참고문헌
- Dorland WAN. Dorland's illustrated medical dictionary. 27th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders Co.; 1988. pp. 1742.
- Merskey H, Bogduk N. Classification of chronic pain: descriptions of chronic pain syndromes and definitions of pain terms. 2nd ed. Seattle: IASP Press; 1994. pp. 59-76.
- Okeson JP. Bell's orofacial pains. 6th ed. Chicago: Quintessence Publishing Co.; 2005.
- Stein C, Lang LJ. Peripheral mechanisms of opioid analgesia. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2009;9:3-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coph.2008.12.009
- Stein C, Hassan AH, Przewlocki R, Gramsch C, Peter K, Herz A. Opioids from immunocytes interact with receptors on sensory nerves to inhibit nociception in inflammation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1990;87:5935-5939. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.87.15.5935
- Przewlocki R, Hassan AH, Lason W, Epplen C, Herz A, Stein C. Gene expression and localization of opioid peptides in immune cells of inflamed tissue: functional role in antinociception. Neuroscience 1992;48:491-500. https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-4522(92)90509-Z
- Fields HL, Emson PC, Leigh BK, Gilbert RF, Iversen LL. Multiple opiate receptor sites on primary afferent fibres. Nature 1980;284:351-353. https://doi.org/10.1038/284351a0
- Stein C. Peripheral mechanisms of opioid analgesia. Anesth Analg 1993;76:182-191.
- Machelska H. Targeting of opioid-producing leukocytes for pain control. Neuropeptides 2007;41:355-363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.npep.2007.06.001
- Boogaerts J, Lafont N. Mechanism of action and clinical use of opioids administered by the peripheral perineural route. Cah Anesthesiol 1991;39:91-95.
- Nunez S, Lee JS, Zhang Y, Bai G, Ro JY. Role of peripheral muopioid receptors in inflammatory orofacial muscle pain. Neuroscience 2007;146:1346-1354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.02.024
- Modi M, Rastogi S, Kumar A. Buprenorphine with bupivacaine for intraoral nerve blocks to provide postoperative analgesia in outpatients after minor oral surgery. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2009;67:2571-2576. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2009.07.014
- Ziegler CM, Wiechnik J, Muhling J. Analgesic effects of intraarticular morphine in patients with temporomandibular joint disorders: a prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2010;68:622-627. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2009.04.049
- Chun YH, Frank D, Lee JS, Zhang Y, Auh QS, Ro JY. Peripheral AMPA receptors contribute to muscle nociception and c-fos activation. Neurosci Res 2008;62:97-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neures.2008.06.007
- Ro JY, Capra NF, Lee JS, Masri R, Chun YH. Hypertonic salineinduced muscle nociception and c-fos activation are partially mediated by peripheral NMDA receptors. Eur J Pain 2007;11:398-405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpain.2006.05.008
- Chun YH, Ro JY. Electrophysiological characterization of the rat trigeminal caudalis (Vc) neurons following intramuscular injection of capsaicin. Neurosci Lett 2010;469:289-293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2009.10.012
- Yoo SH, Kim MJ, Chang JY, et al. Effect of masticatory muscle pain control by morphine. Korean J Oral Med 2012;37:169-182.
- Ko SH, Kang SK, Auh QS, Kim EC, Hong JP, Chun YH. Effect of peripheral opioid receptor on masticatory muscle pain control. Korean J Oral Med 2013;38:161-174.
- Bae SJ, Kim WS, Kang SK, Auh QS, Hong JP, Chun YH. Sex differences in the pain control by the peripheral opioid. Korean J Oral Med 2013;38:339-356.
- Emshoff R, Bertram S, Emshoff I. Clinically important difference thresholds of the visual analog scale: a conceptual model for identifying meaningful intraindividual changes for pain intensity. Pain 2011;152:2277-2282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2011.06.003
- Ohnhaus EE, Adler R. Methodological problems in the measurement of pain: a comparison between the verbal rating scale and the visual analogue scale. Pain 1975;1:379-384. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3959(75)90075-5
- Langley GB, Sheppeard H. The visual analogue scale: its use in pain measurement. Rheumatol Int 1985;5:145-148. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00541514
- Collins SL, Moore RA, McQuay HJ. The visual analogue pain intensity scale: what is moderate pain in millimetres? Pain 1997;72:95-97. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3959(97)00005-5
- Myles PS, Troedel S, Boquest M, Reeves M. The pain visual analog scale: is it linear or nonlinear? Anesth Analg 1999;89:1517-1520.
- Melzack R. The short-form McGill pain questionnaire. Pain 1987;30:191-197. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3959(87)91074-8
- Adelmanesh F, Jalali A, Attarian H, et al. Reliability, validity, and sensitivity measures of expanded and revised version of the short-form McGill Pain Questionnaire (SF-MPQ-2) in Iranian patients with neuropathic and non-neuropathic pain. Pain Med 2012;13:1631-1636. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-4637.2012.01517.x
- Melzack R, Terrence C, Fromm G, Amsel R. Trigeminal neuralgia and atypical facial pain: use of the McGill Pain Questionnaire for discrimination and diagnosis. Pain 1986;27:297-302. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3959(86)90157-0
- Melzack R. The McGill pain questionnaire: from description to measurement. Anesthesiology 2005;103:199-202. https://doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200507000-00028
- Mongini F, Italiano M. TMJ disorders and myogenic facial pain: a discriminative analysis using the McGill Pain Questionnaire. Pain 2001;91:323-330. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3959(00)00461-9
- Melia M, Schmidt M, Geissler B, et al. Measuring mechanical pain: the refinement and standardization of pressure pain threshold measurements. Behav Res Methods 2015;47:216-227. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-014-0453-3
- Gomes MB, Guimaraes JP, Guimaraes FC, Neves AC. Palpation and pressure pain threshold: reliability and validity in patients with temporomandibular disorders. Cranio 2008;26:202-210. https://doi.org/10.1179/crn.2008.027
- Santos Silva R S, Conti PC, Lauris JR, da Silva RO, Pegoraro LF. Pressure pain threshold in the detection of masticatory myofascial pain: an algometer-based study. J Orofac Pain 2005;19:318-324.
- Ohrbach R, Gale EN. Pressure pain thresholds, clinical assessment, and differential diagnosis: reliability and validity in patients with myogenic pain. Pain 1989;39:157-169. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3959(89)90003-1
- Pinto Fiamengui LM, Freitas de Carvalho JJ, Cunha CO, Bonjardim LR, Fiamengui Filho JF, Conti PC. The influence of myofascial temporomandibular disorder pain on the pressure pain threshold of women during a migraine attack. J Orofac Pain 2013;27:343-349. https://doi.org/10.11607/jop.1059
- Chesterton LS, Foster NE, Wright CC, Baxter GD, Barlas P. Effects of TENS frequency, intensity and stimulation site parameter manipulation on pressure pain thresholds in healthy human subjects. Pain 2003;106:73-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3959(03)00292-6
- Jensen R, Rasmussen BK, Pedersen B, Lous I, Olesen J. Cephalic muscle tenderness and pressure pain threshold in a general population. Pain 1992;48:197-203. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3959(92)90059-K
- Hsu YW, Somma J, Hung YC, Tsai PS, Yang CH, Chen CC. Predicting postoperative pain by preoperative pressure pain assessment. Anesthesiology 2005;103:613-618. https://doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200509000-00026
- Jensen K, Andersen HO, Olesen J, Lindblom U. Pressure-pain threshold in human temporal region. Evaluation of a new pressure algometer. Pain 1986;25:313-323. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3959(86)90235-6
- Park G, Kim CW, Park SB, Kim MJ, Jang SH. Reliability and usefulness of the pressure pain threshold measurement in patients with myofascial pain. Ann Rehabil Med 2011;35:412-417. https://doi.org/10.5535/arm.2011.35.3.412