Smart Structures and Systems

  • 제19권2호
  • /
  • Pages.225-236
  • /
  • 2017
  • /
  • 1738-1584(pISSN)
  • /
  • 1738-1991(eISSN)
테크노프레스 (Techno-Press)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Measuring displacements of a railroad bridge using DIC and accelerometers

  • Hoag, Adam (Department of Civil Engineering, Queen's University) ;
  • Hoult, Neil A. (Department of Civil Engineering, Queen's University) ;
  • Take, W. Andy (Department of Civil Engineering, Queen's University) ;
  • Moreu, Fernando (Department of Civil Engineering, University of New Mexico, Centennial Engineering Center) ;
  • Le, Hoat (Bridge Assessment, CN Rail) ;
  • Tolikonda, Vamsi (Bridge Assessment, CN Rail)
  • 투고 : 2016.05.18
  • 심사 : 2016.10.22
  • 발행 : 2017.02.25
⟨ 이전 논문 다음 논문 ⟩

초록

Railroad bridges in North America are an integral but aging part of the railroad network and are typically only monitored using visual inspections. When quantitative information is required for assessment, railroads often monitor bridges using accelerometers. However without a sensor to directly measure displacements, it is difficult to interpret these results as they relate to bridge performance. Digital Image Correlation (DIC) is a non-contact sensor technology capable of directly measuring the displacement of any visible bridge component. In this research, a railroad bridge was monitored under load using DIC and accelerometers. DIC measurements are directly compared to serviceability limits and it is observed that the bridge is compliant. The accelerometer data is also used to calculate displacements which are compared to the DIC measurements to assess the accuracy of the accelerometer measurements. These measurements compared well for zero-mean lateral data, providing measurement redundancy and validation. The lateral displacements from both the accelerometers and DIC at the supports were then used to determine the source of lateral displacements within the support system.

키워드

과제정보

연구 과제 주관 기관 : Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council

참고문헌

  1. AREMA (2003), Practical Guide to Railway Engineering, American Railway Engineering and Maintenance-of-Way Association: Lanham, Maryland, USA.
  2. AREMA (2015), 2015 Manual for Railway Engineering, Chapter 15, American Railway Engineering and Maintenance-of-Way Association: Lanham, Maryland, USA.
  3. AAR (2016), Rail Investment; Association of American Railroads, Washington, DC, USA. https://www.aar.org/todays-railroads/our-network?t=railinvestment
  4. Attanayake, U., Tang, P., Servi, A. and Aktan, H. (2011), "Non-Contact bridge deflection measurement: application of laser Technology", Proceedings of the International Conference on Structural Engineering Construction and Management 2011 (ICSECM 2011), Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, December.
  5. Cambridge Systematics, Inc. (2007), National Rail Freight Infrastructure Capacity and Investment Study; Cambridge Systematics, Inc. Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. http://www.nwk.usace.army.mil/Portals/29/docs/regulatory/bnsf/AAR2007.pdf
  6. Cigada, A., Mazzoleni, P., Tarabini, M. and Zappa, E. (2013), "Static and Dynamic Monitoring of Bridges by Means of Vision-Based Measuring System", Proc., IMAC on Topics in Dynamics of Bridges, Volume 3, 83-92, Garden Grove, CA, USA, February.
  7. CN (2016), Rail Bridge Safety; Canadian National Railway Company, Montreal, QC, Canada. https://www.cn.ca/en/delivering-responsibly/safety/rail-bridge-safety
  8. Feltrin, G. (2007), "Monitoring Guidelines for Railway Bridges", Deliverable D5.2 - Sustainable Bridges; Empa, Zurich, Switzerland. http://www.sustainablebridges.net/main.php/SB5.2_Guideline_MON.pdf?fileitem=14043925
  9. Fukuda, Y., Feng, M.Q., Narita, Y., Kaneko, S.I. and Tanaka, T. (2013), "Vision-based displacement sensor for monitoring dynamic response using robust object search algorithm", IEEE Sensors J., 13(12), 4725-4732. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2013.2273309
  10. Graybeal, B.A., Phares, B.M., Rolander, D.D., Moore, M. and Washer, G. (2002), "Visual inspection of highway bridges", J. Nondestruct. Eval., 21(3), 67-83. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022508121821
  11. He, X., Yang, X. and Zhao, L. (2014), "Application of Inclinometer in Arch Bridge Dynamic Deflection Measurement", TELKOMNIKA Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering, 12(5), 3331-3337.
  12. Hoag, A.J., Hoult, N.A., Take, W.A. and Le, H. (2015), "Monitoring of rail Bridge Displacements Using Digital Image Correlation", Proceedings of the 10th IWSHM, Stanford, CA, USA, September. doi: 10.12783/SHM2015/52.
  13. Hoult, N.A., Take, W.A., Lee, C. and Dutton, M. (2013), "Experimental accuracy of two dimensional strain measurements using digital image correlation", J. Eng. Struct., 46, 718-726. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2012.08.018
  14. Hoult, N.A., Dutton, M., Hoag, A. and Take, W.A. (2016), "Measuring crack movement in reinforced concrete using digital image correlation: Overview and application to shear slip measurements", Proc., IEEE, 104(8), 1561-1574. https://doi.org/10.1109/JPROC.2016.2535157
  15. Hu, X., Wang, B. and Ji, H. (2013), "A wireless sensor network-based structural health monitoring system for highway bridges", J. Comput. - Aided Civil Infrastruct. Eng., 28(3), 193-209. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8667.2012.00781.x
  16. Kim, R.E., Moreu, F., and Spencer, B.F. (2016). "Hybrid model for railroad bridge dynamics", J. Struct. Eng., in press.
  17. Lee, H.S., Hong, Y.H. and Park, H.W. (2010), "Design of a FIR filter for the displacement reconstruction using measured acceleration in low-frequency dominant structures", Int. J. Numer. Meth. Eng., 82, 403-434.
  18. Lee, J.J. and Shinozuka, M. (2006), "A vision-based system for remote sensing of bridge displacement", NDT & E Int., 39(5), 425-431. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ndteint.2005.12.003
  19. Lee, C., Take, W.A. and Hoult, N.A. (2011), "Optimum Accuracy of Two-Dimensional Strain Measurements Using Digital Image Correlation", J. Comput. Civil Eng., 26(6), 795-803. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CP.1943-5487.0000182
  20. McCormick, N.J. and Lord, J.D. (2010), "Practical in situ applications of DIC for large structures", J. Appl. Mech. Mater., 24-25, 161-166. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.24-25.161
  21. McCormick, N., Waterfall, P. and Owens, A. (2014), "Optical imaging for low-cost structural measurements", Proceedings of the ICE-Bridge Engineering, 167(1), 33-42.
  22. Moreu, F. and LaFave, J.M. (2012), "Current research topics: Railroad bridges and structural engineering", NSEL Report Series, Report No. NSEL-032, Newmark Structural Engineering Laboratory. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, USA. http://hdl.handle.net/2142/34749
  23. Moreu, F., Jo, H., Li, J., Kim, R.E., Cho, S., Kimmle, A., Scola, S., Le, H., Spencer Jr, B.F. and LaFave, J.M. (2015), "Dynamic assessment of timber railroad bridges using displacements", J. Bridge Eng., 20(10), 04014114. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0000726.
  24. Moreu, F., Spencer Jr, B.F., Foutch, D.A. and Scola, S. (2016), "Consequence-based management of railroad bridge networks", J. Struct. Infrastruct. Eng., 1-14. doi: 10.1080/15732479.2016.1162817
  25. Murray, C., Hoag, A., Hoult, N.A. and Take, W.A. (2015), "Field monitoring of a bridge using digital image correlation", Proc., Institution of Civil Engineers-Bridge Engineering, 168(1), 3-12.
  26. Nonis, C., Niezrecki, C., Yu, T.Y., Ahmed, S., Su, C.F. and Schmidt, T. (2013), "Structural health monitoring of bridges using digital image correlation", Proc. SPIE 8695, Health Monitoring of Structural and Biological Systems, San Diego, CA, USA, March. doi: 10.1117/12.2009647
  27. Park, J.W., Sim, S.H. and Jung, H.J. (2013), "Development of a wireless displacement measurement system using acceleration responses", J. Sensors, 13(7), 8377-8392. https://doi.org/10.3390/s130708377
  28. Park, J.W., Sim, S.H. and Jung, H.J. (2014), "Wireless displacement sensing system for bridges using multi-sensor fusion", J. Smart Mater. Struct., 23(4), 045022. https://doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/23/4/045022
  29. Phares, B.M., Washer, G.A., Rolander, D.D., Graybeal, B.A. and Moore, M. (2004), "Routine highway bridge inspection condition documentation accuracy and reliability", J. Bridge Eng., 9(4), 403-413. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0702(2004)9:4(403)
  30. Roberts, G.W., Meng, X. and Dodson, A.H. (2004), "Integrating a global positioning system and accelerometers to monitor the deflection of bridges", J. Survey. Eng., 130(2), 65-72. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9453(2004)130:2(65)
  31. SENSR, (2016), Prodcuts - CX1 Structural Response Monitor; SENSR, Georgetown, TX, USA. https://sensr.com/Products/CX1
  32. Sousa, H., Cavadas, F., Henriques, A., Bento, J. and Figueiras, J. (2013), "Bridge deflection evaluation using strain and rotation measurements", Smart Struct. Syst., 11(4), 365-386. https://doi.org/10.12989/sss.2013.11.4.365
  33. Stanier, S.A., Blaber, J., Take, W.A. and White, D. (2016), "Improved image-based deformation measurement for geotechnical applications", Canadian Geotech. J., 53(5), 727-739. doi: 10.1139/cgj-2015-0253.
  34. Stephen, G.A., Brownjohn, J.M.W. and Taylor, C.A. (1993), "Measurements of static and dynamic displacement from visual monitoring of the Humber Bridge", Eng. Struct., 15(3), 197-208. https://doi.org/10.1016/0141-0296(93)90054-8
  35. Take, W.A., White, D.J., Bowers, K.H. and Moss, N. (2005), "Remote real-time monitoring of tunneling induced settlement using image analysis", Proceedings of the 5th Int. Sym. Geotechnical Aspects Underground Construction Soft Ground, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, June.
  36. Unsworth, J.F. (2010), Design of modern steel railway bridges, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL., USA.
  37. Weatherford, B.A., Willis, H.H. and Ortiz, D. (2008), "The State of U.S. Railroads, a Review of Capacity and Performance Data", RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA, USA. http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/technical_reports/2008/RAND_TR603.pdf
  38. Yi, T.H., Li, H.N. and Gu, M. (2013), "Experimental assessment of high-rate GPS receivers for deformation monitoring of bridge", J. Measurement, 46(1), 420-432. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2012.07.018
  39. Yoneyama, S., Kitagawa, A., Iwata, S., Tani, K. and Kikuta, H. (2007), "Bridge deflection measurement using digital image correlation", Exper. Techniques, 31(1), 34-40. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-1567.2006.00132.x

피인용 문헌

  1. Reference-free dynamic displacements of railroad bridges using low-cost sensors 2017, https://doi.org/10.1177/1045389X17721375
  2. Measuring Total Transverse Reference-Free Displacements for Condition Assessment of Timber Railroad Bridges: Experimental Validation vol.144, pp.6, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0002041
  3. Accurate Deformation Monitoring on Bridge Structures Using a Cost-Effective Sensing System Combined with a Camera and Accelerometers: Case Study vol.24, pp.1, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0001330
  4. Total reference-free displacements for condition assessment of timber railroad bridges using tilt vol.20, pp.5, 2017, https://doi.org/10.12989/sss.2017.20.5.549
  5. Finite element model calibration of a steel railway bridge via ambient vibration test vol.27, pp.3, 2017, https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2018.27.3.327
  6. Noncontact Dynamic Displacement Measurement of Structures Using a Moving Laser Doppler Vibrometer vol.24, pp.9, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)be.1943-5592.0001472
  7. Displacement measurement of concrete bridges by the sampling Moiré method based on phase analysis of repeated pattern vol.56, pp.6, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1111/str.12351
  8. Identification of Sleeper Support Conditions Using Mechanical Model Supported Data-Driven Approach vol.21, pp.11, 2017, https://doi.org/10.3390/s21113609
  9. Development and Implementation of a Laser-Camera-UAV System to Measure Total Dynamic Transverse Displacement vol.147, pp.8, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)em.1943-7889.0001939