DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

한국문화에 기반한 호텔인적자원관리와 직원 결과(Employee Outcomes)의 관계에 관한 연구

A Study on the Relationship between HRM Practices which is based on the Korean Culture and Employee Outcomes in the Korean Hotel Industry

  • 이연우 (동의대학교 호텔컨벤션경영학과)
  • Lee, Yeonu (Dept. of Hotel & Convention Management, Dong-Eui University)
  • 투고 : 2017.12.18
  • 심사 : 2017.12.27
  • 발행 : 2017.12.30

초록

Most countries have their own culture that presents different types of behaviour. The employees' specific ways of working, according to each country, influence its organisation, thus cultural differences have become an essential issue in operating management. Therefore, this study explored how the different cultures based on Hofstede's paradigm interact within the specific Korean context. This study examined how cultural related HRM practices were enacted in the Korean hotel industry, how the frameworks of Hofstede's model impact the employee outcomes, including the concept of organisational justice. This study followed a quantitative approach which relied on a positivist paradigm to evaluate the different HRM practices at hotel workplaces with the view of employees. This study gathered a survey on 601 hotel employees in the deluxe sector. The analysis of quantitative data was undertaken using SPSS version 23.0 software and AMOS 23.0 to achieve the research aim for the study. This study contributes new findings to the research literature. The results of this study showed how Confucianism also plays a predominant role in understanding Korean culture, more than the Hofstede's original four dimensions of culture.

키워드

참고문헌

  1. Adler, N. J. (1991). International dimensions of organisational behaviour. Boston, MA: PWS-Kent.
  2. Alleyne, P., Doherty, L., & Greenidge, D. (2006). Approaches to HRM in the Barbados hotel industry. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 18(2), 94-109. https://doi.org/10.1108/09596110610646655
  3. Appelbaum, E., Bailey, T., Berg, P., & Kallegerg, A. (2000). Manufacturing advantage: Why high performance work systems pay off. New York: Cornell University Press.
  4. Arvey, R., Bhagat, R. & Salas, E. (1991). Cross-cultural and cross-national issues in personnel and human resource management: Where do we go from here? Research in Personnel & Human Resource Management, 9, 367-407.
  5. Aryee, S., Chen, Z. X., & Budhwar, P. S. (2004). Exchange fairness and employee performance: An examination of the relationship between organisational politics and procedural justice. Organisational Behaviour & Human Decision Processes, 94, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2004.03.002
  6. Ayupp, K., & Chung, T. H. (2010). Empowerment: Hotel employees' perspective. Journal of Industrial Engineering & Management, 3(3), 561-575.
  7. Bae, J., & Lawler, J. (2000). Organizational and HRM strategies in Korea: Impact on firm performance in an emerging economy. Academy of Management Journal, 43(3), 502-517. https://doi.org/10.2307/1556407
  8. Bagozzi, R., & Yi, Y. (1988). On the evaluation of structural equation models. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Sciences, 16, 74-79. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02723327
  9. Bloom, M., & Michel, J. G. (2002). The relationships among organizational context, pay dispersion and managerial turnover. Academy of Management Journal, 45(1), 33-42. https://doi.org/10.2307/3069283
  10. Boselie, P., Dietz, G., & Boon, C. (2005). Commonalities and contradictions in HRM and performance research on human resource management and performance. Human Resource Management Journal, 15(3), 67-94. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-8583.2005.tb00154.x
  11. Boselie, P., Paauwe, J., & Richardson, R. (2003). Human resource management, institutionalization and organizational performance: a comparison of hospitals, hotels and local government. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 14(8), 1407-1429. https://doi.org/10.1080/0958519032000145828
  12. Boxall, P., & Purcell, J. (2003). Strategy and human resource management. London: Sage.
  13. Boxall, P., & Purcell, J. (2011). Strategy and human resource management, 3rd Edition. Palgrave Macmillan, Houndmills.
  14. Brewster, C. (1993). Developing a 'European' model of human resource management. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 4(4), 765-784. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585199300000057
  15. Budhwar, P. S., & Khatri, N. (2001). A comparative study of HRM practice in British and India. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 12(5), 800-826. https://doi.org/10.1080/713769673
  16. Budhwar, P. S., & Sparaw, P. R. (2002a). An intergrative framework for understanding cross-national human resource management practice. Human Resource Management Review, 12(3), 377-403. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1053-4822(02)00066-9
  17. Budhwar, P. S., & Sparaw, P. R. (2002b). Strategic HRM through the cultural looking glass: Mapping the cognition of British and Indian managers. Organisational Studies, 23(4), 599-638. https://doi.org/10.1177/0170840602234005
  18. Carbery, R., Garavan, T. N., O'Brien, F., & McDonnell, J. (2003). Predicting hotel managers' turnover cognitions. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 18(7), 649-679. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940310502377
  19. Chand, M., & Katou, A. A. (2007). The impact of HRM practices on organisational performance in the Indian hotel industry. Employee Relations, 29(6), 576-594. https://doi.org/10.1108/01425450710826096
  20. Chang, W. A., & Huang, T. C. (2005). Relationship between strategic human resource management and firm performance: A contingency perspective, International Journal of Manpower, 26(5), 434-449. https://doi.org/10.1108/01437720510615125
  21. Cheng, W., & Brown, A. (1998). HRM strategies and labour turnover in the hotel industry: A comparative study of Australia and Singapore. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 9(1), 135-154.
  22. Chi, C. G., & Gursoy, D. (2009). Employee satisfaction, customer satisfaction, and financial performance: An empirical examination. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 28, 245-253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2008.08.003
  23. Chow, C. W., Haddad, K., & Singh, G. (2007). Human resource management, job satisfaction, morale, optimism, and turnover. International Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Administration, 8(2), 73-88. https://doi.org/10.1300/J149v08n02_04
  24. Christmann, P. (2000). Effects of "Best practices" of environmental management on cost advantage: The role of complementary assets. Academy of Management Journal, 43(4), 663-680. https://doi.org/10.2307/1556360
  25. Clark, A. E., & Oswald, A. J. (1996). Satisfaction and comparison income. Journal of Public Economics, 61(3), 359-381. https://doi.org/10.1016/0047-2727(95)01564-7
  26. Cox, T. H., Loebel, S. A., & Mcleod, P. L. (1991). Effects of ethnic group cultural differences on cooperative and competitive behaviour in a group task. Academy of Management Journal, 34, 827-847.
  27. Dany, F., Guedri, Z., & Hatt, F. (2008). New insights into the link between HRM integration and organizational performance: the moderating role of influence distribution between HRM specialists and line managers. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 19(11), 2095-2112. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585190802404320
  28. Delaney, J., & Huselid, M. (1996). The impact of human resource management practices on perceptions of organizational performance. Academy of Management Journal, 39(4), 949-969. https://doi.org/10.2307/256718
  29. Delery, J., & Doty, D. (1996). Modes of theorising in strategic human resource management: Test of universalistic, contingency, and configurational performance predictions. Academy of Management Journal, 39(4), 802-835.
  30. Fang, T. (2010). Asian management research needs more selfconfidence: Reflection on Hofstede (2007) and beyond. Asia Pacific Journal Management, 27, 155-170. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10490-009-9134-7
  31. Fatt, C. K., Khin, E. W. S., & Heng, T. N. (2010). The impact of organizational justice on employee's job satisfaction: The Malaysian companies perspectives. American Journal of Economics and Business Administration, 2(1), 56-63. https://doi.org/10.3844/ajebasp.2010.56.63
  32. Folger, R., & Cropanzano, R. (1998). Organisational justice and human resource management. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  33. Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50. https://doi.org/10.2307/3151312
  34. Furrer, O. Liu, B. S., & Sudharshan, D. (2000). The relationships between culture and service quality perceptions: Basis for cross-cultural market segmentation and resource allocation. Journal of Service Research, 2(4), 354-371.
  35. Gannon, J. M., Dohery, L., & Roper, A. (2010). The role of strategic groups in understanding strategic human resource management. Personnel Review, 41(4), 513-546. https://doi.org/10.1108/00483481211229401
  36. Ghobadian, A., O'Regan, N., Gallear, D., & Viney. (2004). Strategy and performance: Achieving competitive advantage in the global marketplace. New York: Palgrave.
  37. Gibb, S. (2001). The state of human resource management: evidence from employees' views of HRM system and staff, Employee Relations, 23(4), 318-336. https://doi.org/10.1108/EUM0000000005685
  38. Gomez-Mejia, L. R., & Welbourne, T. (1991). Compensation strategies in a global context. Human Resource Planning, 14, 29-41.
  39. Gooderham, P., Parry, E., & Ringdal, K. (2008). The impact of bundles of strategic human resource management practices on the performance of European firms. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 19(11), 2041-2056. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585190802404296
  40. Gould-Williams, J. (2004). The effects of high commitment HRM practices on employee attitude: The views of public sector workers. Public Administration, 82(1), 63-81. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0033-3298.2004.00383.x
  41. Gould-Williams, J., & Mohamed, R. B. (2010). A comparative study of the effects of 'best practice' HRM on worker outcomes in Malaysia and England local government. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 21 (5), 653-675. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585191003658821
  42. Gratton, L., Hailey, V. H., & Truss, C. (2000). Strategic human resource management. New York: Oxford University.
  43. Green, K. W., Wu, C., Whitten, D., & Medlin, B. (2006). The impact of strategic human resource management on firm performance and HR professionals' work attitude and work performance. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 17(4), 559-579. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585190600581279
  44. Greenberg, J. (1987). A taxonomy of organizational justice theories. Academy of Management Review, 12, 9-22. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1987.4306437
  45. Greenberg, J. (1990). Organizational justice: yesterday, today, and tomorrow. Journal of Management, 16, 399-432.
  46. Guerrero, S., & Barraud-Didier, V. (2004). High-involvement practices and performance of French firms. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 15(8), 1408-1423. https://doi.org/10.1080/0958519042000258002
  47. Hair, J., Anderson, R., Tatham, R., & Black, W. (2006). Multivariate data analysis. NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall, Inc.
  48. Hansson, B. (2007). Company-based determinants of training and the impact of training on company performance: Results from an international HRM surve. Personnel Review, 36(2), 311-331. https://doi.org/10.1108/00483480710726163
  49. Haynes, P., & Fryer, G. (2000). Human resource, service quality and performance: A case study. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 12(4), 240-248. https://doi.org/10.1108/09596110010330813
  50. Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43(1), 115-135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-014-0403-8
  51. Hodgetts, R. M., Luthans, F., & Doh, J. P. (2006). International management, McGraw-Hill Series in Management, 6th. New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
  52. Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture's consequences: International differences in work related values. Beverly Hill, CA: Sage.
  53. Hofstede, G. (1991). Cultures and organizations: Software of the mind. London: McGraw-Hill.
  54. Hoftstede, G. (1983). The cultural relativity of organizational practices and theories. Journal of International Business Studies, Fall, 75-89.
  55. Hoftstede, G. (1994). The business of international business is culture. International Business Review, 3(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/0969-5931(94)90011-6
  56. Hom, P. W., & Kinicki, A. J. (2001). Towards a greater understanding of how dissatisfaction drives employee turnover. Academy of Management Journal, 44(5), 975-987. https://doi.org/10.2307/3069441
  57. Hoque, K. (1999). Human resource management and performance in the UK hotel industry. British Journal of Industrial Relations, 37(3), 419-443. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8543.00135
  58. Hoque, K. (2000). Human resource management in the hotel industry: Strategy, innovation and performance. London: Routledge.
  59. Horgan, J., & Miihlau, P. (2006). Human resource systems and employee performance in Ireland and the Netherlands: A test of the complementarity hypothesis. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 17(3), 414-439. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585190500521409
  60. Huang, C. C., Wang, Y., Wu, T., & Wang, P. (2013). An empirical analysis of the antecedents and performance consequences of using the moodle platform. International Journal of Information & Education Technology, 3(2), 217-221.
  61. Huselid, M. A. (1995). The impact of human resource management practices on turnover, productivity, and corporate financial performance. Academy of Management Journal, 38(3), 635-672. https://doi.org/10.2307/256741
  62. Huselid, M. A., & Becker, B. (1996). Methodological issues in cross-sectional and panel estimates of the human resourcefirm performance link. Industrial Relations, 35(3), 400-422.
  63. Ismail, A., Girardi, A., & Boerhannoeddin, A. (2009). Empirically testing the mediating effect of distributive justice in the relationship between adequacy of benefits and personal outcomes. Pakistan Journal of Commerce & Social Sciences, 2, 1-15.
  64. Jawahar, I. M. (2002). A model of organisational justice and workplace aggression. Journal of Management, 28(6), 811-834. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920630202800606
  65. Jones, M. L. (2007). Hofstede-culturally questionable? Oxford Business & Economics Conference, 1-9.
  66. Kennedy, D. J., & Berger, G. (1994). Newcomer socialisation: oriented to facts or feelings?. Cornell Hotel & Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 35(6), 58-71. https://doi.org/10.1177/001088049403500613
  67. Khatri, N. (2000). Managing human resource for competitive advantage: a study of companies in Singapore. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 11(2), 336-365. https://doi.org/10.1080/095851900339909
  68. Khatri, N., & Budhwar, P. S. (2002). A study of strategic HR issues in an Asian context. Personnel Review, 31(2), 166-188. https://doi.org/10.1108/00483480210416856
  69. Khilji, S. E., & Wang, X. (2007). New evidence in an old debate: Investigating the relationship between HR satisfaction and turnover. International Business Review, 16, 377-395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2006.12.005
  70. Kim, D., & Lee, Y. (2017). A study on the effect of emotional intelligence on organizational commitment and work performance of non-regular hotel culinary staff. Culinary Science & Hospitality Research, 23(4), 43-55. https://doi.org/10.20878/cshr.2017.23.4.005
  71. Kim, H. D., Choi, H. Y., & Kim, H. S. (2017). The study on job satisfaction, turnover intention and organization commitment of employees in domestic independent hotel and international chain hotels. Culinary Science & Hospitality Research, 23(4), 216-224. https://doi.org/10.20878/cshr.2017.23.3.021021021
  72. Kim, J., & Rowley, C. (2006). Commitment to company and labour union: empirical evidence from South Korea. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 17(4), 673-692. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585190600581477
  73. Kim, J., Gwon, Y., & Byun, G. (2017). Effects of service quality and service fairness of coffee brand on the service quality and behavioral intention: Domestic/foreign coffee brand as control effects. Culinary Science & Hospitality Research, 23(4), 144-162. https://doi.org/10.20878/cshr.2017.23.4.015
  74. Kim, S., & Finch, J. (2002). Confucian patriarchy reexamined: Korean families and the IMF economic crisis. The Good Society, 11(3), 43-49. https://doi.org/10.1353/gso.2003.0007
  75. Konrad, A. M., & Deckop, J. (2001). Human resource management trends in the USA: Challenges in the midst of prosperity. International Journal of Manpower, 22(3), 269-278. https://doi.org/10.1108/01437720110398374
  76. Korea Culture & Tourism Institute (KCTI) (2010). Korea Tourism promotion Act, http://www.tour.go.kr/law/la_main_frm.asp?req_link=la_rect_viw.asp&par1=no=1241&par2=mainPage=8
  77. Korea Culture & Tourism Institute (KCTI), (2008), Statistics. Korea Hotel Rooms, http://tour.go.kr/stat/st_main_frm.asp?req_link=/stat/st_gate_viw.asp&par1=&par2=undefined&par3=undefined&par4=undefined&par5=undefined&par6=undefined
  78. Lambert, E. G., Hogan, N. L., & Griffin, M. L. (2007). The impact of distributive and procedural justice on correctional staff job stress, job satisfaction, and work behaviours. Journal of Criminal Justice, 35, 644-656. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2007.09.001
  79. Lance, C. E., Butts, M. M., & Michels, L. C. (2006). The sources of four commonly reported cutoff criteria: What did they really say? Organizational Research Methods, 9(2), 202-220. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428105284919
  80. Lee, Yeonu. (2017). Women workforce in the Korean context. International Review of Management & Marketing, 7(1), 403-412.
  81. Liao, Y. (2005). Business strategy and performance: the role of human resource management control. Personnel Review, 34 (3), 294-309. https://doi.org/10.1108/00483480510591444
  82. Long, R., & Shields, J. (2005). Best practice or best fit? High involvement management and base pay practices in Canadian and Austrian frims. Asia Pacific, Journal of Human Resources, 43(1), 52-75.
  83. Lucas, R. (1996). Industrial relations in hotels and catering: neglect and paradox?, British Journal of Industrial Relations, 34(2), 267-286. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8543.1996.tb00652.x
  84. MacDuffie, J. P. (1995). Human resource bundles and manufacturing performance: Organizational logic and flexible production systems in the world auto industry. Industrial Labor Relations Review, 48, 197-221. https://doi.org/10.1177/001979399504800201
  85. Maister, D. H. (2001). What managers must do to create a high-achievement culture. The Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 42(6), 90-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-8804(01)81014-4
  86. Marchington, M., & Grugulis, I. (2000). 'Best practice' human resource management: perfect opportunity or dangerous illusion?. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 11(6), 1104-1124. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585190050177184
  87. Maxwell, G., Watson, S., & Quail, S. (2004). Quality service in the international hotel sector. Journal of European Industrial, 28 (2/3/4/), 159-182. https://doi.org/10.1108/03090590410527591
  88. McGunnigle, P., & Jameson, S. M. (2000). HRM in UK hotels : A focus on commitment. Employee Relations, 22(4), 403-422. https://doi.org/10.1108/01425450010340380
  89. Murphy, K. S., DiPietro, R. B., & Murrmann, S. (2007). A proposed research agenda for the refinement of the high performance work system construct in the U.S. restaurant industry. International Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Administration, 8(4), 99-116. https://doi.org/10.1300/J149v08n04_05
  90. Ngo, H. Y., Lau, C. M., & Foley, S. (2008). Strategic human resource management, firm performance, and employee relations climate in China. Human Resource Management, 47 (1), 73-90. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.20198
  91. Olkkonen, M. E., & Lipponen, J. (2006). Relationships between organisational justice, identification with organisation and work unit, and group-related outcomes. Organisational Behaviour & Human Decision Processes, 100, 202-215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2005.08.007
  92. Paauwe, J., & Boselie, P. (2005). HRM and performance: what next?. Human Resource Management Journal, 15(4), 68-83. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-8583.2005.tb00296.x
  93. Panayotopoulou, L., Bourantas, D., & Papalexandris, N. (2003). Strategic human resource management and its effect on firm performance: An implementation of the competing values framework. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 14(4), 680-699. https://doi.org/10.1080/0958519032000057781
  94. Parker, R. J., & Kohlmeyer, III, J. M. (2005). Organisational justice and turnover in public accounting firms: A research note. Accounting, Organisations & Society, 30, 357-369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aos.2004.05.001
  95. Paul, A. K., & Anantharaman, R. N. (2003). Impact of people management practices on organisational performance: analysis of a causal model. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 14(7), 1246-1266. https://doi.org/10.1080/0958519032000145648
  96. Petrescu, A. I., & Simmons, R. (2008). Human resource management practices and workers' job satisfaction. International Journal of Manpower, 29(7), 651-667. https://doi.org/10.1108/01437720810908947
  97. Pfeffer. J. (1998). The human equation. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
  98. Pine, B. J., & Gilmore, J. H. (1999). The experience economy. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
  99. Price, L. (1994). Poor personnel practice in the hotel and catering industry: Does it matter?. Human Resource Management Journal, 4(4), 44-62. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-8583.1994.tb00351.x
  100. Pucik, V., & Katz, J. H. (1986). Information, control, and human resource management in multinational firms. Human Resource Management, 25, 121-132. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.3930250109
  101. Ramamoorthy, N., & Carroll, S. J. (1998). Individualism/collectivism orientations and relations toward alternative human resource management practice. Human Relations, 51(5), 571-588. https://doi.org/10.1177/001872679805100501
  102. Richard, O. C., & Johnson, N. B. (2001). Strategic human resource management effectiveness and firm performance. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 12(2), 299-310. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585190121674
  103. Richard, O. C., Taylor, E. C., Barnett, T., & Nesbit, M. F. A. (2002). Procedural voice and distributive justice: Their influence on mentoring career help and other outcomes. Journal of Business Research, 55, 725-735. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0148-2963(00)00183-1
  104. Ross, D. N. (1999). Culture as a context for multinational business: A framework for assessing the strategy-culture 'fit'. Multinational Business Review, 7(1), 13-19.
  105. Rupp, D. E., & Cropanzano, R. (2002). The mediating effects of social exchange relationship in predicting workplace outcomes from multifoci organizational justice. Organizational Behavior & Human Decision Processes, 89, 925-946. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0749-5978(02)00036-5
  106. Schwartz, S. (1994). Beyond individualism/collectivism: New cultural dimensions of values. In U. Kim, H. Triandis, C. Kagitcibasi, S. Choi & G. Yoon (Eds), Individualism and collectivism: Theory, method and application: 85-119, Thousand Oaks CA: Sage.
  107. Sekaran, U., & Snodgrass, C. R. (1986). A model for examining organizational effectiveness cross-culturally. Advances in International Comparative Management, 2, 211-232.
  108. Sparrow, P., & Wu, P. C. (1998). Does national culture really matter? Predicting HRM preferences of Taiwanese employees, Employ Relations, 20(1), 26-56. https://doi.org/10.1108/01425459810369823
  109. Stavrou, E., Brewster, C., & Charalambous, C. (2010). Human resource management and firm performance in Europe through the lens of business systems: Best fit, best practice or both? The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 21(7), 933-962. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585191003783371
  110. Storey, J., & Billsberry, J. (2005). Strategic human resource management, 2nd ed. London: The Open University.
  111. Suliman, A. M. T. (2007). Links between justice, satisfaction and performance in the workplace: A survey in the UAE and Arabic context. Journal of Management Development, 26(4), 294-311. https://doi.org/10.1108/02621710710740075
  112. Sung, S. (2003). Women reconciling paid and unpaid work in a confucian welfare state: The case of South Korea. Social Policy & Administration, 37(4), 342-360. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9515.00344
  113. Sweeney, P. D., & McFarlin D. B. (1993). Workers' evaluations of the "ends' and the "means": An examination of four models of distributive and procedural justice. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Process, 55, 23-40. https://doi.org/10.1006/obhd.1993.1022
  114. Takeuchi, N. (2009). How Japanese manufacturing firms align their human resource policies with business strategies: testing a contingency performance prediction in a Japanese context. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 20(1), 34-56. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585190802528227
  115. Taylor, M. S. (1991). American managers in Japanese subsidiaries: How cultural differences are affecting the work place. Human Resource Planning, 14, 43-39.
  116. Truss, C. (2001). Complexities and controversies in linking HRM with organisational outcomes. Journal of Management Studies, 38(8), 1121-1149. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6486.00275
  117. Tzafrir, S. (2005). The relationship between trust, HRM practices and firm performance. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 16(9), 1600-1622. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585190500239135
  118. Tzafrir, S. (2006). A universalistic perspective for explaining the relationship between HRM practices and firm performance at different points in time. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 21(2), 109-130. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940610650730
  119. Verburg, R. M., Den Hartog, D. N., & Koopman, P. L. (2007). Configurations of human resource management practices: A theoretical model and empirical test of internal fit, International Journal of Human Resource Management, 18(2), 184-208. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585190601102349
  120. Watson, S., Maxwell, G. A., & Farquharson, L. (2007). Line managers' views on adopting human resource roles: the case of Hilton (UK) hotels. Employee Relations, 29(1), 30-49. https://doi.org/10.1108/01425450710714469
  121. Wong, Y. T., Ngo, H. Y., & Wong, C. S. (2006). Perceived organisational justice, trust, and OCB: A study of Chinese workers in joint ventures and state-owned enterprises. Journal of World Business, 41, 344-355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2006.08.003
  122. Wood, S., & de Menezes, L. (1998). High commitment management in the UK: Evidence from the workplace industrial relations survey and employers' manpower and skills survey. Human Relations, 51(4), 485-515. https://doi.org/10.1177/001872679805100403
  123. Woods, R. H. (1992). Managing hospitality human resource. Lansing, MI: Educational institute of the American Hotel and Motel Association.
  124. Wright, P., Gardner, T., & Moynihan, L. (2003). The impact of HR practices on the performance of business units. Human Resource Management Journal, 13(3), 21-36. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-8583.2003.tb00096.x
  125. Youndt, M. A., Snell, S. A., Dean, Jr, J. W., & Lepak, D. P. (1996). Human resource management, manufacturing strategy and firm performance. Academy of Management Journal, 39(4), 836-866. https://doi.org/10.2307/256714