기업가정신과 벤처연구 (The Journal of Small Business Innovation)

한국중소기업학회 (The Korean Association of Small Business studies)
권호 표지

한·중 대학생들의 자기효능감 조절효과분석: 기업가정신교육과 창업의도 관계에서

Self-Efficacy as Moderator in Entrepreneurship Education and Entrepreneurial Intention: Comparison between Korean and Chinese University Students

  • 양준환 (단국대학교, 창업지원단 글로벌기업가창업센터)
  • Yang, Jun Hwan (Global Entrepreneur and Start-up Center, Dankook University)
  • 투고 : 2015.12.16
  • 심사 : 2016.03.04
  • 발행 : 2016.03.31
PDF 다운로드
⟨ 이전 논문 다음 논문 ⟩

초록

최근 기업가정신교육은 청년대학생들의 창업에 대한 도전정신 함양과 창업환경 조성을 위해 세계적으로 주목을 받아 오고 있다. 특히 많은 나라의 대학교에서는 대학생들에게 취업의 대안으로 창업을 고려하게 하는 교육수단으로서 기업가정신 교육을 강화해 오고 있다. 국가 간 비교연구에 기반을 두고 진행한 본 연구는 한국과 중국의 대학생들을 대상으로 대학교에서 제공하는 기업가정신교육과 대학생들의 자기효능감이 창업활동과 밀접한 관계에 있는 창업의도에 유의한 영향을 미치는지를 살펴보고자 하였다. 특히 자기효능감이 기업가 정신교육과 창업의도사이에 유의한 조절역할을 하는지에 초점을 맞추어 진행하였다. 연구결과 기업가정신교육과 대학생들의 자기효능감은 한국과 중국 모두 창업의도에 유의한 정의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 특히 자기효능감의 조절효과를 확인하기 위해 창업의도에 대한 기업가정신교육과 자기효능감의 상호작용효과를 검증한 결과 한국의 경우 자기효능감이 창업의도에 유의한 조절역할을 하고 있는 것으로 나타난 반면 중국의 경우 유의하지 않음을 보이고 있었다. 이에 따라 한국대학생의 경우 창업에 대한 자기효능감이 중국 대학생들에 비해 더욱 중요함을 알 수 있었다. 마지막으로 본 연구결과에 대한 논의 및 이론적, 실무적 시사점을 제시해 두었다.

Understanding key factors that affect entrepreneurial intention of university students is important to establish effective pedagogy for educating potential entrepreneurs. This cross-cultural study examines the direct effects of entrepreneurship education and self-efficacy on entrepreneurial intention of university students, and further examined how self-efficacy interacts with an entrepreneurship education in promoting entrepreneurial intention of Korean and Chinese university students. Empirical findings of this study suggest that entrepreneurship education and self-efficacy affect significantly entrepreneurial intention of university students in both countries. The proposed moderation effect of self-efficacy was supported for Korea but not China. The implications of the study were discussed and presented in terms of theoretical and practical aspects.

키워드

참고문헌

  1. Ahlin, B., M. Drnovsek and R. D. Hisrich (2014). "Entrepreneurs' creativity and firm innovation: the moderating role of entrepreneurial self-efficacy," Small Business Economics 43(1), 101-117. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-013-9531-7
  2. Aiken, L. S. and S. G. West (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and inter-preting interactions. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
  3. Ajzen, I. (1991). "The Theory of Planned Behavior," Organizational behavior and human decision processes 50(2), 179-211. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
  4. Alberti, F., S. Sciascia, and A. Poli, (2004). "Entrepreneurship education: notes on an ongoing debate," Paper presented at 14th Annual IntEnt Conference, Naples.
  5. Amoros J. and N. Bosma (2013). 2013 Global Report, Global Entrepreneurship Monitor.
  6. Anderson, A. and S. Jack (2008). "Role typologies for enterprising education: the professional artisan?" Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development 15(2), 259-273. https://doi.org/10.1108/14626000810871664
  7. Athayde, R. (2009). "Measuring enterprise potential in young people," Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 33(2), 481-500. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2009.00300.x
  8. Autio, E., R. Keeley, M. Klofsten, G. Parker and M. Hay (2001). "Entrepreneurial intent among students in Scandinavia and in the USA," Enterprise and Innovation Management Studies 2(2), 145-160. https://doi.org/10.1080/14632440110094632
  9. Ballout, H. I. (2009). "Career commitment and career success: moderating role of self-efficacy," Career Development International 14(7), 655-670. https://doi.org/10.1108/13620430911005708
  10. Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.
  11. Bandura, A. (1982). "Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency," American Psychology 37, 122-147. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.37.2.122
  12. Baron, R. M. and D. A. Kenny (1986). "The Moderator-mediator variable dis-tinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical consideration" Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 51(6), 1173-1182. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173
  13. Belsley, D. A. (1991). Conditioning diag nostics: Collinearity and weak data in regression (1st ed.) New York: Wiley-Interscience.
  14. Bird, B. (1988). "Implementing entrepre- neurial ideas: The case for intention," Academy of Management Review 13(3), 442-453. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1988.4306970
  15. Boyd, N. G. and G. S. Vozikis (1994). "The influence of self-efficacy on the development of entrepreneurial intentions and actions," Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 18(4), 63-77. https://doi.org/10.1177/104225879401800404
  16. Brislin, R. W., W. J. Lonner, and R. M. Thorndike (1973). Cross-cultural research methods, New York: Wiley.
  17. Brockhaus, R. H. and P. S.Horwitz (1986). The Psychology of the Entrepreneur. In D. Sexton & R. Smilor (eds). The art and science of entrepreneurship. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.
  18. Bryant, P. (2006). Improving entrepreneurial education through self-regulatory skills. The NCIIA.
  19. Bstieler, L. (2005). "The moderating effect of environmental uncertainty on new product development and time efficiency," Journal of Product Innovation Management 22(3), 267-284. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0737-6782.2005.00122.x
  20. Charney A. and G. D. Libecap, (2000). The Impact of Entrepreneurship Education: An Evaluation of the Berger Entrepreneurship Program at the University of Arizona, 1985-1999. Kansas City, MO: The Kauffman Center for Entrepreneurial Leadership.
  21. Chen, C., P. Green, and A. Crick (1998). "Does entrepreneurial self-efficacy dis tinguish entrepreneurs from managers?" Journal of Business Venturing 13, 295-316. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(97)00029-3
  22. Choi, Y. H. and C. S. Jung (2015). "Relationship between self-leadership, Self-efficacy and Empowerment in Nursing Students," Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial 16(7), 4604-4613. https://doi.org/10.5762/KAIS.2015.16.7.4604
  23. Cohen, J., P. Cohen, S. G. West, and L. S. Aiken (2003). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences (3rd ed.) Mahaw: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  24. Ferreira, J., M. Raposo, R. Rodrigues, A. Dinis, and A. Paco (2012). "A model of entrepreneurial intention. An appli cation of the psychological and behav ioral approaches," Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development 19(3), 424-440. https://doi.org/10.1108/14626001211250144
  25. Fiet, J. O. (2001). "The theoretical side of teaching entrepreneurship," Journal of Business Venturing 16(1), 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(99)00041-5
  26. Fishbein, M. and I. Ajzen (1975). Belief, attitude, intention and behavior: An introduction to theory and research. Addison-Wesley.
  27. Ford, C. M. (1996). "A theory of individual creative action in multiple social do mains," Academy of Management Review 21(4), 1112-1142. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1996.9704071865
  28. Franke, N. and C. Luthje (2004). "Entrepreneurial Intentions of Business Students: A benchmarking Study," International Journal of Innovation and Technology Management 1(3), 269-288. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0219877004000209
  29. Gerba, D. T. (2012). "The context of entrepreneurship education in Ethiopian universities," Management Research Review 35(3/4), 225-244. https://doi.org/10.1108/01409171211210136
  30. Hair, J. F., M. Wolfinbarger, D. J. Ortinau and R. P. Bush (2008). Essentials of Marketing Research. New York, McGraw-Hill Irwin.
  31. Hair, J. F., W. C. Black, B. J. Babin, and R. E. Anderson (2010). Multivariate data analysis (7th ed.) New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
  32. Hmieleski, K. M. and A. C. Corbett (2008). "The contrasting interaction effects of improvisational behavior with entrepreneurial self-efficacy on new venture performance and entrepreneur work sat isfaction," Journal of Business Venturing 23(4), 482-496. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2007.04.002
  33. Jiang, Z. and Z. Wang (2014). "Entrepreneurial Intention and Outcome Expectancy: Evidence from South Korea and China," Contemporary Management Research 10(3), 251-270. https://doi.org/10.7903/cmr.12012
  34. Katz, J. A. (2003). "The chronology and intellectual trajectory of American entrepreneurship education," Journal of Business Venturing 18(2), 283-300. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(02)00098-8
  35. Katz, J. A. and W. B. Gartner (1988). "Properties of emerging organizations," Academy of Management Review 13(3), 429-441. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1988.4306967
  36. Kim, K. S. (2012). "The Influence of Career Self-Efficacy on Risk Taking Level in University Students," Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial Cooperation Society 13, 1054-1060. https://doi.org/10.5762/KAIS.2012.13.3.1054
  37. Kristiansen, S. and N. Indarti (2004). "Entrepreneurial intention among Indonesian and Norwegian students," Journal of Enterprising Culture 12(1), 55-78. https://doi.org/10.1142/S021849580400004X
  38. Krueger Jr. N. F., M. D. Reilly, and A. L. Carsrud (2000). "Competing models of entrepreneurial intentions," Journal of Business Venturing 15(5), 411-432. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(98)00033-0
  39. Kundu, S. C. and S. Rani (2008). "Human resources' entrepreneurial attitude orientation by gender and background: a study of Indian Air Force trainee," International Journal of Management and Enterprise Development 5(1), 77-101. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJMED.2008.015908
  40. Kuratko, D. (2009). Introduction to Entrepreneurship. South-Western CENGAGE Learning.
  41. Laviolette, E. M., M. R. Lefebvre, and O. Brunel (2012). "The impact of story bound entrepreneurial role models on self-efficacy and entrepreneurial intention," International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research 18(6), 720-742. https://doi.org/10.1108/13552551211268148
  42. Lee, S. M., S. Lim, R. D. Pathak, D. Chang and W. Li (2006). "Influences on students attitudes toward entrepreneurship: a multi-country study," The International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal 2(3), 351-366. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-006-0003-2
  43. Linan, F., J. Rodriguez-Cohard, and J. Rueda-Cantuche (2011). "Factors af fecting entrepreneurial intention levels: a role for education," International Entrepreneurship and management Journal 7(2), 195-218. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-010-0154-z
  44. Linan, F. and Y. W. Chen (2009). "Development and Cross-Cultural ap plication of a specific instrument to measure entrepreneurial intentions," Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 33(3), 593-617. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2009.00318.x
  45. Luthje, C. and N. Franke (2003). "The making of an entrepreneur: testing a model of entrepreneurial intention among engineering students at MIT," R&D Management 33(2), 135-147. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9310.00288
  46. Markman, G. D., D. B. Balkin, and R. A. Baron (2002). "Inventors and new ven ture formation: The effects of general self-efficacy and regretful thinking," Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 27(2), 149-165. https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-8520.00004
  47. Matlay, H. and P. Westhead (2005). "Virtual teams and the rise of entrepreneurship in Europe," International Small Business Journal 12(3), 279-302.
  48. McGee, J. E., M. Peterson, S. L. Mueller, and J. M. Sequeira (2009). "Entrepreneurial self-efficacy: refining the measure," Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 33(4), 956-988.
  49. Nabi, G. and R. Holden (2008). "Graduate entrepreneurship: intentions, education and training," Education+Training 50(7), 545-551. https://doi.org/10.1108/00400910810909018
  50. Naktiyok, A., C. N. Karabey, and A. C. Gulluce (2010). "Entrepreneurial self-efficacy and entrepreneurial intention: the Turkish case," International Entrepreneurship Management Journal 6, 419-435. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-009-0123-6
  51. Noel, T. W. (2002). "Effects of Entrepreneurial Education on Intent to open a Business: An Exploratory Study," Journal of Entrepreneurship Education 5, 3-13.
  52. Nunnally, J. C. and I. H. Bernstein (1994). Psychometric Theory (3rd. ed.) New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co.
  53. Pihie, Z. A. L., A. Bagheri, A. Haslinda, and A. Sani (2012). "Exploring Regulatory Focus, Entrepreneurial Intention, Self-Efficacy and Entrepreneurial Skills among Malaysian Higher Learning Institution Students," paper presented at ECIE2012-7th European Conference on Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Portugal.
  54. Rhee, J. Y., E. J. Kang, and J. H. Hahn, (2010). "The effect of Self-leadership on empowerment, self-efficacy and in novation," Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial 11(11), 4273-4281. https://doi.org/10.5762/KAIS.2010.11.11.4273
  55. Segal, G., D. Borgia, and J. Schoenfeld (2005). "The motivation to become an entrepreneur," International Journal of Entrepreneurship Behavior and Research 11(1), 42-57. https://doi.org/10.1108/13552550510580834
  56. Shapero, A. (1982). Social dimensions of entrepreneurship. In The Encyclopedia of Entrepreneurship, C. Kent, D. Sexton and K. Vesper(Eds.). Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall.
  57. Shariff, A. M., N. F. Hasan, Z. Mohamad and K. Jusoff (2010). "The Relationship between Active Teaching and Learning with Graduate's Entrepreneurial Intention and Interest," Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business 2(1), 283-296.
  58. Singh, J. (1995). "Measurement issues in cross-national research," Journal of International Business Studies 26(3), 597-619. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490188
  59. Solesvik, M. Z. (2013). "Entrepreneurial motivations and intentions: investigating the role of education major," Education+Training 55(3), 253-271. https://doi.org/10.1108/00400911311309314
  60. Solomon, G. T., S. Duffy, and A. Tarabishy (2002). "The state of entrepreneurship education in the United States: a nation wide survey and analysis," International Journal of Entrepreneurship Education 1(1), 65-86.
  61. Stucliffe, K. N. and T. J. Vogus (2003). Organizing for resilience, in Cameron, K. S., Dutton, J. E. and Quinn, R. E. (eds), Positive Organizational Scholarship, pp. 94-110, Berrett-Koehler Publishers.
  62. Tang, J. (2008). "Environmental munificence for entrepreneurs: entrepreneurial alertness and commitment," International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior and Research 14(3), 128-151. https://doi.org/10.1108/13552550810874664
  63. Turker, D. and S. Selcuk (2009). "Which factors affect entrepreneurial intention of university students?," Journal of European Industrial Training 33(2), 142-159 https://doi.org/10.1108/03090590910939049
  64. Veciana, J. M., M. Aponte, and D. Urbano (2005). "University students' attitudes towards entrepreneurship: a two countries comparison," International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal 1, 165-182. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-005-1127-5
  65. Weidenbaum, M. and S. Hughes (1996). "Asia's bamboo network," American Enterprise 7(5), 68-69.
  66. Wu, S. and L. Wu (2008). "The impact of higher education on entrepreneurial intentions of university students in China," Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development 15(4), 752-774. https://doi.org/10.1108/14626000810917843
  67. Yendall, M. (2001). Establishing a crossfaculty Entrepreneurship Program for Undergraduate. In: Brockhaus, R. H., Hills, G. E., Klandt, H., Welsch, H. P. (eds) Entrepreneur- ship Education. A global view. Burlington: Ashgate, 301-317.