Earthquakes and Structures

Techno-Press (테크노프레스)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Influence of green roofs on the seismic response of frame structures

  • Bianchini, Fabricio (School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, Okanagan School of Engineering) ;
  • Haque, A.B.M. Rafiqul (School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, Okanagan School of Engineering) ;
  • Hewage, Kasun (School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, Okanagan School of Engineering) ;
  • Alam, M. Shahria (School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, Okanagan School of Engineering)
  • Received : 2012.06.24
  • Accepted : 2016.07.18
  • Published : 2016.08.25
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Environmental and operational benefits of green roofs are manifolds; however, their main disadvantages are cost and weight. New technology enabled the use of plastics to reduce the weight of green roof systems to promote their installation. To maximize their potential benefits, green roofs can be installed on existing structures. This study evaluates the influence of green roofs on the seismic response of 3, 6, and 8 storey reinforced concrete ductile moment resisting frames, which were designed according to current seismic standards, however, not designed for green roofs. For each frame, three different types of roofs are considered: gravel flat roof, extensive green roof, and intensive green roof. Nonlinear dynamic time history analysis using an ensemble of twenty real earthquake records was performed to determine the inter-storey drift demand and roof drift demand for each frame. Eigenvalue analysis was also performed to determine the impact of green roofs weight on the elastic and cracked periods of the structure. Results from the analysis demonstrated that intensive and extensive green roofs do not affect the seismic performance of reinforced concrete frame structures.

Keywords

References

  1. Abrahamson, N.A. (1992), "Non-stationary spectral matching", Seismol. Res. Lett., 63(1), 30.
  2. ACI (2008), "Building code requirement for structural concrete and commentary", ACI-318, American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI.
  3. Alam, M.S., Moni, M. and Tesfamariam, S. (2012), "Seismic overstrength and ductility of concrete buildings reinforced with superelastic shape memory alloy rebar", Eng. Struct., 34(1), 8-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2011.08.030
  4. Baros, D.K. and Dritsos, S.E. (2008), "A simplified procedure to select a suitable retrofit strategy for existing RC buildings using pushover analysis", J. Earthq. Eng., 12(6), 823-848. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632460801890240
  5. Bianchini, F. and Hewage, K. (2012), "How "green" are the green roofs? Lifecycle analysis of green roof materials", Build. Environ., 48, 57-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2011.08.019
  6. Clark, C., Adriaens, P. and Talbot, F.B. (2008), "Green roof valuation: A probabilistic economic analysis of environmental benefits", Environ. Sci. Technol., 42(6), 2155-2161. https://doi.org/10.1021/es0706652
  7. City of Portland, Oregon (2008), "Cost benefit evaluation of ecoroofs", Available from: http://econw.com/reports/ECONorthwest_Cost-Benefit-Evaluation-of-Ecoroofs_2008.pdf [accessed November 11th, 2011].
  8. Correia, A.A. and Virtuoso, F.B.E. (2006), "Nonlinear analysis of space frames", Proceedings of the Third European Conference on Computational Mechanics: Solids, Structures and Coupled Problems in Engineering, Lisbon, Portugal.
  9. Currie, B. and Bass, B. (2010), "Using green roofs to enhance biodiversity in the city of Toronto", Discussion paper for Toronto City Planning.
  10. CSA A23.3-04. (2004), Design of Concrete Structures, 5th ed. Rexdale, ON, Canada: Canadian Standards Association.
  11. Czemiel Berndtsson, J. (2010), "Green roof performance towards management of runoff water quantity and quality: A review", Ecological Eng., 36(4), 351-360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2009.12.014
  12. Mander, J.B., Priestley, M.J.N. and Park, R. (1988), "Theoretical stress-strain model for confined concrete", J. Struct. Eng., 114(8), 1804-1826. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1988)114:8(1804)
  13. Martinez-Rueda, J.E. and Elnashai, A.S. (1997), "Confined concrete model under cyclic load", Mater. Struct., 30(197), 139-147. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02486385
  14. Molineux, C.J., Fentiman, C.H. and Gange, A.C (2009), "Characterising alternative recycled waste materials for use as green roof growing media in the U.K.", Ecological Eng., 35(10), 1507-1513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2009.06.010
  15. NBCC (2005), National Building Code of Canada, Canadian Commission on Building and Fire Codes, Ottawa: National Research Council of Canada.
  16. Nelms, C.E., Russell, A.D. and Lence, B.J. (2007), "Assessing the performance of sustainable technologies: A framework and its application", Build. Res. Inform., 35(3), 237-251. https://doi.org/10.1080/09613210601058139
  17. Niroomandi, A., Maheri, A., Maheri, M.R. and Mahini, S.S. (2010), "Seismic performance of ordinary RC frames retrofitted at joints by FRP sheets", Eng. Struct., 32(8), 2326-2336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2010.04.008
  18. Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER 2007), Available from: http://peer.berkeley.edu [accessed November 14th, 2011].
  19. Hancock, J., Watson-Lamprey, J., Abrahamson, N.A., Bommer, J.J., Markatis, A., McCoy, E. and Mendis, R. (2006), "An improved method of matching response spectra of recorded earthquake ground motion using wavelets", J. Earthq. Eng., 10(spec01), 67-89.
  20. Santamouris, M., Pavlou, C., Doukas, P., Mihalakakou, G., Synnefa, A., Hatzibiros, A. and Patargias, P. (2007), "Investigating and analysing the energy and environmental performance of an experimental green roof system installed in a nursery school building in Athens, Greece", Energy, 32(9), 1781-1788. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2006.11.011
  21. SeismoSoft (2013), SeismoStuct v.6.5-structural analysis program, Available from URL: http://www.seismosoft.com.
  22. SeismoSoft (2012), SeismoMatch v.1.3.0.-response spectrum analysis program, Available from URL: http://www.seismosoft.com.
  23. Snodgrass, E.C. and McIntyre, L. (2010), The Green Roof Manual, Timber Press, Portland, OR.
  24. Thermou, G.E. and Elnashai, A.S. (2005), "Seismic retrofit schemes for RC structures and local-global consequences", Prog. Struct. Eng. Mater., 8(1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1002/pse.208
  25. Xeroflor Canada (2011), "Xeroflor systems", Available from: http://www.xeroflor.ca/types-andsystems/ xero-flor-systems.html [accessed March 18th, 2011].
  26. Yang, J., Yu, Q. and Gong, P. (2008), "Quantifying air pollution removal by green roofs in Chicago", Atmospheric Environ., 42(31), 7266-7273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.07.003