Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety (한국식품위생안전성학회지)

The Korean Society of Food Hygiene and Safety (한국식품위생안전성학회)
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Risk Analysis of Inorganic Arsenic in Foods

식품 중 무기비소의 위해 분석

  • Yang, Seung-Hyun (Division of Food & Environmental Sciences, College of Life Science and Natural Resources, Wonkwang University) ;
  • Park, Ji-Su (Division of Food & Environmental Sciences, College of Life Science and Natural Resources, Wonkwang University) ;
  • Cho, Min-Ja (Food Contaminants Division, Food Safety Evaluation Department, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation) ;
  • Choi, Hoon (Division of Food & Environmental Sciences, College of Life Science and Natural Resources, Wonkwang University)
  • 양승현 (원광대학교 생명자원과학대학 식품환경학부) ;
  • 박지수 (원광대학교 생명자원과학대학 식품환경학부) ;
  • 조민자 (식품의약품안전평가원 식품위해평가부 오염물질과) ;
  • 최훈 (원광대학교 생명자원과학대학 식품환경학부)
  • Received : 2016.07.15
  • Accepted : 2016.08.08
  • Published : 2016.08.30
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Abstract

Arsenic and its compounds vary in their toxicity according to the chemical forms. Inorganic arsenic is more toxic and known as carcinogen. The provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) of $15{\mu}g/kg$ b.w./week established by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) has been withdrawn, while the EFSA panel suggested $BMDL_{0.1}$ $0.3{\sim}8{\mu}g/kg\;b.w./day$ for cancers of the lung, skin and bladder, as well as skin lesions. Rice, seaweed and beverages are known as food being rich in inorganic arsenic. As(III) is the major form of inorganic arsenic in rice and anaerobic paddy soils, while most of inorganic arsenic in seaweed is present as As(V). The inorganic arsenic in food was extracted with solvent such as distilled water, methanol, nitric acid and so on in heat-assisted condition or at room temperature. Arsenic speciation analysis was based on ion-exchange chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography equipped with atomic absorption spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. However, there has been no harmonized and standardized method for inorganic arsenic analysis internationally. The inorganic arsenic exposure from food has been estimated to range of $0.13{\sim}0.7{\mu}g/kg$ bw/day for European, American and Australian, and $0.22{\sim}5{\mu}g/kg$ bw/day for Asian. The maximum level (ML) for inorganic arsenic in food has established by EU, China, Australia and New Zealand, but are under review in Korea. Until now, several studies have conducted for reduction of inorganic arsenic in food. Inorganic arsenic levels in rice and seaweed were reduced by more polishing and washing, boiling and washing, respectively. Further research for international harmonization of analytical method, monitoring and risk assessment will be needed to strengthen safety management of inorganic arsenic of foods in Korea.

비소는 화학적 형태에 따라 독성이 상이하며 무기비소의 독성이 강하며 피부병변이나 피부암을 유발시키는 발암물질로 알려져 있다. 무기비소의 인체섭취한계량으로, JECFA에서는 기존의 무기비소의 주간잠정섭취허용량 $15{\mu}g/kg$ b.w./week을 철회하였으며, EFSA에서는 폐, 피부암, 피부병변 등에 대한 $BMDL_{0.1}$ $0.3{\sim}8{\mu}g/kg$ b.w./day를 제시하였다. 식품 중 쌀, 해조류 및 음료류은 무기비소 함량이 높은 식품으로 알려져 있다. 식품 중 쌀, 해조류 및 음료류은 무기비소 함량이 높은 식품으로 알려져 있다. 쌀을 재배하는 논 토양은 혐기성으로 주요 무기비소 화학종이 As(III)이기 때문에 쌀에서도 주요 무기비소 화학종이 As(III)인 반면, 수계에서는 주로 As(V)로 존재하기에 해조류에서의 주요 무기비소 화학종은 As(V)이다. 식품 중 무기비소 분석은 증류수, 메탄올, 질산용액 등을 이용해 가온 또는 상온조건에서 추출한 후 이온교환크로마토그래피과 액체크로마토그래피를 활용하여 비소화학종을 분리하고 원자흡광광도계, 유도결합플라즈마 질량분석기를 통하여 정량 및 정성분석이 이루어지고 있으나, 국제적으로 통용되는 보편화된 방법은 아직 제시되지 않고 있다. 유럽, 미국인 등의 무기비소 노출수준은 $0.13{\sim}0.7{\mu}g/kg$ bw/day인 반면, 우리나라를 포함한 아시아인의 무기비소 노출수준은 $0.22{\sim}5{\mu}g/kg$ bw/day인 것으로 추정되고 있다. 각 국가에서는 식품 중 무기비소 기준을 설정하고 있으며 국내에서도 관련 기준 설정을 준비 중에 있다. 현재까지 식품 중무기비소 저감화를 위해 많은 연구가 이루어지고 있으며, 쌀의 경우 도정도를 높이거나 세척을 많이 할수록, 해조류는 끓이는 과정을 통해 무기비소 함량을 크게 줄일 수 있다. 식품 중 무기비소 안전관리 강화를 위해서는 관련 시험법의 국제적 조화, 실태조사를 통한 무기비소 노출에 관한 지속적인 연구가 요구된다.

Keywords

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