Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention

Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention (아시아태평양암예방학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Head and Neck Cancer in Saudi Arabia: a Systematic Review

  • Alhazzazi, Turki Y (King Abdulaziz University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Biology) ;
  • Alghamdi, Faisal T (King Abdulaziz University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Biology)
  • Published : 2016.08.01
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Background: Head and neck cancer (HNC) is the ninth most common cancer worldwide, and has a poor 5-year survival rate averaging 50%, which has not changed for decades. A high prevalence of HNC has been reported in the southwestern region of Saudi Arabia, as compared to other areas of the country. However, data in regards to HNC are scattered and not well documented. Thus, the aim of this systematic review was to gather all available and updated important information regarding HNC in Saudi Arabia, and highlight the gaps of knowledge in our country with regard to this disease. In addition, suggestions of solutions to overcome the current status and improve our future standard of care to fight HNC are also highlighted. Materials and Methods: The electronic databases PubMed and Google Scholar using English-language literature were used for this systematic review, using specific inclusion and exclusion criteria and keywords. The search was performed in April 2016 and updated in June 2016. Results: Our search revealed twenty-one studies that fulfilled our inclusion and exclusion criteria and that were conducted in Saudi Arabia. These studies investigated different aspects of HNC, including prevalence, risk factors, biomarkers, and assessed knowledge and awareness of both public and practitioners with regard to HNC. Conclusions: This review uncovered a big gap in our epidemiological data in cancer information in general, and head and neck cancer in particular. In addition, a lack of knowledge and awareness of both the public and health care practitioners hinders the early diagnosis of disease and negatively impact the prognosis, treatment and outcome. The Ministry of Health in Saudi Arabia should develop a more systematic way and adapt policies to gather cancer information in general, and head and neck cancer in particular, from all governmental and private sectors from all over the kingdom, and develop educational programs to raise the knowledge and awareness of HNC in the country.

Keywords

References

  1. Abdel Rahim BE, Mahfouz MS, Yagoub U, et al (2014). Practice and attitude of cigarette smoking: a community-based study. PLoS One, 9, 92939. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0092939
  2. Al-Balawi SA, Nwoku AL (2002). Management of oral cancer in a tertiary care hospital. Saudi Med J, 23, 156-9.
  3. Al-Ghamdi SA, Malatani T, Kameswaran M, et al (1994). Head and neck cancer in a referral center in Asir region. Ann Saudi Med, 14, 383-6. https://doi.org/10.5144/0256-4947.1994.383
  4. Al-Hadyan KS, Al-Harbi NM, Al-Qahtani SS, et al (2012). Involvement of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in predisposition to head and neck cancer in Saudi Arabia. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers, 16, 95-101. https://doi.org/10.1089/gtmb.2011.0126
  5. Al-Hebshi NN, Nasher AT, Idris AM, et al (2015). Robust species taxonomy assignment algorithm for 16S rRNA NGS reads: application to oral carcinoma samples. J Oral Microbiol, 7, 28934. https://doi.org/10.3402/jom.v7.28934
  6. Al-Idrissi HY (1990). Head and neck cancer in Saudi Arabia: retrospective analysis of 65 patients. J Int Med Res, 18, 515-9. https://doi.org/10.1177/030006059001800610
  7. Al-Maweri SA, Tarakji B, Alsalhani AB, et al (2015). Oral cancer awareness of the general public in Saudi Arabia. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 16, 3377-81. https://doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2015.16.8.3377
  8. Al-Rajhi N, Saleem M, Al-Amro AS, et al (2002a). Stage IV oral cavity carcinoma. Is conventional radical treatment an option? Saudi Med J, 23, 1095-8.
  9. Al-Rajhi NM, Khafaga YM, Saleem M, et al (2002b). A study comparing different approaches in managing neck nodes in early carcinoma of the tongue. Saudi Med J, 23, 1343-6.
  10. Al-Zahrani O, Eldali A, Al-Shahri MZ (2014). Prevalence and severity of pain in cancer patients in an outpatient palliative care setting in Saudi Arabia. Qatar Med J, 2014, 38-45.
  11. Alhazzazi TY (2016). Evaluation of head and neck cancer awareness and screening status in jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 17, 1135-9. https://doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2016.17.3.1135
  12. Alhazzazi TY, Elias WY, Al-Hazmi N, et al (2016). The role of sirtuin-3 (SIRT3) in head and neck cancer tumorigenesis in the saudi population; is it the future hope for treatment? (Unpublished data).
  13. Alhazzazi TY, Kamarajan P, Joo N, et al (2011). Sirtuin-3 (SIRT3), a novel potential therapeutic target for oral cancer. Cancer, 117, 1670-8. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.25676
  14. Allard WF, DeVol EB, Te OB (1999). Smokeless tobacco (shamma) and oral cancer in Saudi Arabia. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol, 27, 398-405. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0528.1999.tb02038.x
  15. Alsanosy RM (2014). Smokeless tobacco (shammah) in Saudi Arabia: a review of its pattern of use, prevalence, and potential role in oral cancer. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 15, 6477-83. https://doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2014.15.16.6477
  16. Alsbeih G (2014). HPV infection in cervical and other cancers in saudi arabia: implication for prevention and vaccination. Front Oncol, 4, 65.
  17. American Cancer Society CFFR (2015).
  18. Balaram P, Sridhar H, Rajkumar T, et al (2002). Oral cancer in southern India: the influence of smoking, drinking, paanchewing and oral hygiene. Int J Cancer, 98, 440-5. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.10200
  19. Bhurgri Y (2005). Cancer of the oral cavity - trends in Karachi South (1995-2002). Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 6, 22-6.
  20. Blot W, McLaughlin J, Devesa S, et al (1996). Cancer epidemiology and prevention. 666-80.
  21. Blot WJ, McLaughlin JK, Winn DM, et al (1988). Smoking and drinking in relation to oral and pharyngeal cancer. Cancer Res, 48, 3282-7.
  22. Boscolo-Rizzo P, Del Mistro A, Bussu F, et al (2013). New insights into human papillomavirus-associated head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital, 33, 77-87.
  23. Brown A, Ravichandran K, Warnakulasuriya S (2006). The unequal burden related to the risk of oral cancer in the different regions of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Community Dent Health, 23, 101-6.
  24. Chaturvedi AK, Anderson WF, Lortet-Tieulent J, et al (2013). Worldwide trends in incidence rates for oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancers. J Clin Oncol, 31, 4550-9. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2013.50.3870
  25. El Awa F (2008). Tobacco control in the Eastern Mediterranean Region: overview and way forward. East Mediterr Health J, 14, 123-31.
  26. Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Ervik M DR, et al (2013). GLOBOCAN 2012 v1.0, Cancer incidence and mortality worldwide: IARC CancerBase No. 11 [Internet]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer.
  27. Ferlay J, Parkin DM, Steliarova-Foucher E (2010). Estimates of cancer incidence and mortality in Europe in 2008. Eur J Cancer, 46, 765-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2009.12.014
  28. Franceschi S, Bidoli E, Herrero R, et al (2000). Comparison of cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx worldwide: etiological clues. Oral Oncol, 36, 106-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1368-8375(99)00070-6
  29. Gillison ML, Chaturvedi AK, Anderson WF, et al (2015). Epidemiology of human papillomavirus-positive head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol, 33, 3235-42. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2015.61.6995
  30. Ibrahim EM, Satti MB, Al Idrissi HY, et al (1986). Oral cancer in Saudi Arabia: the role of alqat and alshammah. Cancer Detect Prev, 9, 215-8.
  31. Jaber L, Shaban S, Hariri D (2012). Oral cancer prevention and early detection: knowledge and practice among Saudi Arabian healthcare practitioners. Int J Health Care Qual Assur, 25, 64-74. https://doi.org/10.1108/09526861211192412
  32. Jaber L, Shaban S, Hariri D, et al (2011). Perceptions of healthcare practitioners in Saudi Arabia regarding their training in oral cancer prevention, and early detection. Int J Health Care Qual Assur, 24, 8-18. https://doi.org/10.1108/09526861111098201
  33. Jemal A, Bray F, Center MM, et al (2011). Global cancer statistics. CA Cancer J Clin, 61, 69-90. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.20107
  34. Kamarajan P, Alhazzazi TY, Danciu T, et al (2012). Receptorinteracting protein (RIP) and Sirtuin-3 (SIRT3) are on opposite sides of anoikis and tumorigenesis. Cancer, 118, 5800-10. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.27655
  35. Kreimer AR, Clifford GM, Boyle P, et al (2005). Human papillomavirus types in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas worldwide: a systematic review. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 14, 467-75. https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-04-0551
  36. Krishna Rao SV, Mejia G, Roberts-Thomson K, et al (2013). Epidemiology of oral cancer in Asia in the past decade-an update (2000-2012). Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 14, 5567-77. https://doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2013.14.10.5567
  37. Kujan O, Abuderman A, Azzegahiby S, et al (2013). Assessing oral cancer knowledge among Saudi medical undergraduates. J Cancer Educ, 28, 717-21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13187-013-0527-4
  38. Kujan O, Alzoghaibi I, Azzeghaiby S, et al (2014). Knowledge and attitudes of Saudi dental undergraduates on oral cancer. J Cancer Educ, 29, 735-8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13187-014-0647-5
  39. Mackay JE, M (2002). The tobacco atlas.
  40. Madani A, Jahromi A, Dikshit M (2010). Risk assessment of tobacco types and oral cancer. Am J Pharmacol Toxicol, 5, 9-13. https://doi.org/10.3844/ajptsp.2010.9.13
  41. Mahfouz MS, Alsanosy RM, Gaffar AM, et al (2014). Tobacco use among university students of Jazan Region: gender differences and associated factors. Biomed Res Int, 2014, 279231.
  42. Moradi-Lakeh M, El Bcheraoui C, Tuffaha M, et al (2015). Tobacco consumption in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, 2013: findings from a national survey. BMC Public Health, 15, 611. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-1902-3
  43. Quadri MF, Alharbi F, Bajonaid AM, et al (2015). Oral squamous cell carcinoma and associated risk factors in Jazan, Saudi Arabia: a hospital based case control study. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 16, 4335-8. https://doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2015.16.10.4335
  44. Quadri MF SS, Alsanosy R, Abdelwahab SI, Tobaigy FM, Maryoud M (2014). Effectiveness of an intervention program on knowledge of oral cancer among the youth of Jazan, Saudi Arabia. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 15, 1913-8. https://doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2014.15.5.1913
  45. Reichart PA, Way TH (2006). Oral cancer and pre-cancer in Myanmar: a short review. J Oral Pathol Med, 35, 193-6. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0714.2006.00390.x
  46. Sawair F, Al-Mutwakel A, Al-Eryani K (2007). High relative frequency of oral squamous cell carcinoma in Yemen: qat and tobacco chewing as its aetiological background. Int J Env Health Res, 17, 185-95. https://doi.org/10.1080/09603120701254813
  47. Saudi Cancer Registry (2011). Saudi Health Council, Cancer Incidant Repoort, Saudi Arabia.
  48. Sheikh KA, El-Setouhy M, Yagoub U, et al (2014). Khat chewing and health related quality of life: cross-sectional study in Jazan region, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Health Qual Life Outcomes, 12, 44. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7525-12-44
  49. Sunny L, Yeole BB, Hakama M, et al (2004). Oral cancers in Mumbai, India: a fifteen years perspective with respect to incidence trend and cumulative risk. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 5, 294-300.
  50. Tandon P, Pathak V, Zaheer A, et al (1995). Cancer in the Jazan Province of Saudi Arabia: an eleven year study. Ann Saudi Med, 15, 14-20. https://doi.org/10.5144/0256-4947.1995.14
  51. Tumor Registry Annual Report (2011). King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center Tumor Registry.