Journal of Conservation Science (보존과학회지)

The Korean Society Of Conservation Science For Cultural Heritage (한국문화재보존과학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Ultrasonic Properties on Building Stones, Characteristics of Structural Deformation and Conservation States of the Sanctuary in Wat Phou Temple of Champasak, Lao PDR

라오스 밧푸 주사원의 보존현황과 석재의 초음파 물성 및 구조적 변형특성

  • Lee, Chan Hee (Department of Cultural Heritage Conservation Sciences, Kongju National University) ;
  • Shin, Hyo Cheol (Daejeon Cultural Heritage Project Agency, Baekje Institute of Cultural Heritage) ;
  • Han, Doo Roo (Department of Cultural Heritage Conservation Sciences, Kongju National University)
  • 이찬희 (공주대학교 문화재보존과학과) ;
  • 신효철 (백제문화원 대전광역시문화재돌봄사업단) ;
  • 한두루 (공주대학교 문화재보존과학과)
  • Received : 2017.09.11
  • Accepted : 2017.12.05
  • Published : 2017.12.20
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

The 'Wat Phou and Associated Ancient Settlements within the Champasak Cultural Landscape' of Laos was designated as a UNESCO World Cultural Heritage in 2001. The uppermost structure of the Sanctuary in Wat Phou has been destroyed and being variably damaged, maintenance is required through scientific and systematic diagnosis. The Sanctuary of Wat Phou was constructed mainly using sandstones and bricks. There are physical damages including fracture, break out, exfoliation and interval as well as biological damages by lichen, mosses and weeds. According to the ultrasonic velocity measurement and property evaluation of the sandstones of the Sanctuary in Wat Phou, weathering index of the eastern side sandstones is 0.10 to 0.74 (mean 0.36), showing MW grade. Southern and northern side sandstones have relatively higher properties with average weathering indices of 0.30 and 0.32. The results of slope analysis of the Sanctuary, indicated that the 4th spot in the southern side has the largest slope of $5^{\circ}W$, seemingly due to the unstable ground around the Sanctuary. Based on the relative level measurement and past drawings, the Sanctuary is verified to have been located on ground with a certain slope rather than flatland. The ground of the southern side is inclined $1.51^{\circ}$ more than that of the northern side, which will affect the structural stability of the temple. The interval width of the selected southern spot is the largest with an average width of 159.5 mm, and the largest width is 328.3 mm at the top, since the width increases above rather than below, seemingly due to the unequal subsidence of the ground. Constant maintenance for conservation is required for the structural stability of the Sanctuary in Wat Phou, which was partly collapsed and has also suffered physical damage.

라오스 '참파삭 문화경관 내 밧푸 사원과 고대주거지' 유적은 2001년 유네스코 세계문화유산으로 등재되었다. 현재 밧푸 주사원의 상부구조는 대부분 붕괴되어 있다. 또한 다양한 손상이 진행되고 있어 과학적이고 체계적인 진단을 통한 보존관리가 필요하다. 주사원은 사암과 벽돌을 주요 부재로 사용했으며, 균열과 탈락, 박리, 이격 등의 물리적 손상과 지의류, 선태류, 초본식물 등의 생물학적 손상이 심하다. 주사원의 석재를 대상으로 초음파 속도를 측정하여 물성을 평가한 결과, 주사원 동측면 사암의 풍화도지수는 0.10~0.74(평균 0.36)로 산출되어 중간풍화단계(MW)를 나타냈다. 남측면과 북측면은 평균 0.30와 0.32의 풍화도지수를 보여 상대적으로 높은 물성을 보였다. 주사원 기단의 경사도 분석결과, 남측면 4번 지점이 $5^{\circ}W$의 경사를 나타내 가장 큰 기울기를 보였으며, 이는 지반의 불안정에서 기인한 것으로 판단된다. 또한 상대적 수준측량 및 과거 측량도면을 검토할 때 주사원은 평지가 아닌 일정한 경사를 가진 지반에 자리한 것을 확인하였다. 남측면의 지반이 북측면에 비해 $1.51^{\circ}$ 더 기울어져 있는 것으로 보아 구조안정성에 영향을 미칠 것으로 보인다. 이격거리 분석 결과, 남측면 부재의 주요 이격은 평균 159.5 mm로 가장 큰 범위를 보이며, 상부로 올라갈수록 폭이 증가하여 가장 넓은 곳은 평균 328.3 mm를 나타냈다. 이와 같은 이격은 하부 지반의 부등침하에 따라 발생한 것으로 판단된다. 밧푸 주사원은 부분적으로 붕괴와 물리적 손상이 진행되어 건물의 구조안정성에 대한 지속적인 보존관리가 필요한 상태이다.

Keywords

References

  1. Choi, B.U., 2006, History of Southeast Asia : Traditional Age. Daehan Textbook Co. Ltd., 42-56. (in Korean)
  2. Federico, C. and Janet, G., 2013, Nature and provenance of the sandstone used for Bayon style sculptures produced during the reign of Jayavarman VII. Journal of Archaeological Science, 40, 723-734. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2012.06.043
  3. Federico, C. and Sokrithy, I., 2012, Khmer sandstone quarries of Kulen Mountain and Koh Ker: a petrographic and geochemical study. Journal of Archaeological Science, 39, 1455-1466. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2012.01.007
  4. Heiner, S., Stephan, P., Esther, P. and Hans, L., 2010, Sandstone weathering in tropical climate: Results of low-destructive investigations at the temple of Angkor Wat, Cambodia. Engineering Geology, 115, 182-192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2009.07.003
  5. Hosono, T., Uchida, E., Suda, C., Ueno, A. and Nakagawa, T., 2006, Salt weathering of sandstone at the Angkor monuments, Cambodia: identification of the origins of salts using sulfur and strontium isotopes. Journal of Archaeological Science, 33, 1541-1551. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2006.01.018
  6. Iliev, I.G., 1966, An attempt to estimate the degree of weathering of intrusive rocks from their physical-mechanical properties. Proceedings of the International Congress on Rock Mechanics, 1, 109-114.
  7. Jo, Y.H. and Lee, C.H., 2015, A study on selection of ultrasonic transducer and contact material for surface irregularities of stone cultural heritage. Journal of Conservation Science, 31, 267-278. (in Korean with English abstract) https://doi.org/10.12654/JCS.2015.31.3.07
  8. Kim, J.C., Lee, C.H. and Kim, J.Y., 2007, Material characteristics and deterioration degree of the Angkor Monuments in Cambodia. Science and Engineering of Cultural Heritage, 6, 91-106. (in Korean with English abstract)
  9. Lee, C.H. and Jo, Y.H., 2016, Stone Heritage of the Republic of Korea. In: Kato, S., Reedman, A., Shimazaki, Y., Uchida, T., Ngoc, N.T.M., Surinkum, A. (eds), Stone Heritage of East and Southeast Asia, CCOP, 79-103.
  10. Lee, C.H. and Jo, Y.H., 2017, Correlation and correction factor between direct and indirect methods for the ultrasonic measurement of stone samples. Environmental Earth Sciences, 76, 477(1-12). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-017-6810-7
  11. Lee, C.H., Jo, Y.H. and Chun, Y.G., 2009, Establishment of ultrasonic measurement and correlations of direct-indirect method for weathering evaluation of stone cultural heritage. Journal of Conservation Science, 25, 233-244. (in Korean with English abstract)
  12. Lee, C.H., Kim, J., Kim, H.B., Park, K.S., Baik, J.C., Suh, Y.I., Yang, Y.S., Jo, Y.H., Cho, W.C., Choi, B.U., Choi, S.E., Han, B.I. and Hong, S.G., 2012, Fundamental Investigation on the Khmer Historic Sites in South East Asia and Preliminary Master Plan for Restoration of Laos World Heritage Site. Research Report of Korea Cultural Heritage Foundation, 1-255. (in Korean)
  13. Lee, C.H., Kim, J., Jo, Y.H., Thongsa, S., Han, D.R., Yu, J.H., Rhyu, K.S. and Shin, H.C., 2013, Scientific Database Building for Cultural Heritage of Laos using Nondestructive Precise Diagnosis and Digital Technology. Research Reports of Science and Technology Support for Developing Countries, National Research Foundation of Korea, 1-234. (in Korean with English abstract)
  14. Mary Somers Heidhues, 2012, Southeast asia: A Concise History. 14-66.
  15. Shin, H.C., 2014, Deterioration diagnosis and material characteristics for construction properties in main Sanctuary of Vat Phou temple in Champasak, Lao PDR. MS Thesis in Kongju National University, 1-105. (in Korean with English abstract)
  16. Suh, M., Song, I. and Choi, H., 2012, The structural safety diagnosis of Dabo Pagoda of Bulkuk Temple using analyses of ultrasonic wave velocity. Journal of the Korean Geophysical Society, 5, 199-209.
  17. Uchida, E., Shimoda, I., Takubo, Y. and Toyouchi, K., 2012, Moisture content measurement and surface water absorption test in the inner gallery of Bayon for the conservation of the bas-relief. Journal of Archaeological Science, 39, 1420-1435. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2011.12.009
  18. Uchida, E. and Shimoda, I., 2013, Quarries and transportation routes of Angkor monument sandstone blocks. Journal of Archaeological Science, 40, 1158-1164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2012.09.036
  19. UNESCO World Heritage Center, 2001, WHC Nomination Documentation No. 481 Wat Phou (Laos).