Steel and Composite Structures

Techno-Press (테크노프레스)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Bolted connections to tubular columns at ambient and elevated temperatures - A review

  • Leong, S.H. (Department of Civil Engineering, Engineering Faculty, University Malaya) ;
  • Sulong, N.H. Ramli (Department of Civil Engineering, Engineering Faculty, University Malaya) ;
  • Jameel, Mohammed (Department of Civil Engineering, Engineering Faculty, University Malaya)
  • Received : 2015.03.12
  • Accepted : 2016.03.31
  • Published : 2016.06.10
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Tubular column members have been widely adopted in current construction due to its numerous advantages. However, the closed-section profile characteristics of tubular columns severely limit the connection possibilities. Welding type is acceptable but discouraged because of on-site issues. Blind-bolted connection is preferable because of its simplicity, economic benefit, and easy assembly. This paper presents a state-of-the-art review on bolted connections to tubular columns for bare steel tubes, including square and circular sections. Available studies on bolted connections at ambient and elevated temperatures are reviewed, but emphasis is given on the latter. Various methods of determining the connection performance through experimental, analytical, component based, and finite element approaches are examined. Future research areas are also identified.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

Supported by : Ministry of Education Malaysia

References

  1. Adam, S.M. and Hamburger, R.O. (2010), Steel Special Moment Frames - Connection Seismic Requirements, National Council of Structural Engineers Association, USA.
  2. Advanced Bolting Solutions, URL Available: http://molabolt.co.uk/
  3. Al-Rodan, A.-K. (2004), "T-cleat connections to concrete-filled tubular internal columns", J. Struct. Eng., 130(5), 725-731. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2004)130:5(725)
  4. AlHendi, H. and Celikag, M. (2015), "Parametric study on moment-rotation characteristics of reverse channel connections to tubular columns", J. Construct. Steel Res., 104, 261-273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2014.10.009
  5. Alostaz, Y.M. and Schneider, S.P. (1996), "Analytical behavior of connections to concrete-filled steel tubes", J. Construct. Steel Res., 40(2), 95-127. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0143-974X(96)00047-8
  6. Bagheri Sabbagh, A., Chan, T.M. and Mottram, J.T. (2013), "Detailing of I-beam-to-CHS column joints with external diaphragm plates for seismic actions", J. Construct. Steel Res., 88, 21-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2013.05.006
  7. Barnett, T.C., Tizani, W. and Nethercot, D.A. (2000), "Development of a blind-bolting system", Proceedings of International Conference on Steel Structures of the 2000's, Istanbul, Turkey, September.
  8. Barnett, T.C., Tizani, W. and Nethercot, D.A. (2001), "The practice of blind bolting connections to structural hollow sections: A review", Steel Compos. Struct., Int. J., 1(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2001.1.1.001
  9. Beutel, J., Thambiratnam, D. and Perera, N. (2001), "Monotonic behaviour of composite column to beam connections", Eng. Struct., 23(9), 1152-1161. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-0296(01)00002-5
  10. British Steel Tubes and Pipes (1997), SHS Jointing, Flowdrill & Hollobolt, British Steel Plc.
  11. Cheng, C.-T. and Chung, L.-L. (2003), "Seismic performance of steel beams to concrete-filled steel tubular column connections", J. Construct. Steel Res., 59(3), 405-426. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0143-974X(02)00033-0
  12. Diaz, C., Marti, P., Victoria, M. and Querin, O.M. (2011), "Review on the modelling of joint behaviour in steel frames", J. Construct. Steel Res., 67(5), 741-758. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2010.12.014
  13. Ding, J. and Wang, Y.C. (2007), "Experimental study of structural fire behaviour of steel beam to concrete filled tubular column assemblies with different types of joints", Eng. Struct., 29(12), 3485-3502. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2007.08.018
  14. Ding, J. and Wang, Y.C. (2009), "Temperatures in unprotected joints between steel beams and concretefilled tubular columns in fire", Fire Safe. J., 44(1), 16-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2008.02.004
  15. Elghazouli, A.Y., Malaga-Chuquitaype, C., Castro, J.M. and Orton, A.H. (2009), "Experimental monotonic and cyclic behaviour of blind-bolted angle connections", Eng. Struct., 31(11), 2540-2553. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2009.05.021
  16. Elremaily, A. and Azizinamini, A. (2001), "Experimental behavior of steel beam to CFT column connections", J. Construct. Steel Res., 57(10), 1099-1119. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0143-974X(01)00025-6
  17. Elsawaf, S. and Wang, Y.C. (2012), "Methods of improving the survival temperature in fire of steel beam connected to CFT column using reverse channel connection", Eng. Struct., 34, 132-146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2011.09.004
  18. Elsawaf, S. and Wang, Y.C. (2013), "Behaviour of restrained structural subassemblies of steel beam to CFT column in fire during cooling stage", Eng. Struct., 46, 471-492. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2012.08.023
  19. Elsawaf, S., Wang, Y.C. and Mandal, P. (2011), "Numerical modelling of restrained structural subassemblies of steel beam and CFT columns connected using reverse channels in fire", Eng. Struct., 33(4), 1217-1231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2010.12.043
  20. EN 1994:1-1 (2004), Design of Composite Steel and Concrete Structures Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings, British Standards Institution, UK.
  21. EN 1993:1-8 (2005), Design of Steel Structures Part 1-8: Design of Joints, British Standards Institution, UK.
  22. EN 1993:1-2 (2005), Design of Steel Structures Part 1-2, General rules - Structural Fire Design, British Standards Institution, UK.
  23. France, J.E., Buick Davison, J. and Kirby, P.A. (1999a), "Strength and rotational response of moment connections to tubular columns using flowdrill connectors", J. Construct. Steel Res., 50(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0143-974X(98)00235-1
  24. France, J.E., Buick Davison, J. and Kirby, P.A. (1999b), "Strength and rotational stiffness of simple connections to tubular columns using flowdrill connectors", J. Construct. Steel Res., 50(1), 15-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0143-974X(98)00236-3
  25. France, J.E., Buick Davison, J. and A. Kirby, P. (1999c), "Moment-capacity and rotational stiffness of endplate connections to concrete-filled tubular columns with flowdrilled connectors", J. Construct. Steel Res., 50(1), 35-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0143-974X(98)00237-5
  26. Ghobarah, A., Mourad, S. and Korol, R.M. (1996), "Moment-rotation relationship of blind bolted connections for HSS columns", J. Construct. Steel Res., 40(1), 63-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0143-974X(96)00044-2
  27. Heistermann, T. (2013), "Stiffness of reverse channel connections at room and elevated temperatures", Doctoral Thesis; Lulea University of Technology, Sweden.
  28. Huang, S.-S., Davison, B. and Burgess, I.W. (2013), "Experiments on reverse-channel connections at elevated temperatures", Eng. Struct., 49, 973-982. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2012.12.025
  29. Jafarian, M. and Wang, Y.C. (2014), "An experimental study of the behaviour of reverse channel connection components to concrete filled steel tubes under tension at elevated temperature", J. Construct. Steel Res., 101, 96-113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2014.05.006
  30. Jafarian, M. and Wang, Y.C. (2015), "Force-deflection relationship of reverse channel connection web component subjected to transverse load", J. Construct. Steel Res., 104, 206-226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2014.10.002
  31. Jaspart, J., Piertraposa, C., Weynand, K. and Klinkhammer, R. (2004), Development of a Full Consistent Design Approach for Bolted and Welded Joints in Building Frames and Trusses between Steel Members made of Hollow and/or Open Sections - Application of the Component Method, CIDECT Report 5BP-4/04, Universite de Liege, Belgium.
  32. Jones, M.H. and Wang, Y.C. (2010), "Tying behaviour of fin-plate connection to concrete-filled rectangular steel tubular column - Development of a simplified calculation method", J. Construct. Steel Res., 66(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2009.07.011
  33. Jones, M.H. and Wang, Y.C. (2011), "Shear and bending behaviour of fin plate connection to concrete filled rectangular steel tubular column - Development of a simplified calculation method", J. Construct. Steel Res., 67(3), 348-359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2010.10.006
  34. Kang, C.-H., Shin, K.-J., Oh, Y.-S. and Moon, T.-S. (2001), "Hysteresis behavior of CFT column to H-beam connections with external T-stiffeners and penetrated elements", Eng. Struct., 23(9), 1194-1201. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-0296(00)00119-X
  35. Korol, R.M., Ghobarah, A. and Mourad, S. (1993), "Blind Bolting W-Shape Beams to HSS Columns", J. Struct. Eng., 119(12), 18.
  36. Lee, J., Goldsworthy, H.M. and Gad, E.F. (2010a), "Blind bolted collar plate connections to unfilled hollow section columns", Proceedings of the 4th Conference on Steel & Composite Structures, Sydney, Australia, July.
  37. Lee, J., Goldsworthy, H.M. and Gad, E.F. (2010b), "Blind bolted side connection for unfilled hollow section columns", Proceedings of the 21st Australasian Conference on the Mechanics of Structures and Materials, Melbourne, Australia.
  38. Lee, J., Goldsworthy, H.M. and Gad, E.F. (2010c), "Blind bolted T-stub connections to unfilled hollow section columns in low rise structures", J. Construct. Steel Res., 66(8-9), 981-992. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2010.03.016
  39. Lee, J., Goldsworthy, H.M. and Gad, E.F. (2011a), "Blind bolted moment connection to sides of hollow section columns", J. Construct. Steel Res., 67(12), 1900-1911. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2011.06.007
  40. Lee, J., Goldsworthy, H.M. and Gad, E.F. (2011b), "Blind bolted moment connection to unfilled hollow section columns using extended T-stub with back face support", Eng. Struct., 33(5), 1710-1722. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2011.02.008
  41. Li, G.-Q., Chen, L.-Z., Li, J.-T. and Lou, G.-B. (2012), "Modeling of end-plate bolted composite connection in fire considering axial force effects", J. Construct. Steel Res., 76, 133-143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2012.03.021
  42. Lin, X. and Sugimoto, H. (2004), "Experimental study on inelastic behaviour and ultimate strength of steel beam-to-column connections with bolts and angles", Proceedings of the 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Paper No. 1673; Vancouver, BC, Canada, August.
  43. Liu, T.C.H., Fahad, M.K. and Davies, J.M. (2002), "Experimental investigation of behaviour of axially restrained steel beams in fire", J. Construct. Steel Res., 58(9), 1211-1230. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0143-974X(01)00062-1
  44. Liu, Y., Malaga-Chuquitaype, C. and Elghazouli, A.Y. (2012a), "Response and component characterisation of semi-rigid connections to tubular columns under axial loads", Eng. Struct., 41, 510-532. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2012.03.061
  45. Liu, Y., Malaga-Chuquitaype, C. and Elghazouli, A.Y. (2012b), "Behaviour of beam-to-tubular column angle connections under shear loads", Eng. Struct., 42, 434-456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2012.04.027
  46. Lopes, F., Santiago, A., Silva, L.S., Heistermann, T., Veljkovic, M. and Silva, J.G. (2013), "Experimental Behavior of the Reverse Channel Joint Component at Elevated and Ambient Temperatures", Int. J. Steel Struct., 13(2), 459-472. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13296-013-3006-1
  47. Lopez-Colina, C., Serrano-Lopez, M.A., Gayarre, F.L. and Suarez, F.J. (2010), "Resistance of the component 'lateral faces of RHS' at high temperature", Eng. Struct., 32(4), 1133-1139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2009.12.039
  48. Lopez-Colina, C., Serrano-Lopez, M.A., Gayarre, F.L. and del Coz-Diaz, J.J. (2011), "Stiffness of the component 'lateral faces of RHS' at high temperature", J. Construct. Steel Res., 67(12), 1835-1842. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2011.05.006
  49. Lopez-Colina, C., Serrano, M.A., Gayarre, F.L. and Gonzalez, J. (2014), "The component 'lateral faces of RHS' under compression at ambient and high temperature", Int. J. Steel Struct., 14(1), 13-22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13296-014-1002-8
  50. Madas, P.J. (1993), Advanced Modeling of Composite Frames Subjected to Earthquake Loading, Imperial College, London, UK.
  51. Malaga-Chuquitaype, C. and Elghazouli, A.Y. (2010a), "Behaviour of combined channel/angle connections to tubular columns under monotonic and cyclic loading", Eng. Struct., 32(6), 1600-1616. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2010.02.008
  52. Malaga-Chuquitaype, C. and Elghazouli, A.Y. (2010b), "Component-based mechanical models for blindbolted angle connections", Eng. Struct., 32(10), 3048-3067. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2010.05.024
  53. Mao, C.J., Chiou, Y.J., Hsiao, P.A. and Ho, M.C. (2009), "Fire response of steel semi-rigid beam-column moment connections", J. Construct. Steel Res., 65(6), 1290-1303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2008.12.009
  54. Maquoi, R., Naveau, X. and Rondal, J. (1984), "Beam-column welded stud connections", J. Construct. Steel Res., 4(1), 3-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/0143-974X(84)90032-4
  55. Park, A.Y. and Wang, Y.C. (2012), "Development of component stiffness equations for bolted connections to RHS columns", J. Construct. Steel Res., 70, 137-152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2011.08.004
  56. Pitrakkos, T. and Tizani, W. (2013), "Experimental behaviour of a novel anchored blind-bolt in tension", Eng. Struct., 49, 905-919. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2012.12.023
  57. Qin, Y., Chen, Z., Yang, Q. and Shang, K. (2014), "Experimental seismic behavior of through-diaphragm connections to concrete-filled rectangular steel tubular columns", J. Construct. Steel Res., 93, 32-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2013.10.020
  58. Saedi Daryan, A. and Yahyai, M. (2009), "Behavior of bolted top-seat angle connections in fire", J. Construct. Steel Res., 65(3), 531-541. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2008.07.021
  59. Satish Kumar, S.R. and Prasada Rao, D.V. (2006), "RHS beam-to-column connection with web opening-experimental study and finite element modelling", J. Construct. Steel Res., 62(8), 739-746. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2005.11.016
  60. Sheet, I.S., Gunasekaran, U. and MacRae, G.A. (2013), "Experimental investigation of CFT column to steel beam connections under cyclic loading", J. Construct. Steel Res., 86, 167-182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2013.03.021
  61. Shen, J. and Astaneh-Asl, A. (1999), "Hysteretic behavior of bolted-angle connections", J. Construct. Steel Res., 51(3), 201-218. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0143-974X(99)00030-9
  62. Shin, K.-J., Kim, Y.-J., Oh, Y.-S. and Moon, T.-S. (2004), "Behavior of welded CFT column to H-beam connections with external stiffeners", Eng. Struct., 26(13), 1877-1887. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2004.06.016
  63. Song, T.-Y. and Han, L.-H. (2014), "Post-fire behaviour of concrete-filled steel tubular column to axially and rotationally restrained steel beam joint", Fire Safe. J., 69, 147-163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2014.05.023
  64. Tabsh, S.W. and Mourad, S. (1997), "Resistance factors for blind bolts in direct tension", Eng. Struct., 19(12), 995-1000. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-0296(97)00011-4
  65. Tizani, W. and Ridley-Ellis, D.J. (2003), "The performance of new blind bolt for moment resisting connections", Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium on Tubular Structures, Madrid, Spain, September.
  66. Tizani, W., Al-Mughairi, A., Owen, J.S. and Pitrakkos, T. (2013a), "Rotational stiffness of a blind-bolted connection to concrete-filled tubes using modified Hollo-bolt", J. Construct. Steel Res., 80, 317-331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2012.09.024
  67. Tizani, W., Wang, Z.Y. and Hajirasouliha, I. (2013b), "Hysteretic performance of a new blind bolted connection to concrete filled columns under cyclic loading: An experimental investigation", Eng. Struct., 46, 535-546. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2012.08.020
  68. Torabian, S., Mirghaderi, S.R. and Keshavarzi, F. (2012), "Moment-connection between I-beam and built-up square column by a diagonal through plate", J. Construct. Steel Res., 70, 385-401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2011.10.017
  69. Vandegans, D. and Janss, J. (1995), "Connection between steel beams and concrete filled R.H.S. based on the stud technique (Threaded stud)", In: Connections in Steel Structures III - Behavior, Strength and Design, Trento, Italy.
  70. Wang, J. and Chen, L. (2012), "Experimental investigation of extended end plate joints to concrete-filled steel tubular columns", J. Construct. Steel Res., 79, 56-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2012.07.016
  71. Wang, Y.C. and Davies, J.M. (2003), "An experimental study of the fire performance of non-sway loaded concrete-filled steel tubular column assemblies with extended end plate connections", J. Construct. Steel Res., 59(7), 819-838. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0143-974X(02)00092-5
  72. Wang, J. and Guo, S. (2012), "Structural performance of blind bolted end plate joints to concrete-filled thinwalled steel tubular columns", Thin-Wall. Struct., 60, 54-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2012.07.006
  73. Wang, J. and Spencer Jr., B.F. (2013), "Experimental and analytical behavior of blind bolted moment connections", J. Construct. Steel Res., 82, 33-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2012.12.002
  74. Wang, M. and Wang, P. (2013), "Strategies to increase the robustness of endplate beam-column connections in fire", J. Construct. Steel Res., 80, 109-120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2012.09.017
  75. Wang, Y.C. and Xue, L. (2013), "Experimental study of moment-rotation characteristics of reverse channel connections to tubular columns", J. Construct. Steel Res., 85, 92-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2013.03.006
  76. Wang, Z.Y., Tizani, W. and Wang, Q.Y. (2010), "Strength and initial stiffness of a blind-bolt connection based on the T-stub model", Eng. Struct., 32(9), 2505-2517. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2010.04.005
  77. Wang, J., Zhang, L. and Spencer Jr., B.F. (2013), "Seismic response of extended end plate joints to concrete-filled steel tubular columns", Eng. Struct., 49, 876-892. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2013.01.001
  78. Wu, L.-Y., Chung, L.-L., Tsai, S.-F., Shen, T.-J. and Huang, G.-L. (2005), "Seismic behavior of bolted beam-to-column connections for concrete filled steel tube", J. Construct. Steel Res., 61(10), 1387-1410. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2005.03.007
  79. Yao, H., Goldsworthy, H.M. and Gad, E.F. (2008), "Experimental and numerical investigation of the tensile behavior of T-stub connections to concrete-filled circular columns", J. Struct. Eng., 134(2), 198-208. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2008)134:2(198)

Cited by

  1. Post-fire test of precast steel reinforced concrete stub columns under eccentric compression vol.33, pp.1, 2016, https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2019.33.1.111