DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Evaluation of flux stabilisation using Bio-UF membrane filter on KZN Rivers, South Africa

  • Thoola, Maipato I. (Department of Chemical Engineering, Durban University of Technology) ;
  • Rathilal, Sudesh (Department of Chemical Engineering, Durban University of Technology) ;
  • Pillay, Lingam V. (Department of Chemical Engineering, Durban University of Technology)
  • 투고 : 2015.12.16
  • 심사 : 2016.04.02
  • 발행 : 2016.07.25

초록

South Africa recognises piped water as the main source of safe drinking water supply. Remote areas do not have access to this resource and they rely solely on surface water for survival, which exposes them to waterborne diseases. Interim point of use solutions are not practiced due to their laboriousness and alteration of the taste. Bio-ultra low pressure driven membrane system has been noted to be able to produce stable fluxes after one week of operation; however, there is limited literature on South African waters. This study was conducted on three rivers namely; Umgeni, Umbilo and Tugela. Three laboratory systems were setup to evaluate the performance of the technology in terms of producing stable fluxes and water that is compliant with the WHO 2008 drinking water guideline with regards to turbidity, total coliforms and E.coli. The obtained flux rate trends were similar to those noted in literature where they are referred to as stable fluxes. However, when further comparing the obtained fluxes to the normal dead-end filtration curve, it was noted that both the Umbilo and Tugela Rivers responded similarly to a normal dead-end filtration curve. The Umgeni River was noted to produce flux rates which were higher than those obtainable under normal dead-end. It can be concluded that there was no stabilisation of flux noted. However, feed water with low E.coli and turbidity concentrations enhances the flux rates. The technology was noted to produce water of less than 1 NTU and 100% removal efficiency for E.coli and total coliforms.

키워드

참고문헌

  1. Abbaspour, S. (2011), "Water quality in developing countries, South Asia, South Africa, water quality management and activities that cause water pollution", Proceedings of the International Conference on Environmental and Agriculture Engineering, Singapore, July, pp. 94-102.
  2. Adham, S. Ed. (2005), Development of Microfiltration and Ultrafiltration Knowledge Base, AWWA Research Foundation.
  3. Akhondi, E., Wu, B., Sun, S., Marxer, B., Lim, W., Gu, J., Liu, L., Burkhardt, M., McDougald, D., Pronk, W. and Fane, A.G. (2015), "Gravity-driven membrane filtration as pretreatment for seawater reverse osmosis: linking biofouling layer morphology with flux stabilization", Water Res., 70, 158-173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2014.12.001
  4. Alekal, P., Baffrey, R., Franz, A., Loux, B., Pihulic, M., Robinson, B. and Young, S. (2005), "Decentralized household water treatment and sanitation systems", Massachusetts Institute of Technology, p. 38.
  5. Buckley, C. (2011), "Sanitation challenges in informal settlements: Applications of DEWATS and Community Ablution Block (CAB) in South Africa", DEWATS Newsletter, 4(1), p. 2.
  6. Coulson, J.M., Harker, J.H., Backhurst, J.R. and Richardson, J.F. (2003), Chemical Engineering: Particle Technology and Separation Processes, (5th Ed.), Butterworth-Heinemann, Burlington, VT, USA.
  7. Crump, J.A., Otieno, P.O., Slutsker, L., Keswick, B.H., Rosen, D.H., Hoekstra, R.M., Vulule, J.M. and Luby, S.P. (2004), "Household based treatment of drinking water with flocculant-disinfectant for preventing diarrhoea in areas with turbid source water in rural western Kenya: Cluster randomised controlled trial", British Medical, 331(7515), 478-484.
  8. Derlon, N., Peter-Varbanets, M., Scheidegger, A., Pronk, W. and Morgenroth, E. (2012), "Predation influences the structure of biofilm developed on ultrafiltration membranes", Water Res., 46(10), 3323-3333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2012.03.031
  9. Donev, G., van Sark, W.G.H.M., Blok, K. and Dintchev, O. (2012), "Solar water heating potential in South Africa in dynamic energy market conditions", Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 16(5), 3002-3013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2012.01.065
  10. Dong, H.W., Fan, L.Q., Luo, Z., Zhong, J.J., Ryu, D.D. and Bao, J. (2013), "Improvement of ethanol productivity and energy efficiency by degradation of inhibitors using recombinant Zymomonas mobilis", Biotechnol. Bioeng., 110(9), 2395-2404. https://doi.org/10.1002/bit.24897
  11. Duke, W.F., Nordin, R.N., Baker, D. and Mazumder, A. (2006), "The use and performance of Biosand filters in the Artibonite Valley of Haiti: A field study of 107 households", Rural Remote Health, 6(3), p.570.
  12. HACH (1997), Water Analysis Handbook, (.3rd Ed.), Loveland, CO, USA.
  13. Hossain, Md. M. and Lowe, J. (2008), "Application of ultrafiltration membranes for the removal of humic acid from drinking water", Desalination, 218(1-3), 343-354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2007.02.030
  14. IDEXX Laboratories, I. (2010), $Colilert^{(R)}$ -18: A new standard in coliform/E. coli detection. Retrieved 10 March, 2010. https://www.idexx.com/water/products/colilert.html
  15. Jacobs, E.P., Bradshaw, S.M., Botes, J.P. and Pillay, V.L. (2005), "Reverse pressure back-flush in pilot scale, dead-end ultrafiltration of surface water", Membr. Sci., 252(1-2), 51-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2004.11.015
  16. Luyt, C.D., Tandlich, R., Muller, J.W. and Wilhelmi, B.S. (2012), "Microbial monitoring of surface water in South Africa: An overview", Environ. Res. Public Health, 9(8), 2669-2693. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph9082669
  17. Peletz, R. (2006), Cross-Sectional Epidemiological Study on Water and Sanitation Practises in the Northern Region, Master of Technology; Massachusett Institute of Technology, Kenya.
  18. Peter-Varbanets, M., Zurbrà gg, C., Swartz, C. and Pronk, W. (2009), "Decentralized systems for potable water and the potential of membrane technology", Water Res., 43(2), 245-265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2008.10.030
  19. Peter-Varbanets, M., Hammes, F., Vital, M. and Pronk, W. (2010), "Stabilization of flux during dead-end ultra-low pressure ultrafiltration", Water Res., 44(12), 3607-3616. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2010.04.020
  20. Peter-Varbanets, M., Margot, J., Traber, J. and Pronk, W. (2011), "Mechanisms of membrane fouling during ultra-low pressure ultrafiltration", J. Membr. Sci., 377(1-2), 42-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2011.03.029
  21. Pryor, M.J., Jacobs, E.P., Botes, J.P. and Pillay, V.L. (1998), "A low pressure ultrafiltration membrane system for potable water supply to developing communities in South Africa", Desalination, 119(1-3), 103-111. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0011-9164(98)00126-X
  22. Qu, F., Liang, H., Wang, Z., Wang, H., Yu, H. and Li, G. (2012), "Ultrafiltration membrane fouling by extracellular organic matters (EOM) of Microcystis aeruginosa in stationary phase: Influences of interfacial characteristics of foulants and fouling mechanisms", Water Res., 46(5), 1490-1500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2011.11.051
  23. Shand, P., Haria, A.H. and Neal, C. (2005), "Hydrochemical heterogeneity in an upland catchment: further characterisation of the spatial, temporal and depth variations in soils, streams and ground waters of the Plynlimon forested catchment, Wales", Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 9(6), 611-634.
  24. Sobsey, M.D. (2002), "Managing water in the home: Accelerated health gains from improved water supply", World Health Organization, pp. 1-70.
  25. Statistics, S.A. (2005), Water Quality Accounts for South Africa, Statistics South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa.
  26. Stednick, J.D. (1991), Wildlands Water Quality Sampling and Analysis, Academic Press, San Diego, CA, USA.
  27. Sutherland, K. (2009), Membrane Filtration: What‟ New in Membrane Filtration?", Filtrat. Separ., 46(5), 32-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0015-1882(09)70193-4
  28. Totora, G.J., Funke, B.R. and Case, C.L. (1995), Microbiology: An Introduction, (5th Edition), The Benjamin / Cummings Publishing Company Inc.: Bridge Parkway.
  29. WHO (2008), Guidelines for drinking water quality: Second Addendum, Volume 1, Recommendations, (3rd Edition), Geneva, Switzerland.