References
- Farage MA, Miller KW, Elsner P, Maibach HI. Characteristics of the aging skin. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2013;2:5-10. https://doi.org/10.1089/wound.2011.0356
- Proksch E, Proksch E, Schunck M, Zague V, Segger D, Degwert J, Oesser S. Oral intake of specific bioactive collagen peptides reduces skin wrinkles and increases dermal matrix synthesis. Skin Pharm Physiol 2014;27:113-9. https://doi.org/10.1159/000355523
- Takema Y, Yorimoto Y, Kawai M, Imokawa G. Age-related changes in the elastic properties and thickness of human facial skin. Br J Dermatol 1994;131:641-8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1994.tb04975.x
- Takema Y, Yorimoto Y, Kawai M. The relationship between age-related changes in the physical properties and development of wrinkles in human facial skin. J Soc Cosmet Chem 1995;46:163-73.
- Hong CE, Lyu SY. Anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects of Korean red ginseng extract in human keratinocytes. Immune Netw 2001;11:42-9.
- Bae HM, Kim SS, Cho CW, Yang DC, Ko SK, Kim KT. Antioxidant activities of ginseng seeds treated by autoclaving. J Ginseng Res 2012;36:411-7. https://doi.org/10.5142/jgr.2012.36.4.411
- Yun TK. Experimental and epidemiological evidence on nonorgan specific cancer preventive effect of Korean ginseng and identification of active compounds. Mutat Res 2003;523-524:63-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0027-5107(02)00322-6
- Kim CS, Jo YJ, Park SH, Kim HJ, Han JY, Hong JT, Cheong JH, Oh KW. Anti-stress effects of ginsenoside Rg3-standardized ginseng extract in restraint stressed animals. Biomol Ther 2010;18:219-25. https://doi.org/10.4062/biomolther.2010.18.2.219
- Lee H, Lee JY, Song KC, Kim J, Park JH, Chun KH, Hwang GS. Protective effect of processed Panax ginseng, sun ginseng on UVB-irradiated human skin keratinocyte and human fibroblast. J Ginseng Res 2012;36:68-77. https://doi.org/10.5142/jgr.2012.36.1.68
- Lee J, Jung E, Lee J, Huh S, Kim J, Park M, So J, Ham Y, Jung K, Hyun CG, et al. Panax ginseng induces human Type I collagen synthesis through activation of Smad signaling. J Ethnopharmacol 2007;109:29-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2006.06.008
- Lu JM, Yao Q, Chen C. Ginseng compounds: an update on their molecular mechanisms and medical applications. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2009;7:293-302. https://doi.org/10.2174/157016109788340767
- Karikura M, Miyase T, Tanizawa H, Taniyama T, Takino Y. Studies on absorption, distribution, excretion and metabolism of ginseng sapoinins VII. Comparison of the decomposition modes of ginsenodise-Rb1 and -Rb2 in the digestive tract of rats. Chem Pham Bull 1991;39:2357-61. https://doi.org/10.1248/cpb.39.2357
- Park CS, Yoo MH, Noh KH, Oh DK. Biotransformation of ginsenosides by hydrolyzing the sugar moieties of ginsenosides using microbial glycosidases. Appl Microbiol Biotech 2010;87:9-19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-010-2567-6
- Lee HS, Kim MR, Park Y, Park HJ, Chang UJ, Kim SY, Suh HJ. Fermenting red ginseng enhances its safety and efficacy as a novel skin care anti-aging ingredient: in vitro and animal study. J Med Food 2012;15:1015-23. https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2012.2187
- Hwang E, Sun ZW, Lee TH, Shin HS, Park SY, Lee DG, Cho BG, Sohn H, Kwon OW, Kim SY, et al. Enzyme-processed Korean Red Ginseng extracts protects against skin damage induced by UVB irradiation in hairless mice. J. Ginseng Res 2013;37:425-34. https://doi.org/10.5142/jgr.2013.37.425
- Hwang E, Lee TH, Park SY, Yi TH, Kim SY. Enzyme-modified Panax ginseng inhibits UVB-induced skin aging through the regulation of procollagen type I and MMP-1 expression. Food Func 2014;5:265-74. https://doi.org/10.1039/C3FO60418G
- Yuan CS, Wang CZ, Wicks SM, Qi LW. Chemical and pharmacological studies of saponins with a focus on American ginseng. J Ginseng Res 2010;34:160-7. https://doi.org/10.5142/jgr.2010.34.3.160
- Tagami H. Functional characteristics of the stratum corneum in photoaged skin in comparison with those found in intrinsicaging. Arch Dermatol Res 2008;300:S1-6.
- Ichihashi M, Ueda M, Budiyanto A, Bito T, Oka M, Fukunaga M, Tsuru K, Horikawa T. UV-induced skin damage. Toxicol 2003;189:21-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0300-483X(03)00150-1
- Varani J, Spearman D, Perone P, Fligiel SE, Datta SC, Wang ZQ, Shao Y, Kang S, Fisher GJ, Voorhees JJ. Inhibition of type I procollagen synthesis by damaged collagen in photoaged skin and by collagenase-degraded collagen in vitro. Am J Pathol 2001;158:931-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9440(10)64040-0
- Pittelkow MR, Coffey Jr RJ, Moses HJ. Keratinocytes produce and are regulated by transforming growth factors. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1988;548:211-24. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1988.tb18809.x
- Song KC, Chang TS, Lee H, Kim J, Park JH, Hwang GS. Processed Panax ginseng, sun ginseng increases type I collagen by regulating MMP-1 and TIMP-1 expression in human dermal fibroblasts. J Ginseng Res 2012;36:61-7. https://doi.org/10.5142/jgr.2012.36.1.61
- Kwok HH, Yue PY, Mak NK, Wong RN. Ginsenoside Rb1 induces type I collagen expression through peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-delta. Biochem Pharmacol 2012;84:532-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2012.05.023
- Kambayashi H, Yamashita M, Odake Y, Takada K, Funasaka Y, Ichihashi M. Epidermal changes caused by chronic low-dose UV irradiation induce wrinkle formation in hairless mouse. J Dermatol Sci 2001;27:S19-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0923-1811(01)00113-X
- Biniek K, Levi K, Dauskardt RH. Solar UV radiation reduces the barrier function of human skin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2012;109:17111-6. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1206851109
- Ovaere P, Lippens S, Vandenabeele P, Declercq W. The emerging roles of serine protease cascades in the epidermis. Trends Biochem Sci 2009;34:453-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tibs.2009.08.001
- Kim H, Oh I, Park KH, Kim NM, Do JH, Cho Y. Stimulatory effect of dietary red ginseng on epidermal hydration and ceramide levels in ultraviolet-irradiated hairless mice. J Med Food 2009;12:746-54. https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2008.1185
- Kligman AM, Balin AK. Aging of human skin. In: Balin AK, Kligman AM, editors. Aging and the skin. New York: Raven Press; 1989. p. 1-42.
- Kim WK, Song SY, Oh WK, Kaewsuwan S, Tran TL, Kim WS, Sung JH. Wound-healing effect of ginsenoside Rb from leaves of Panax ginseng via cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase pathway. Eur J Pharmacol 2013;702:285-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.01.048
- Kang J, Lee N, Ahn Y, Lee H. Study on improving blood flow with Korean red ginseng substances using digital infrared thermal imaging and Doppler sonography: randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial with parallel design. J Tradit Chin Med 2013;33:39-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0254-6272(13)60098-9
- Gum SI, Jo SJ, Ahn SH, Kim SG, Kim JT, Shin HM, Cho MK. The potent protective effect of wild ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) against benzo[alpha]pyrene-induced toxicity through metabolic regulation of CYP1A1 and GSTs. J Ethnopharmacol 2007;112:568-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2007.05.014
Cited by
- A review of Panax ginseng as an herbal medicine vol.7, pp.1, 2016, https://doi.org/10.4103/2045-080x.183030