References
- Andrade GT, Azevedo DC, De Assis Lorentz I, et al. Influence of scapular position on cervical rotation range of motion. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2008;38(11): 668-73. https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2008.2820
- Barton PM, Hayes KC. Neck flexor muscle strength, efficiency, and relaxation times in normal subjects and subjects with unilateral neck pain and headache. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1996;77(7):680-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-9993(96)90008-8
- Bexander CS, Mellor R, Hodges PW. Effect of gaze direction on neck muscle activity during cervical rotation. Exp Brain Res. 2005;167(3):422-32. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-005-0048-4
- Blouin JS, Siegmund GP, Carpenter MG, et al. Neural control of superficial and deep neck muscles in humans. J Neurophysiol. 2007;98(2):920-8. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00183.2007
- Caneiro JP, O'Sullivan P, Burnett A, et al. The influence of different sitting postures on head/neck posture and muscle activity. Man Ther. 2010;15(1):54-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.math.2009.06.002
- Castelein B, Cools A, Bostyn E, et al. Analysis of scapular muscle EMG activity in patients with idiopathic neck pain: a systematic review. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2015;25(2):371-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelekin.2015.01.006
- Choi HW, Kim SY. The effect of functional postural trunk exercise on pain, activities of daily living, range of motion, deep cranio-cervical flexor muscle endurance in neck pain patient by acute whiplash-associated disorders. J Korean Soc Phys Med. 2013;8(4):655-66. https://doi.org/10.13066/kspm.2013.8.4.655
- Comerford MJ, Mottram SL. Movement and stability dysfunction--contemporary developments. Man Ther. 2001;6(1):15-26. https://doi.org/10.1054/math.2000.0388
- Cools AM, Struyf F, De Mey K, et al. Rehabilitation of scapular dyskinesis: from the office worker to the elite overhead athlete. Br J Sports Med. 2014;48(8):692-7. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2013-092148
- Cuesta-Vargas AI, Gonzalez-Sanchez M. Differences in muscle activation patterns during sit to stand task among subjects with and without intellectual disability. Biomed Res Int. 2013;173148(10):7.
- Edmondston SJ, Sharp M, Symes A et al. Changes in mechanical load and extensor muscle activity in the cervicothoracic spine induced by sitting posture modification. Ergonomics. 2011;54(2):179-86. https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2010.544765
- Elliott JM, O'Leary S, Sterling M, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging findings of fatty infiltrate in the cervical flexors in chronic whiplash. Spine. 2010;35(9): 948-54. https://doi.org/10.1097/BRS.0b013e3181bb0e55
- Falla D, Dall'Alba P, Rainoldi A, et al. Location of innervation zones of sternocleidomastoid and scalene muscles--a basis for clinical and research electromyography applications. Clin Neurophysiol. 2002;113(1):57-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1388-2457(01)00708-8
- Falla D, Jull G, Dall'Alba P et al. An electromyographic analysis of the deep cervical flexor muscles in performance of craniocervical flexion. Phys Ther. 2003;83(10): 899-906.
- Falla D, O'Leary S, Fagan A, et al. Recruitment of the deep cervical flexor muscles during a postural-correction exercise performed in sitting. Man Ther. 2007;12(2): 139-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.math.2006.06.003
- Farina D, Madeleine P, Graven-Nielsen T, et al. Standardising surface electromyogram recordings for assessment of activity and fatigue in the human upper trapezius muscle. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2002;86(6):469-78. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-001-0574-0
- Fernandez-de-las-Penas C, Falla D, Arendt-Nielsen L, et al. Cervical muscle co-activation in isometric contractions is enhanced in chronic tension-type headache patients. Cephalalgia. 2008;28(7):744-51. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2982.2008.01584.x
- Harms-Ringdahl K, Ekholm J, Schuldt K, et al. Load moments and myoelectric activity when the cervical spine is held in full flexion and extension. Ergonomics. 1986; 29(12):1539-52. https://doi.org/10.1080/00140138608967267
- Hodges PW, Moseley GL. Pain and motor control of the lumbopelvic region: effect and possible mechanisms. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2003;13(4):361-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1050-6411(03)00042-7
- Johnson G, Bogduk N, Nowitzke A, et al. Anatomy and actions of the trapezius muscle. Clin Biomech. 1994;9(1): 44-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/0268-0033(94)90057-4
- Joines SM, Sommerich CM, Mirka GA, et al. Low-level exertions of the neck musculature: a study of research methods. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2006;16(5):485-97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelekin.2005.09.007
- Jull G, Kristjansson E, Dall'Alba P. Impairment in the cervical flexors: a comparison of whiplash and insidious onset neck pain patients. Man Ther. 2004;9(2):89-94. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1356-689X(03)00086-9
- Keshner EA, Campbell D, Katz RT et al. Neck muscle activation patterns in humans during isometric head stabilization. Exp Brain Res. 1989;75(2):335-44.
- Lee BK, Yang JM, Kang KH. Comparison of between upper thoracic manipulation and cervical stability and cervical stability training on range of motion and neck disability in patients with chronic mechanical neck pain. J Korean Soc Phys Med. 2015;10(2):35-45. https://doi.org/10.13066/kspm.2015.10.2.35
- Lee KJ, Roh JS, Choi HS, et al. Effect of active intervention after Kaltenborn's cervical joint mobilization on the cervical spine alignment and muscle activity in patients with forward head posture. J Korean Soc Phys Med. 2015;10(2):17-27. https://doi.org/10.13066/kspm.2015.10.2.17
- Lluch E, Arguisuelas MD, Calvente Quesada O, et al. Immediate effects of active versus passive scapular correction on pain and pressure pain threshold in patients with chronic neck pain. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2014; 37(9):660-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmpt.2014.08.007
- McDonnell MK, Sahrmann SA, Van Dillen L. A specific exercise program and modification of postural alignment for treatment of cervicogenic headache: a case report. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2005;35(1):3-15. https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2005.35.1.3
- O'Leary S, Falla D, Elliott JM, et al. Muscle dysfunction in cervical spine pain: implications for assessment and management. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2009;39(5): 324-33. https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2009.2872
- O'Leary S, Falla D, Jull G et al. Muscle specificity in tests of cervical flexor muscle performance. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2007;17(1):35-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelekin.2005.10.006
- Sahrmann SA. Movement system impairment syndromes of the extremities, cervical and thoracic spines. St. Louis. MO: Mosby. 2010.
- Schomacher J, Petzke F, Falla D. Localised resistance selectively activates the semispinalis cervicis muscle in patients with neck pain. Man Ther. 2012;17(6):544-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.math.2012.05.012
- Sterling M, Jull G, Wright A. Cervical mobilisation: concurrent effects on pain, sympathetic nervous system activity and motor activity. Man Ther. 2001;6(2):72-81. https://doi.org/10.1054/math.2000.0378
- Swift TR, Nichols FT. The droopy shoulder syndrome. Neurology. 1984;34(2):212-5. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.34.2.212
- Szeto GP, Straker LM, O'Sullivan PB. A comparison of symptomatic and asymptomatic office workers performing monotonous keyboard work--2: neck and shoulder kinematics. Man Ther. 2005;10(4):281-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.math.2005.01.005
- Van Dillen LR, McDonnell MK, Susco TM, et al. The immediate effect of passive scapular elevation on symptoms with active neck rotation in patients with neck pain. Clin J Pain. 2007;23(8):641-7. https://doi.org/10.1097/AJP.0b013e318125c5b6
- Vasavada AN, Li S, Delp SL. Influence of Muscle Morphometry and Moment Arms on the Moment-Generating Capacity of Human Neck Muscles. Spine. 1998;23(4):412-22. https://doi.org/10.1097/00007632-199802150-00002
- Vasavada AN, Peterson BW, Delp SL. Three-dimensional spatial tuning of neck muscle activation in humans. Exp Brain Res. 2002;147(4):437-48. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-002-1275-6
- Williams PL, Bannister LH, Berry MM, et al. Gray's Anatomy (38th ed.). New York, NY: Churchill Livingstone. 1995.
- Yang NY, Oh JS. Effects of visual biofeedback on movement patients of neck lateral bending and muscle activation of sternocleidomastoid during neck rotation in adults with forward head posture. J Korean Soc Phys Med. 2014;9(4):425-32. https://doi.org/10.13066/kspm.2014.9.4.425