behavior of stone columns based on experimental and FEM analysis", J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 133(4), 405-415. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2007)133:4(405)
  4. Andreou, P. and Papadopoulos, V. (2006), "Modelling stone columns in soft clay", Proceeding of the 6th European Conference on Numerical Methods in Geotechnical Engineering, Graz, Austria, September, pp. 777-780.
  5. ASTM D 2166 (2003), Standard test method for unconfined compressive strength of cohesive soil, Annual book of ASTM Standards; American Society for Testing and Materials, PA, USA, pp. 1-6.
  6. ASTM D 2435-96 (1998), Standard test method for one-dimensional consolidation properties of soils, Annual Book of ASTM standards; American Society for Testing and Materials, PA, USA, pp. 207-216.
  7. ASTM D 3080-98 (2003), Standard test method for direct shear test of soils under consolidated drained conditions, Annual Book of ASTM Standards; American Society for Testing and Materials, PA, USA, pp. 347-352.
  8. Barksdale, R.D. and Bachus, R.C. (1983), "Design and Construction of Stone Columns Volume I", Federal Highway Administration Report FHWA. RD-83/026; National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA, USA.
  9. Black, J.A., Sivakumar, V., Madhav, M.R. and Hamill, G.A. (2007), "Reinforced stone columns in weak deposits: laboratory model study", J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 133(9), 1154-1161. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2007)133:9(1154)
  10. Brinkgreve, R.B.J., Broere, W. and Waterman, D. (2004), "Plaxis finite element code for soil and rock analysis", 2D -Version 8.6.
  11. Demir, A. (2011), "Analysis of shallow foundations on reinforced granular fill over soft clay deposit", Ph.D. Dissertation; Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey.
  12. Demir, A. and Ok, B. (2015), "Uplift response of multi-plate helical anchors in cohesive soil", Geomech. Eng., Int. J., 8(4), 615-630. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2015.8.4.615
  13. Dickin, E.A. and Nazir, R. (1999), "Momentcarrying capacity of short pile foundations in cohesionless soil", J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., ASCE, 125(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(1999)125:1(1)
  14. Gniel, J. and Bouazza, A. (2009), "Improvement of soft soils using geogrid encased stone columns", Geotext. Geomembr., 27(3), 167-175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geotexmem.2008.11.001
  15. Gniel, J. and Bouazza, A. (2010), "Construction of geogrid encased stone columns: a new proposal based on laboratory testing", Geotext. Geomembr., 28(1), 108-118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geotexmem.2009.12.012
  16. Goughnour, R.R. (1983), "Settlement of vertically loaded stone columns in soft ground", Proceeding of the 8th European Conference on Soil Mechanics, and Foundations Engineering, Helsinki, Finland, May, pp. 235-240.
  17. Greenwood, D.A. (1970), "Mechanical improvement of soils below ground surfaces", Proceeding of the Ground Engineering Conference on Institution of Civil Engineers, London, UK, June, pp. 11-22.
  18. Han, J. and Ye, S.L. (2002), "A theoretical solution for consolidation rates of stone column-reinforced foundations accounting for smear and well resistance effects", The Int. J. Geomech., 2(2), 135-151. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1532-3641(2002)2:2(135)
  19. Hughes, J.M.O. and Withers, N.J. (1974), "Reinforcing of soft soils with stone columns", Ground Eng., 7(3), 42-49.
  20. Hughes, J.M.O., Withers, N.J. and Greenwood, D.A. (1976), "A field trial of reinforcing effect of stone column in soil", Proceeding of the Ground Treatment by Deep Compaction, Institution of Civil Engineers, London, UK, March, pp. 32-44.
  21. Isaac, D.S. and Girish, M.S. (2009), "Suitability of different materials for stone column construction", Electro. J. Geotech. Eng., 14, 2-12.
  22. Kabir, M.H. and Alamgir, M. (1989), "Geotextile and geogrid jacketed stone columns in clays. Reinforced soil and geotextiles", Proceeding of the First Indian Geotextiles Conference on Reinforced Soil and Geotextiles, Bombay, India, December, pp. F45-50.
  23. Kaya, N. and Ornek, M. (2013), "Experimental and numerical studies of t-shaped footings", Acta Geotechnica Slovenica, 10(1), 43-58.
  24. Latifi, N., Rashid, A.S.A., Siddiqua, S. and Majid, M.Z.A. (2016a), "Strength measurement and textural characteristics of tropical residual soil stabilised with liquid polymer", Measurement, 91, 46-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2016.05.029
  25. Latifi, N., Horpibulsuk, S., Meehan, C.L., Majid, M.Z.A. and Rashid, A.S.A. (2016b), "Xanthan gum biopolymer: an eco-friendly additive for stabilization of tropical organic peat", Environ. Earth Sci., 75(9), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-015-4873-x
  26. Latifi, N., Marto, A. and Eisazadeh, A. (2016c), "Experimental investigations on behaviour of strip footing placed on chemically stabilised backfills and flexible retaining walls", Arab. J. Sci. Eng., 41(10), 4115-4126. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-016-2104-8
  27. Madhav, M.R. and Miura, N. (1994), "Soil improvement. Panel report on stone columns", Proceeding of the 13th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, New Delhi, India, January, Volume 5, pp. 163-164.
  28. Malarvizhi, S.N. and Ilamparuthi, K. (2004), "Load versus settlement of clay bed stabilized with stone and reinforced stone columns" Proceeding of GeoAsia-2004, Seoul, Korea, June, pp. 322-329.
  29. Marto, A., Latifi, N., Janbaz, M., Kholghifard, M., Khari, M., Alimohammadi, P. and Banadaki, A.D. (2012), "Foundation size effect on modulus of subgrade reaction on sandy soils", Electr. J. Geotech. Eng., 17, 2523-2530.
  30. Marto, A., Moradi, R., Helmi, F., Latifi, N. and Oghabi, M. (2013), "Performance analysis of reinforced stone columns using finite element method", Electr. J. Geotech. Eng., 18, 315-323.
  31. McKelvey, D., Sivakumar, V., Bell, A. and Graham, J. (2004), "Modelling vibrated stone columns in soft clay", Proceedings of the ICE-Geotechnical Engineering, 157(3), 137-149. https://doi.org/10.1680/geng.2004.157.3.137
  32. Mitchell, J.K. and Huber, T.R. (1985), "Performance of a stone column foundation", J. Geotech. Eng., 111(2), 205-223. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1985)111:2(205)
  33. Mitra, S. and Chattopadhyay, B.C. (1999), "Stone columns and design limitations", Proceeding of the Indian Geotechnical Conference, Calcutta, India, December, pp. 201-205.
  34. Mohamad, E.T., Latifi, N., Marto, A., Moradi, R. and Abad, S.V.A.N.K. (2013), "Effects of relative density on shear strength characteristics of sand-tire chips mixture", Electr. J. Geotech. Eng., 18, 623-632.
  35. Murugesan, S. and Rajagopal, K. (2006), "Geosynthetic-encased stone columns: numerical evaluation", Geotext. Geomembr., 24(6), 349-358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geotexmem.2006.05.001
  36. Murugesan, S. and Rajagopal, K. (2009), "Studies on the behavior of single and group of geosynthetic encased stone columns", J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 136(1), 129-139. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000187
  37. Priebe, H.J. (1995), "The design of vibro replacement", Ground Eng., 28(10), 31-37.
  38. Rao, B.G. and Bhandari, R.K. (1980), "Skirting a new concept in design of heavy storage tank foundation", Proceedings of the 6th Southeast Asian Conference on Soil Engineering, Taipei, Taiwan, May, pp. 283-300.
  39. Sathish, S., Yadav, O.P. and Deepak, M. (1997), "Soft ground improvement using stone columns - A field trial", Proceeding of the Indian Geotechnical Conference, Vadodara, India, December, pp. 311-314.
  40. Wehr, J. (2006), "The undrained cohesion of the soil as criterion for the column installation with a depth vibrator", Proceeding of the International Symposium on Vibratory Pile Driving and Deep Soil Vibratory Compaction, TRANSVIB, Paris, September, pp. 157-162.
  41. Wood, D.M., Hu, W. and Nash, D.F.T. (2000), "Group effects in stone column foundations: Model tests", Geotechnique, 50(6), 689-698. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.2000.50.6.689
  42. Yoo, C. and Kim, S.B. (2009), "Numerical modeling of geosynthetic-encased stone column-reinforced ground", Geosynth. Internat., 16(3), 116-126. https://doi.org/10.1680/gein.2009.16.3.116

Cited by

  1. Visualization of bulging development of geosynthetic-encased stone column vol.18, pp.3, 2017, https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2019.18.3.329
  2. Behavior of sand columns reinforced by vertical geotextile encasement and horizontal geotextile layers vol.19, pp.4, 2019, https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2019.19.4.329
  3. Optimal design of stone columns reinforced soft clay foundation considering design robustness vol.22, pp.4, 2017, https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2020.22.4.305