Anti-fatigue Effect of Kyung-Ok-Ko

경옥고의 항피로 효능

  • Kim, Yong An (College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University) ;
  • Jin, Sun Woo (College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University) ;
  • Kim, Soul Mi (College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University) ;
  • Lee, Gi Ho (College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University) ;
  • Kim, Se Jong (College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University) ;
  • Lee, Wang Lok (Department of Sport Science, Chungnam National University) ;
  • Na, MinKyun (College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University) ;
  • Jeong, Hye Gwang (College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University)
  • Received : 2016.05.27
  • Accepted : 2016.07.27
  • Published : 2016.09.30

Abstract

In this study, we tested anti-fatigue effect of Kyung-Ok-Ko (KOK). We examined the exercise performance effects of KOK (600 mg/kg) at 2nd, 3rd and 4th week. The exercise performance of KOK treated group was significantly improved than that of vehicle control (VC) group on grip strength (2nd week), exhausted time of treadmill (3rd week) and exhausted time of weight loaded swimming (4th week). We also investigated the effects of KOK on the change of fatigue parameters in blood, skeletal muscle and liver after swimming exercise. KOK significantly reduced lactate level and enhanced glucose level in blood. Equally KOK significantly increased glycogen in skeletal muscle. However, the glycogen level of KOK in the liver was not significantly increased compared to VC group. These results show that supplementation of KOK may improve the anti-fatigue activity and exercise capacity.

Keywords

References

  1. Fangbo, X., Yu, Z., Mengqiu, L., Qi, C., Yonghong, L., Xinmin, L. and Ruile, P. (2015) Antioxidant and anti-fatigue constituents of okra. Nutrients 7: 8846-8858. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7105435
  2. Chaudhuri, A. and Behan, P. O. (2004) Fatigue in neurological disorders. Lancet 363: 978-988. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(04)15794-2
  3. Belluardo, N., Westerblad, H., Mudo, G. and Casabona, A. (2001) Neuromuscular junction disassembly and muscle fatigue in mice lacking neurotrophin-4. Mol. Cell Neurosci. 18: 56-67. https://doi.org/10.1006/mcne.2001.1001
  4. Tharakan, B., Dhanasekaran, M., Brown-Borg, H. M. and Manyam, B. V. (2006) Trichopus zeylanicus combats fatigue without amphetamine-mimetic activity. Phytother. Res. 20: 165-168. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.1773
  5. Huang, L. Z., Huang, B. K., Ye, Q. and Qin, L. P. (2011) Bioactivity guided fractionation for anti-fatigue property of Acanthopanax senticosus. J. Ethnopharmacol. 133: 213-219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2010.09.032
  6. Palikowska, T., Chalder, T., Hirsch, S. R., Wallace, P., Wright, D. J. and Wessely, S. C. (1994) Population based study of fatigue and psychological distress. BMJ 308: 763-766. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.308.6931.763
  7. Li, G. (2013) The fatigue situation of 283 healthy people to check up and its correlation with physical indicators, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine: Beijing, China.
  8. Uehata, T. K. (2005) Death by overwork. Nippon Rinsho Jpn. J. Clin. Med. 63: 1249-1253.
  9. Hung, W. C., Chiu, W. C., Chuang, H. L., Tang, D. W., Lee, Z. M., Li, W., Cheu, F. A. and Huang, C. C. (2015) Effect of curcumin supplementation on physiological fatigue and physical performance in mice. Nutrients 7: 905-921. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7020905
  10. Ament, W. and Verkerek, G. J. (2009) Exercise and fatigue. Sports Med. 39: 389-422. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200939050-00005
  11. Zwarts, M, J., Bleijenberg, G. and Engelen, B. G. (2008) Clinical neurophysiology of fatigue. Clin. Neurophysiol. 119: 2-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2007.09.126
  12. Yamamoto, T., Azechi, H. and Board, M. (2012) Essential role of excessive tryptophan and its neurometabolites in fatigue. Can. J. Neurol. Sci. 39: 40-47. https://doi.org/10.1017/S031716710001266X
  13. Steinacker, J. M., Brkic, M., Simsch, C., Nething, K., Kresz, A., Prokopchuk, O. and Lie, Y. (2005) Thyroid hormones, cytokines, physical training and metabolic control. Horm. Metab. Res. 37: 538-544. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2005-870419
  14. Neyround, D., Maffiuletti, N. A., Kayser, B. and Place, N. (2012) Mechanisms of fatigue and task failure induced by sustained submaximal contractions. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 44: 1242-1251.
  15. Liu, H. L. and Qu, W. L. (2010) Advance of ancient literature research on Qiong-yu-gao. Shaanxi J. Tradit. Chin. Med. 9: 1231-1232.
  16. Teng, Z. Y., Cheng, X. L., Xue, T., Yang, Y., Sun, X. Y., Xu, J. D., Lu, W. G., Chen, J., Hu, C. P., Zhou, Q., Wang, X. N., Song, L. and Peng, C. (2015) Ancient chinese formula Qiong-Yu-Gao protects against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity without reducing anti-tumor activity. Sci. Rep. 5: 15592. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep15592
  17. Whang, W. K., Oh, I. S., Lee, S. H., Choi, S. B. and Kim, I. H. (1994) The physiological activityes of kyung-ok-go(II): effects on the hyperglycemia, hypertension, anti-fatigue and decrease of body weight. Kor. J. Pharmacogn. 25: 51-58
  18. Lee, S. Y., Shin, Y. J., Pakr, J. H., Kim, S. M. and Park, C. S. (2008) An analysis for the gyung-ok-go ingredients and a comparison study on anti oxidation effects according to the kinds of extract. Kor. J. Herbology 23: 123-136.
  19. Iijima, M., Higashi, T., Sanadan, S. and Shoji, T. (1976) Effect of ginseing saponin on nuclear ribonucleic acid (RNA) metabolism, RNA synthesis in rats treated with ginsenosides. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 24: 2400-2405. https://doi.org/10.1248/cpb.24.2400
  20. Yamamoto, M., Takeuchi, N., Kumagai, A. and Yamamura, Y. (1977). Stimulatory effect of Panax ginseng principles on DNA, RNA, protein and lipid synthesis in rat bone marrow. Arzneimittelforschung 27: 1169-1173.
  21. Bahrake, M. S. and Morgan, W. P. (1994) Evaluation of the ergogenic properties of ginseng. Sports Med. 18: 229-246. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-199418040-00003
  22. Satio, H. and Lee, Y. M. (1978) Pharmacological properties of Panax ginseong root. 109, Proceedings of 2nd International of ginseng symposium. Sri Lanka.
  23. Avakian, E. V. and Sugimoto, B. R. (1983) Effect of Panax ginseng extract on blood energy substrates during exercise. Feder. Procee. 42: 287.
  24. Phelps, M., Pettan, B. C., Ladiges, W. and Yablonka, Z. (2013) Decline in muscle strength and running endurance in klotho deficient C57BL/6 mice. Biogerontology 14: 729-39. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10522-013-9447-2
  25. Huang, Y. S., Lee, S. D., Hsu, M. F., Wang, R. Y., Kao, C. L. and Kuo, C. H. (2014) Decreased eccentric exercise-induced macrophage infiltration in skeletal muscle after supplementation with a class of ginseng-derived steroids. PLoS One 9: e114649. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0114649
  26. Le, M. L., Mille, H. L., Triba, M. N., Breuneval, C., Petot, H. and Billat, V. L. (2012) NMR metabolomics for assessment of exercise effects with mouse biofluids. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 404: 593-602. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-012-6165-6
  27. Lee, J. H., Lee, H. J., Yang, M. Y., Moon, C. J., Kim, J. C., Bae, C. S., Jo, S. K., Jang, J. S., and Kim, S. H. (2013) Effect of Koeran red ginseng on radiation-induced bone loss in C3H/HeN mice. J. Ginseng. Res. 37: 435-441. https://doi.org/10.5142/jgr.2013.37.435
  28. Tang, W., Zhang, Y., Gao, J., Ding, X. and Gao, S. (2008) The anti-fatigue effect of 20(R)-ginsenoside Rg3 in mice by intranasally administration. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 31: 2024-2027. https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.31.2024
  29. Choi, J. Y., Woo, T. S., Yoon, S. Y., Ike, C. P., Choi, Y. J., Ahn, H. S., Lee, Y. S., Yu, G. Y. and Cheong, J. H. (2011) Red ginseng supplementation more effectively alleviates psychological than physical fatigue. J. Ginseng Res. 35: 331-338. https://doi.org/10.5142/jgr.2011.35.3.331
  30. Hwang, H., Kim, J., Park J., Yun H., Cheon, W. K., Kim, B., Lee C. H., Suh, H. and Lim, K. (2014) Red ginseng treatment for two weeks promotes fat metabolism during exercise in mice. Nutrients 6: 1874-1885. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu6051874
  31. Kim, D. G., Park, W. H. and Cha, Y. H. (2011) Effect of kyungok-go on aerobic capacity and anti-fatigue in high school soccer players. Kor. J. Ori. Physiol. Pathol. 25: 934-944.
  32. Tain, C., Kim, Y. J., Lim, H. J., Kim, Y. S., Park, H. Y. and Chung, Y. H. (2014) Red ginseng delays age-related hearing and vestibular dysfunction in C57BL/6mice. Exp. Gerontol. 57: 224-232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2014.06.013
  33. Kim, J. H. (2011) The anti-fatigue effect of modified kyungok-go composition oriental medicines. PhD Thesis. Dong A University, Korea.